[[ExceptionClause-ExceptionClause]]
= Exception Clause

You can use the _Exception Clause_ in the Java xref:dsl.adoc[DSL] to
specify the error handling you require on a per exception type basis
using the *`onException()`* method. To get started we give quick sample
before digging into how it works.

For example if you want to perform a specific piece of processing if a
certain exception is raised you can do this simply via:

[source,java]
----
onException(ValidationException.class)
    .to("activemq:validationFailed");

from("seda:inputA")
    .to("validation:foo/bar.xsd", "activemq:someQueue");

from("seda:inputB")
    .to("direct:foo")
    .to("rnc:mySchema.rnc", "activemq:anotherQueue");
----

Here if the processing of *`seda:inputA`* or *`seda:inputB`* cause
a *`ValidationException`* to be thrown (such as due to the XSD
validation of the xref:components::validator-component.adoc[Validation] component or the
Relax NG Compact syntax validation of the xref:components::jing-component.adoc[Jing]
component), then the message will be sent to the
*`activemq:validationFailed`* queue.

You can define multiple *`onException`* clauses for different behavior:

[source,java]
----
onException(ValidationException.class)
    .to("activemq:validationFailed");

onException(ShipOrderException.class)
    .to("activemq:shipFailed");

from("seda:order")
    .to("bean:processOrder");
----

[[ExceptionClause-Scopes]]
== Scopes

Exception clauses is scoped as either:

* global (for Java DSL that is per *`RouteBuilder`* instances, to reuse,
see note below)
* or route specific

Where the *global* are the simplest and most easy to understand. In the
advanced section we dig into the route specific and even combining them.
However

Global scope for Java DSL is per *`RouteBuilder`* instance, so if you
want to share among multiple *`RouteBuilder`* classes, then create a
base abstract *`RouteBuilder`* class and put the error handling logic in
its *`configure`* method. And then extend this class, and make sure to
class *`super.configure()`*. We are just using the Java inheritance
technique.

[[ExceptionClause-HowDoesCamelSelectWhichClauseShouldHandleaGivenThrownException]]
== How Does Camel Select Which Clause Should Handle a Given Thrown Exception?

Camel uses *`DefaultExceptionPolicyStrategy`* to determine a strategy
how an exception being thrown should be handled by which *`onException`*
clause. The strategy is:

* the order in which the *`onException`* is configured takes precedence.
Camel will test from first...last defined.
* Camel will start from the bottom (nested caused by) and recursive up
in the exception hierarchy to find the first matching *`onException`*
clause.
* *`instanceof`* test is used for testing the given exception with the
*`onException`* clause defined exception list. An exact *`instanceof`*
match will always be used, otherwise the *`onException`* clause that has
an exception that is the closets super of the thrown exception is
selected (recurring up the exception hierarchy).

This is best illustrated with an exception:

[source,java]
----
onException(IOException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(3);

onException(OrderFailedException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(2);
----

In the sample above we have defined two exceptions in
which *`IOException`* is first, so Camel will pickup this exception if
there is a match. *`IOException`* that is more general is selected then.

So if an exception is thrown with this hierarchy:

....
+ RuntimeCamelException (wrapper exception by Camel)
    + OrderFailedException
        + IOException
            + FileNotFoundException
....

Then Camel will try testing the exception in this order:
*`FileNotFoundException`*, *`IOException`*, *`OrderFailedException`* and
*`RuntimeCamelException`*.
As we have defined a *`onException(IOException.class)`* Camel will
select this as it's the *closest* match.

If we add a third *`onException`* clause with the
*`FileNotFoundException`*

[source,java]
----
onException(IOException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(3);

onException(OrderFailedException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(2);

onException(FileNotFoundException.class)
    .handled(true)
    .to("log:nofile");
----

Then with the previous example Camel will now use the last
*`onException(FileNotFoundException.class)`* as its an *exact* match.
Since this is an exact match it will override the
general *`IOException`* that was used before to handle the same
exception thrown.

Now a new situation if this exception was thrown instead:

....
+ RuntimeCamelException (wrapper exception by Camel)
    + OrderFailedException
        + OrderNotFoundException
....

Then the *`onException(OrderFailedException.class)`* will be selected -
no surprise here.

And this last sample demonstrates the *`instanceof`* test aspect in
which Camel will select an exception if it's an instance of the defined
exception in the *`onException`* clause. Illustrated as:

....
+ RuntimeCamelException (wrapper exception by Camel)
    + SocketException
....

Since *`SocketException`* is an *`instanceof IOException`*, Camel will
select the *`onException(IOException.class)`* clause.

[[ExceptionClause-ConfiguringRedeliveryPolicyredeliveroptions]]
== Configuring RedeliveryPolicy (redeliver options)

https://www.javadoc.io/doc/org.apache.camel/camel-base/current/org/apache/camel/processor/errorhandler/RedeliveryPolicy.html[RedeliveryPolicy]
requires to use the xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel]
as the xref:error-handler.adoc[Error Handler]. Dead Letter Channel
supports attempting to redeliver the message exchange a number of times
before sending it to a dead letter endpoint. See
xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] for further
information about redeliver and which redeliver options exists.

=== No redelivery is default for onException

By default any xref:exception-clause.adoc[Exception Clause] will *not*
redeliver! (as it sets the `maximumRedeliveries` option to 0).

Sometimes you want to configure the redelivery policy on a per exception
type basis. By default in the top examples, if an
*`org.apache.camel.ValidationException`* occurs then the message will
not be redelivered; however if some other exception occurs, e.g.,
*`IOException`* or whatever, the route will be retried according to the
settings from the xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel].

However if you want to customize any methods on the
https://www.javadoc.io/doc/org.apache.camel/camel-base/current/org/apache/camel/processor/errorhandler/RedeliveryPolicy.html[RedeliveryPolicy]
object, you can do this via the fluent API. So lets retry in case
of *`org.apache.camel.ValidationException`* up till two times.

*Java DSL*:

[source,java]
----
onException(ValidationException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(2);
----

*Spring XML DSL*:

[source,xml]
----
<onException>
    <exception>com.mycompany.ValidationException</exception>
    <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="2"/>
</onException>
----

You can customize any of the
https://www.javadoc.io/doc/org.apache.camel/camel-base/current/org/apache/camel/processor/errorhandler/RedeliveryPolicy.html[RedeliveryPolicy]
so we can for instance set a different delay of *`5000`* millis:

[source,xml]
----
<onException>
    <exception>com.mycompany.ValidationException</exception>
    <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="2" delay="5000"/>
</onException>
----

[[ExceptionClause-PointofEntryforRedeliveryAttempts]]
== Point of Entry for Redelivery Attempts

All redelivery attempts start at the point of the failure. So the route:

[source,java]
----
onException(ConnectException.class)
    .from("direct:start")
    .process("processor1")
    .process("processor2") // <--- throws a ConnectException
    .to("mock:theEnd")
----

Will retry from *`processor2`* - not the complete route.

[[ExceptionClause-ReusingRedeliveryPolicy]]
== Reusing RedeliveryPolicy

You can reference a *`RedeliveryPolicy`* so you can reuse existing
configurations and use standard spring bean style configuration that
supports property placeholders.

[source,xml]
----
<bean id="myRedeliveryPolicy" class="org.apache.camel.processor.RedeliveryPolicy">
    <property name="maximumRedeliveries" value="${myprop.max}"/>
</bean>

<!-- here we reference our redelivery policy defined above -->
<onException redeliveryPolicyRef="myRedeliveryPolicy">
    <!-- you can define multiple exceptions just adding more exception elements as show below -->
    <exception>com.mycompany.MyFirstException</exception>
    <exception>com.mycompany.MySecondException</exception>
</onException>
----

[[ExceptionClause-AsynchronousDelayedRedelivery]]
== Asynchronous Delayed Redelivery

From *Camel 2.4*: Camel has a feature to *not block* while waiting for a
delayed redelivery to occur. However if you use transacted routes then
Camel will block as its mandated by the transaction manager to execute
all the work in the same thread context. You can enable the non blocking
asynchronous behavior by the *`asyncDelayedRedelivery`* option. This
option can be set on the *`errorHandler`*, *`onException`* or the
redelivery policies.

By default the error handler will create and use a scheduled thread pool
to trigger redelivery in the future. From *Camel 2.8*: you can configure
the *`executorServiceRef`* on the xref:error-handler.adoc[Error Handler]
to indicate a reference to either a shared thread pool you can enlist in
the registry, or a thread pool profile in case you want to be able to
control pool settings.

[[ExceptionClause-CatchingMultipleExceptions]]
== Catching Multiple Exceptions

Multiple exception can be caught as shown:

[source,java]
----
onException(MyBusinessException.class, MyOtherBusinessException.class)
    .maximumRedeliveries(2)
    .to("activemq:businessFailed");
----

And in XML DSL you just add another exception element:

[source,xml]
----
<onException>
    <exception>com.mycompany.MyBusinessException</exception>
    <exception>com.mycompany.MyOtherBusinessException</exception>
    <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="2"/>
    <to uri="activemq:businessFailed"/>
</onException>
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingaProcessorasaFailureHandler]]
== Using a Processor as a Failure Handler

We want to handle certain exceptions specially so we add
a *`onException`* clause for that exception.

[source,java]
----
// here we register exception cause for MyFunctionException
// when this exception occur we want it to be processed by our
// processor
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).process(new MyFunctionFailureHandler()).stop();
----


So what happens is that whenever a *`MyFunctionalException`* is thrown it
is being routed to our processor *`MyFunctionFailureHandler`*. So you
can say that the exchange is diverted when a *`MyFunctionalException`*
is thrown during processing. It's important to distinct this as perfect
valid. The default redelivery policy from the
xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] will not kick in, so
our processor receives the Exchange directly, without any redeliver
attempted. In our processor we need to determine what to do. Camel
regards the Exchange as *failure handled*. So our processor is the end
of the route. So lets look the code for our processor.

[source,java]
----
    public static class MyFunctionFailureHandler implements Processor {

        @Override
        public void process(Exchange exchange) throws Exception {
            // the caused by exception is stored in a property on the exchange
            Throwable caused = exchange.getProperty(Exchange.EXCEPTION_CAUGHT, Throwable.class);
            assertNotNull(caused);
            // here you can do what you want, but Camel regard this exception as
            // handled, and
            // this processor as a failurehandler, so it wont do redeliveries.
            // So this is the
            // end of this route. But if we want to route it somewhere we can
            // just get a
            // producer template and send it.

            // send it to our mock endpoint
            exchange.getContext().createProducerTemplate().send("mock:myerror", exchange);
        }
    }
----

Notice how we get the *caused by* exception using a property on the Exchange.
This is where Camel stores any caught exception during processing. So
you can fetch this property and check what the exception message and do
what you want. In the code above we just route it to a mock endpoint
using a producer template from Exchange.

[[ExceptionClause-MarkingExceptionsasHandled]]
== Marking Exceptions as Handled

See also the section xref:exception-clause.adoc[Handle and continue exceptions] below.

Using *`onException`* to handle known exceptions is a very powerful
feature in Camel. However prior to Camel 1.5 you could not mark the
exception as being handled, so the caller would still receive the caused
exception as a response. In Camel 1.5 you can now change this behavior
with the new *handle* DSL. The handle is a
xref:predicate.adoc[Predicate] that is overloaded to accept three types
of parameters:

* Boolean
* xref:predicate.adoc[Predicate]
* xref:expression.adoc[Expression] that will be evaluates as a
xref:predicate.adoc[Predicate] using this rule set: If the expressions
returns a Boolean its used directly. For any other response its regarded
as `true` if the response is `not null`.

For instance to mark all *`ValidationException`* as being handled we can
do this:

[source,java]
----
onException(ValidationException)
    .handled(true);
----

[[ExceptionClause-ExampleUsingHandled]]
== Example Using Handled

In this route below we want to do special handling of
all *`OrderFailedException`* as we want to return a customized response
to the caller. First we setup our routing as:

[source,java]
----
    // we do special error handling for when OrderFailedException is
    // thrown
    onException(OrderFailedException.class)
        // we mark the exchange as handled so the caller doesn't
        // receive the
        // OrderFailedException but whatever we want to return
        // instead
        .handled(true)
        // this bean handles the error handling where we can
        // customize the error
        // response using java code
        .bean(OrderService.class, "orderFailed")
        // and since this is an unit test we use mocks for testing
        .to("mock:error");

    // this is just the generic error handler where we set the
    // destination
    // and the number of redeliveries we want to try
    errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error").maximumRedeliveries(1));

    // this is our route where we handle orders
    from("direct:start")
        // this bean is our order service
        .bean(OrderService.class, "handleOrder")
        // this is the destination if the order is OK
        .to("mock:result");
----

Then we have our service beans that is just plain POJO demonstrating how you
can use xref:bean-integration.adoc[Bean Integration] in Camel to avoid
being tied to the Camel API:

[source,java]
----
    /**
     * Order service as a plain POJO class
     */
    public static class OrderService {

        /**
         * This method handle our order input and return the order
         *
         * @param headers the in headers
         * @param payload the in payload
         * @return the out payload
         * @throws OrderFailedException is thrown if the order cannot be
         *             processed
         */
        public Object handleOrder(@Headers Map headers, @Body String payload) throws OrderFailedException {
            headers.put("customerid", headers.get("customerid"));
            if ("Order: kaboom".equals(payload)) {
                throw new OrderFailedException("Cannot order: kaboom");
            } else {
                headers.put("orderid", "123");
                return "Order OK";
            }
        }

        /**
         * This method creates the response to the caller if the order could not
         * be processed
         *
         * @param headers the in headers
         * @param payload the in payload
         * @return the out payload
         */
        public Object orderFailed(@Headers Map headers, @Body String payload) {
            headers.put("customerid", headers.get("customerid"));
            headers.put("orderid", "failed");
            return "Order ERROR";
        }
    }
----

And finally the exception that is being thrown is just a regular exception:

[source,java]
----
    /**
     * Exception thrown if the order cannot be processed
     */
    public static class OrderFailedException extends Exception {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        public OrderFailedException(String message) {
            super(message);
        }

    }
----

So what happens?

If we sent an order that is being processed OK then the caller will
receive an Exchange as reply containing *`Order OK`* as the payload and
*`orderid=123`* in a header.

If the order could *not* be processed and thus
an *`OrderFailedException`* was thrown the caller will *not* receive
this exception (as opposed to in Camel 1.4, where the caller received
the *`OrderFailedException`*) but our customized response that we have
fabricated in the *`orderFailed`* method in our *`OrderService`*. So the
caller receives an Exchange with the payload *`Order ERROR`* and a
*`orderid=failed`* in a header.

[[ExceptionClause-UsingHandledwithSpringDSL]]
== Using Handled with Spring DSL

The same route as above in Spring DSL:

[source,xml]
----
 <!-- setup our error handler as the deal letter channel -->
<bean id="errorHandler" class="org.apache.camel.builder.DeadLetterChannelBuilder">
    <property name="deadLetterUri" value="mock:error"/>
</bean>

<!-- this is our POJO bean with our business logic defined as a plain spring bean -->
<bean id="orderService" class="org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderService" />

<!-- this is the camel context where we define the routes -->
<!-- define our error handler as a global error handler -->
<camelContext errorHandlerRef="errorHandler" xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">

  <onException>
    <!-- the exception is full qualified names as plain strings -->
    <!-- there can be more just add a 2nd, 3rd exception element (unbounded) -->
    <exception>org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderFailedException</exception>
    <!-- we can set the redelivery policy here as well -->
    <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="1" />
    <!-- mark this as handled -->
    <handled>
      <constant>true</constant>
    </handled>
    <!-- let our order service handle this exception, call the orderFailed method -->
    <bean ref="orderService" method="orderFailed" />
    <!-- and since this is a unit test we use mock for assertions -->
    <to uri="mock:error" />
  </onException>

  <route>
    <!-- the route -->
    <from uri="direct:start" />
    <!-- in the normal route then route to our order service and call handleOrder method -->
    <bean ref="orderService" method="handleOrder" />
    <!-- and since this is a unit test we use mock for assertions -->
    <to uri="mock:result" />
  </route>

</camelContext>
----

[[ExceptionClause-HandlingandSendingaFixedResponseBacktotheClient]]
== Handling and Sending a Fixed Response Back to the Client

In the route above we handled the exception but routed it to a different
endpoint. What if you need to alter the response and send a fixed
response back to the original caller (the client). No secret here just
do as you do in normal Camel routing, use
xref:{eip-vc}:eips:message-translator.adoc[transform] to set the response, as shown in
the sample below:

[source,java]
----
// we catch MyFunctionalException and want to mark it as handled
// (= no failure returned to client)
// but we want to return a fixed text response, so we transform
// OUT body as Sorry.
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).handled(true).transform().constant("Sorry");
----

We modify the sample slightly to return the original caused exception
message instead of the fixed text `Sorry`:

[source,java]
----
// we catch MyFunctionalException and want to mark it as handled
// (= no failure returned to client)
// but we want to return a fixed text response, so we transform
// OUT body and return the exception message
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).handled(true).transform(exceptionMessage());
----

And we can use the xref:components:languages:simple-language.adoc[Simple] language to set a readable error
message with the caused exception message:

[source,java]
----
// we catch MyFunctionalException and want to mark it as handled
// (= no failure returned to client)
// but we want to return a fixed text response, so we transform
// OUT body and return a nice message
// using the simple language where we want insert the exception
// message
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).handled(true).transform().simple("Error reported: ${exception.message} - cannot process this message.");
----

[[ExceptionClause-HandleandContinueExceptions]]
== Handle and Continue Exceptions

*Since Camel 2.3*

In Camel 2.3 we introduced a new option `continued` which allows you to
both *`handle`* and *`continue`* routing in the original route as if the
exception did not occur.

For example: to ignore and continue when the *`IDontCareException`* was
thrown we can do this:

[source,java]
----
onException(IDontCareException)
    .continued(true);
----

You can maybe compare continued with a having a *`try ... catch`* block
around each step and then just ignore the exception. Using continued
makes it easier in Camel as you otherwise had to use
xref:try-catch-finally.adoc[Try Catch Finally] style for this kind of
use case.

[[ExceptionClause-ExampleUsingcontinued]]
== Example Using continued

In this route below we want to do special handling of
all *`IllegalArgumentException`* as we just want to continue routing.

[source,java]
----
onException(IllegalArgumentException.class).continued(true);

from("direct:start").to("mock:start").throwException(new IllegalArgumentException("Forced")).to("mock:result");
----

And the same example in Spring XML:

[source,xml]
----
 <camelContext xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">

        <onException>
            <exception>java.lang.IllegalArgumentException</exception>
            <!-- tell Camel to handle and continue when this exception was thrown -->
            <continued><constant>true</constant></continued>
        </onException>

        <route>
            <from uri="direct:start"/>
            <to uri="mock:start"/>
            <throwException ref="forced"/>
            <to uri="mock:result"/>
        </route>

    </camelContext>
----

[[ExceptionClause-WhatistheDifferenceBetweenHandledandContinued]]
== What is the Difference Between Handled and Continued?

If handled is true, then the thrown exception will be _handled_ and
Camel will *not* continue routing in the original route, but break out.
However you can configure a route in the *`onException`* which will be
used instead. You use this route if you need to create some custom
response message back to the caller, or do any other processing because
that exception was thrown.

If continued is true, then Camel will catch the exception and in fact
just ignore it and continue routing in the original route. However if
you have a route configured in the *`onException`* it will route that
route first, before it will continue routing in the original route.

[[ExceptionClause-UsinguseOriginalMessage]]
== Using `useOriginalMessage`

The option *`useOriginalMessage`* is used for routing the original input
message instead of the current message that potential is modified during routing.

For example: if you have this route:

[source,java]
----
from("jms:queue:order:input")
    .to("bean:validateOrder");
    .to("bean:transformOrder")
    .to("bean:handleOrder");
----

The route listen for JMS messages and validates, transforms and handle
it. During this the xref:exchange.adoc[Exchange] payload is
transformed/modified. So in case something goes wrong and we want to
move the message to another JMS destination, then we can add an
*`onException`*. But when we move the xref:exchange.adoc[Exchange] to
this destination we do not know in which state the message is in. Did
the error happen in before the *`transformOrder`* or after? So to be
sure we want to move the original input message we received from
`jms:queue:order:input`. So we can do this by enabling the
*`useOriginalMessage`* option as shown below:

[source,java]
----
// will use original input message (body and headers)
onException(MyOrderException.class)
    .useOriginalMessage()
    .handled(true)
    .to("jms:queue:order:failed");
----

Then the messages routed to the *`jms:queue:order:failed`* is the
original input. If we want to manually retry we can move the JMS message
from the failed to the input queue, with no problem as the message is
the same as the original we received.

[[ExceptionClause-useOriginalMessagewithSpringDSL]]
== `useOriginalMessage` with Spring DSL

The *`useOriginalMessage`* option is defined as a boolean attribute on
the *`<onException>`* XML tag in Spring DSL. So the definition above
would be:

[source,xml]
----
<onException useOriginalMessage="true">
    <exception>com.mycompany.MyOrderException</exception>
    <handled><constant>true</constant></handled>
    <to uri="jms:queue:order:failed"/>
</onException>
----

== Boundary of original message

The original input means the input message that are bounded by the current unit of work. An unit of work typically spans one route, or multiple routes if they are connected 
using internal endpoints such as direct or seda. When messages is passed via external
endpoints such as JMS or HTTP then the consumer will create a new unit of work, with the
message it received as input as the original input. Also some EIP patterns such as splitter,
multicast, will create a new unit of work boundary for the messages in their sub-route
(eg the splitted message); however these EIPs have an option named shareUnitOfWork which
allows to combine with the parent unit of work in regard to error handling and therefore use
the parent original message.

== Using `useOriginalBody`

The useOriginalBody is similar to useOriginalMessage as documented above. You may want to use useOriginalBody when you want to be able to enrich the message with custom headers and preserve the original message body before sending to an error handler or dead letter channel.

For example: if you have this route:

[source,java]
----
// will use original input body
onException(MyOrderException.class)
    .useOriginalBody()
    .handled(true)
    .to("jms:queue:order:failed");

from("jms:queue:order:input")
    .setHeader("application", constant("OrderApp"))
    .to("bean:validateOrder");
    .to("bean:transformOrder")
    .to("bean:handleOrder");
----

Then the message has been enriched with a header named application after the original message was received by the JMS endpoint. And in case of an error `onException`
will handle the exception and use the original message body and the headers from the current message as-is, which means the headers will include the application header.

[[ExceptionClause-AdvancedUsageofExceptionClause]]
== Advanced Usage of xref:exception-clause.adoc[Exception Clause]

[[ExceptionClause-UsingGlobalandPerRouteExceptionClauses]]
== Using Global and Per Route Exception Clauses

Camel supports advanced configuration of exception clauses.

You can define exception clauses either as:

* global
* or route specific

We start off with the sample that we change over time. First off
we use only global exception clauses:

[source,java]
----
// default should errors go to mock:error
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error").redeliveryDelay(0));

// if a MyTechnicalException is thrown we will not try to
// redeliver and we mark it as handled
// so the caller does not get a failure
// since we have no to then the exchange will continue to be
// routed to the normal error handler
// destination that is mock:error as defined above
onException(MyTechnicalException.class).maximumRedeliveries(0).handled(true);

// if a MyFunctionalException is thrown we do not want Camel to
// redelivery but handle it our self using
// our bean myOwnHandler, then the exchange is not routed to the
// default error (mock:error)
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).maximumRedeliveries(0).handled(true).to("bean:myOwnHandler");

// here we route message to our service bean
from("direct:start").choice().when().xpath("//type = 'myType'").to("bean:myServiceBean").end().to("mock:result");
----

In the next sample we change the global exception policies to be pure route
specific.

=== Must use `.end()` for route specific exception policies

[IMPORTANT] This requires to end the *`onException`* route with
*`.end()`* to indicate where it stops and when the regular route
continues.

[source,java]
----
// default should errors go to mock:error
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error"));

// here we start the routing with the consumer
from("direct:start")

    // if a MyTechnicalException is thrown we will not try to
    // redeliver and we mark it as handled
    // so the caller does not get a failure
    // since we have no to then the exchange will continue to be
    // routed to the normal error handler
    // destination that is mock:error as defined above
    // we MUST use .end() to indicate that this sub block is
    // ended
    .onException(MyTechnicalException.class).maximumRedeliveries(0).handled(true).end()

    // if a MyFunctionalException is thrown we do not want Camel
    // to redelivery but handle it our self using
    // our bean myOwnHandler, then the exchange is not routed to
    // the default error (mock:error)
    // we MUST use .end() to indicate that this sub block is
    // ended
    .onException(MyFunctionalException.class).maximumRedeliveries(0).handled(true).to("bean:myOwnHandler").end()

    // here we have the regular routing
    .choice().when().xpath("//type = 'myType'").to("bean:myServiceBean").end().to("mock:result");
----

And now it gets complex as we combine global and route specific exception
policies as we introduce a second route in the sample:

[source,java]
----
// global error handler
// as its based on a unit test we do not have any delays between
// and do not log the stack trace
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error").redeliveryDelay(0).logStackTrace(false));

// shared for both routes
onException(MyTechnicalException.class).handled(true).maximumRedeliveries(2).to("mock:tech.error");

from("direct:start")
    // route specific on exception for MyFunctionalException
    // we MUST use .end() to indicate that this sub block is
    // ended
    .onException(MyFunctionalException.class).maximumRedeliveries(0).end().to("bean:myServiceBean").to("mock:result");

from("direct:start2")
    // route specific on exception for MyFunctionalException
    // that is different than the previous route
    // here we marked it as handled and send it to a different
    // destination mock:handled
    // we MUST use .end() to indicate that this sub block is
    // ended
    .onException(MyFunctionalException.class).handled(true).maximumRedeliveries(0).to("mock:handled").end().to("bean:myServiceBean").to("mock:result");
----

Notice that we can define the same exception *`MyFunctionalException`* in both
routes, but they are configured differently and thus is handled
different depending on the route. You can of course also add a
new *`onException`* to one of the routes so it has an additional
exception policy.

And finally we top this by throwing in a nested error handler as well,
as we add the 3rd route shown below:

[source,java]
----
from("direct:start3")
    // route specific error handler that is different than the
    // global error handler
    // here we do not redeliver and send errors to mock:error3
    // instead of the global endpoint
    .errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error3").maximumRedeliveries(0))

    // route specific on exception to mark MyFunctionalException
    // as being handled
    .onException(MyFunctionalException.class).handled(true).end()
    // however we want the IO exceptions to redeliver at most 3
    // times
    .onException(IOException.class).maximumRedeliveries(3).end().to("bean:myServiceBean").to("mock:result");
----

=== Global exception policies and nested error handlers

The sample above with both nested error handlers and both global and per
route exception clauses is a bit advanced. It's important to get the
fact straight that the *global* exception clauses is really global so
they also applies for nested error handlers. So if a
*`MyTechnicalException`* is thrown then it's the global exception policy
that is selected.

[[ExceptionClause-UsingFineGrainedSelectionUsingonWhenPredicate]]
== Using Fine Grained Selection Using `onWhen` Predicate

You can attach an xref:expression.adoc[Expression] to the exception
clause to have fine grained control when a clause should be selected or
not. As it's an xref:expression.adoc[Expression] you can use any kind of
code to perform the test. Here is a sample:

[source,java]
----
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error").redeliveryDelay(0).maximumRedeliveries(3));

// here we define our onException to catch MyUserException when
// there is a header[user] on the exchange that is not null
onException(MyUserException.class).onWhen(header("user").isNotNull()).maximumRedeliveries(1)
    // setting delay to zero is just to make unit testing faster
    .redeliveryDelay(0).to(ERROR_USER_QUEUE);

// here we define onException to catch MyUserException as a kind
// of fallback when the above did not match.
// Notice: The order how we have defined these onException is
// important as Camel will resolve in the same order as they
// have been defined
onException(MyUserException.class).maximumRedeliveries(2)
    // setting delay to zero is just to make unit testing faster
    .redeliveryDelay(0).to(ERROR_QUEUE);
----

In the sample above we have two *`onException`*'s defined. The first has
an *`onWhen`* expression attached to only trigger if the message has a
header with the key user that is not null. If so this clause is selected
and is handling the thrown exception. The second clause is a for coarse
gained selection to select the same exception being thrown but when the
expression is evaluated to false.

[NOTE]
====
This is not required, if the second clause is omitted, then the
default error handler will kick in.
====

[[ExceptionClause-UsingonRedeliveryProcessor]]
== Using `onRedelivery` Processor

xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] has support
for *`onRedelivery`* to allow custom processing of a Message before its
being redelivered. It can be used to add some customer header or
whatnot. In Camel 2.0 we have added this feature to
xref:exception-clause.adoc[Exception Clause] as well, so you can use per
exception scoped on redelivery. Camel will fallback to use the one
defined on xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] if any, if
none exists on the xref:exception-clause.adoc[Exception Clause]. See
xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] for more details on
*`onRedelivery`*.

In the code below we want to do some custom code before redelivering any
*`IOException`*. So we configure an *`onException`* for
the *`IOException`* and set the *`onRedelivery`* to use our custom
processor:

[source,java]
----
// when we redeliver caused by an IOException we want to do some
// special code before the redeliver attempt
onException(IOException.class)
    // try to redeliver at most 3 times
    .maximumRedeliveries(3)
    // setting delay to zero is just to make unit testing faster
    .redeliveryDelay(0).onRedelivery(new MyIORedeliverProcessor());
----

And in our custom processor we set a special timeout header to the message.
You can of course do anything what you like in your code.

[source,java]
----
// This is our processor that is executed before every redelivery attempt
// here we can do what we want in the java code, such as altering the
// message
public static class MyRedeliverProcessor implements Processor {

    @Override
    public void process(Exchange exchange) throws Exception {
        // the message is being redelivered so we can alter it

        // we just append the redelivery counter to the body
        // you can of course do all kind of stuff instead
        String body = exchange.getIn().getBody(String.class);
        int count = exchange.getIn().getHeader("CamelRedeliveryCounter", Integer.class);

        exchange.getIn().setBody(body + count);
    }
}
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingonRedeliveryinSpringDSL]]
== Using `onRedelivery` in Spring DSL

In Spring DSL you need to use the *`onRedeliveryRef`* attribute to refer
to a spring bean id that is your custom processor:

[source,xml]
----
<onException onRedeliveryRef="myIORedeliverProcessor">
    <exception>java.io.IOException</exception>
</onException>
----

And our processor is just a regular spring bean (we use *`$`* for the inner
class as this code is based on unit testing):

[source,xml]
----
 <bean id="myRedeliveryProcessor"
          class="org.apache.camel.processor.DeadLetterChannelOnExceptionOnRedeliveryTest$MyRedeliverProcessor"/>
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingonExceptionOccurredProcessor]]
== Using `onExceptionOccurred` Processor

*Since Camel 2.17*

xref:{eip-vc}:eips:dead-letter-channel.adoc[Dead Letter Channel] has support
for *`onExceptionOccurred`* to allow custom processing of a Message just
after the exception was thrown. It can be used to do some custom logging
or whatnot. The difference between *`onRedelivery`* processor
and *`onExceptionOccurred`* processor, is that the former is processed
just before a redelivery attempt is being performed, that means it will
not happen right after an exception was thrown. For example if the error
handler has been configured to perform 5 seconds delay between
redelivery attempts, then the redelivery processor is invoked 5 seconds
later sine the exception was thrown. On the other hand
the *`onExceptionOccurred`* processor is always invoked right after the
exception was thrown, and also if redelivery has been disabled.

[NOTE]
====
Any new exceptions thrown from the *`onExceptionOccurred`*
processor is logged as *`WARN`* and ignored, to not override the
existing exception. 
====

In the code below we want to do some custom logging when an exception
happened. Therefore we configure an *`onExceptionOccurred`* to use our
custom processor:

[source.java]
----
errorHandler(defaultErrorHandler()
    .maximumRedeliveries(3)
    .redeliveryDelay(5000)
    .onExceptionOccurred(myProcessor));
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingonRedeliveryinSpringDSL.1]]
=== Using `onRedelivery` in Spring DSL

In Spring DSL you need to use the *`onExceptionOccurredRef`* attribute
to refer to a spring bean id that is your custom processor:

[source,xml]
----
<bean id="myProcessor" class="com.foo.MyExceptionLoggingProcessor"/>

<camelContext errorHandlerRef="eh" xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">
    <errorHandler id="eh" type="DefaultErrorHandler" onExceptionOccurredRef="myProcessor">
        <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="3" redeliveryDelay="5000"/>
    </errorHandler>
    ...
</camelContext>
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingFineGrainedRetryUsingretryWhilePredicate]]
== Using Fine Grained Retry Using `retryWhile` Predicate

=== RetryUntil

In Camel 2.0 to 2.3 its called *`retryUntil`*. From *Camel 2.4*: its
named *`retryWhile`* because Camel will continue doing retries _while_
the predicate returns true.

When you need fine grained control for determining if an exchange should
be retried or not you can use the *`retryWhile`* predicate. Camel will
redeliver until the predicate returns false.

Example:

[source,java]
----
// we want to use a predicate for retries so we can determine in
// our bean when retry should stop, notice it will overrule the global
// error handler where we defined at most 1 redelivery attempt. Here we will
// continue until the predicate returns false
onException(MyFunctionalException.class).retryWhile(method("myRetryHandler")).handled(true).transform().constant("Sorry");
----

Where the bean *`myRetryHandler`* is computing if we should retry or not:

[source,java]
----
public class MyRetryBean {

    // using bean binding we can bind the information from the exchange to
    // the types we have in our method signature
    public boolean retry(@Header(Exchange.REDELIVERY_COUNTER) Integer counter, @Body String body, @ExchangeException Exception causedBy) {
        // NOTE: counter is the redelivery attempt, will start from 1
        invoked++;

        assertEquals("Hello World", body);
        boolean b = causedBy instanceof MyFunctionalException;
        assertTrue(b);

        // we can of course do what ever we want to determine the result but
        // this is a unit test so we end after 3 attempts
        return counter < 3;
    }
}
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingCustomExceptionPolicyStrategy]]
== Using Custom `ExceptionPolicyStrategy`

The default
https://www.javadoc.io/doc/org.apache.camel/camel-base/current/org/apache/camel/processor/errorhandler/ExceptionPolicyStrategy.html[ExceptionPolicyStrategy]
in Camel should be sufficient in nearly all use-cases (see section
xref:exception-clause.adoc#ExceptionClause-HowDoesCamelSelectWhichClauseShouldHandleaGivenThrownException[How does Camel select which clause should handle a given thrown Exception]).
However, if you need to use your own (use only for rare and advanced use-cases) this can be configured as the
sample below illustrates:

[source,java]
----
// configure the error handler to use my policy instead of the default from Camel
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("mock:error").exceptionPolicyStrategy(new MyPolicy()));
----

Using our own strategy *`MyPolicy`* we can change the default behavior of
Camel with our own code to resolve which
http://camel.apache.org/maven/camel-core/apidocs/org/apache/camel/model/ExceptionType.html[ExceptionType]
from above should be handling the given thrown exception.

[source,java]
----
public static class MyPolicy implements ExceptionPolicyStrategy {

    @Override
    public ExceptionPolicyKey getExceptionPolicy(Set<ExceptionPolicyKey> exceptionPolicices, Exchange exchange, Throwable exception) {
        // This is just an example that always forces the exception type
        // configured
        // with MyPolicyException to win.
        return new ExceptionPolicyKey(null, MyPolicyException.class, null);
    }
}
----

[[ExceptionClause-UsingtheExceptionClauseinSpringDSL]]
== Using the Exception Clause in Spring DSL

You can use all of the above mentioned exception clause features in the
Spring DSL as well. Here are a few examples:

* Global scoped

[source,xml]
----
<!-- setup our error handler as the deal letter channel -->
<bean id="errorHandler" class="org.apache.camel.builder.DeadLetterChannelBuilder">
    <property name="deadLetterUri" value="mock:error"/>
</bean>

<!-- this is our POJO bean with our business logic defined as a plain spring bean -->
<bean id="orderService" class="org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderService" />

<!-- this is the camel context where we define the routes -->
<!-- define our error handler as a global error handler -->
<camelContext errorHandlerRef="errorHandler" xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">

  <onException>
    <!-- the exception is full qualified names as plain strings -->
    <!-- there can be more just add a 2nd, 3rd exception element (unbounded) -->
    <exception>org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderFailedException</exception>
    <!-- we can set the redelivery policy here as well -->
    <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="1" />
    <!-- mark this as handled -->
    <handled>
      <constant>true</constant>
    </handled>
    <!-- let our order service handle this exception, call the orderFailed method -->
    <bean ref="orderService" method="orderFailed" />
    <!-- and since this is a unit test we use mock for assertions -->
    <to uri="mock:error" />
  </onException>

  <route>
    <!-- the route -->
    <from uri="direct:start" />
    <!-- in the normal route then route to our order service and call handleOrder method -->
    <bean ref="orderService" method="handleOrder" />
    <!-- and since this is a unit test we use mock for assertions -->
    <to uri="mock:result" />
  </route>

</camelContext>
----

* Route specific scoped

[source,xml]
----
<!-- setup our error handler as the deal letter channel -->
<bean id="deadLetter" class="org.apache.camel.builder.DeadLetterChannelBuilder">
    <property name="deadLetterUri" value="mock:dead"/>
</bean>

<!-- the default error handler used in the 2nd route -->
<bean id="defaultErrorHandler" class="org.apache.camel.builder.DefaultErrorHandlerBuilder"/>

<!-- this is our POJO bean with our business logic defined as a plain spring bean -->
<bean id="orderService" class="org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderService"/>

<!-- this is the camel context where we define the routes -->
<camelContext xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">

    <route errorHandlerRef="deadLetter">
        <from uri="direct:start"/>
        <onException>
            <exception>org.apache.camel.spring.processor.onexception.OrderFailedException</exception>
            <redeliveryPolicy maximumRedeliveries="1"/>
            <handled>
                <constant>true</constant>
            </handled>
            <bean ref="orderService" method="orderFailed"/>
            <to uri="mock:error"/>
        </onException>
        <bean ref="orderService" method="handleOrder"/>
        <to uri="mock:result"/>
    </route>

    <!-- The exception clause specified in the first route will not be used in this route -->
    <route errorHandlerRef="defaultErrorHandler">
        <from uri="direct:start_with_no_handler"/>
        <bean ref="orderService" method="handleOrder"/>
        <to uri="mock:result"/>
    </route>

</camelContext>
----

