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<title>htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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    <p><code>htpasswd</code> is used to create and update the flat-files used to
    store usernames and password for basic authentication of HTTP users. If
    <code>htpasswd</code> cannot access a file, such as not being able to write
    to the output file or not being able to read the file in order to update it,
    it returns an error status and makes no changes.</p>

    <p>Resources available from the Apache HTTP server can be restricted to
    just the users listed in the files created by <code>htpasswd</code>. This
    program can only manage usernames and passwords stored in a flat-file. It
    can encrypt and display password information for use in other types of data
    stores, though. To use a DBM database see <code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code> or
    <code class="program"><a href="../programs/htdbm.html">htdbm</a></code>.</p>

    <p><code>htpasswd</code> encrypts passwords using either bcrypt,
    a version of MD5 modified for Apache, SHA1, or the system's
    <code>crypt()</code> routine. Files
    managed by <code>htpasswd</code> may contain a mixture of different encoding
    types of passwords; some
    user records may have bcrypt or MD5-encrypted passwords while others in the
    same file may have passwords encrypted with <code>crypt()</code>.</p>

    <p>This manual page only lists the command line arguments. For details of
    the directives necessary to configure user authentication in
    <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> see the Apache manual, which is part of the
    Apache distribution or can be found at <a href="http://httpd.apache.org">http://httpd.apache.org/</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#exit">Exit Status</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">Security Considerations</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/htdbm.html">htdbm</a></code></li><li>The scripts in support/SHA1 which come with the
distribution.</li></ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
    <p><code><strong>htpasswd</strong>
    [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>m</strong> |
      -<strong>B</strong> |
      -<strong>d</strong> |
      -<strong>s</strong> |
      -<strong>p</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
    [ -<strong>D</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>v</strong> ]  <var>passwdfile</var> <var>username</var></code></p>

    <p><code><strong>htpasswd</strong> -<strong>b</strong>
    [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>m</strong> |
      -<strong>B</strong> |
      -<strong>d</strong> |
      -<strong>s</strong> |
      -<strong>p</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
    [ -<strong>D</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>v</strong> ]  <var>passwdfile</var> <var>username</var>
    <var>password</var></code></p>

    <p><code><strong>htpasswd</strong> -<strong>n</strong>
    [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>m</strong> |
      -<strong>B</strong> |
      -<strong>d</strong> |
      -<strong>s</strong> |
      -<strong>p</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ] <var>username</var></code></p>

    <p><code><strong>htpasswd</strong> -<strong>nb</strong>
    [ -<strong>m</strong> |
      -<strong>B</strong> |
      -<strong>d</strong> |
      -<strong>s</strong> |
      -<strong>p</strong> ]
    [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ] <var>username</var>
    <var>password</var></code></p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
    <dl>
    <dt><code>-b</code></dt>
    <dd>Use batch mode; <em>i.e.</em>, get the password from the command line
    rather than prompting for it. This option should be used with extreme care,
    since <strong>the password is clearly visible</strong> on the command
    line. For script use see the <code>-i</code> option.</dd>

    <dt><code>-i</code></dt>
    <dd>Read the password from stdin without verification (for script usage).</dd>

    <dt><code>-c</code></dt>
    <dd>Create the <var>passwdfile</var>. If <var>passwdfile</var> already
    exists, it is rewritten and truncated. This option cannot be combined with
    the <code>-n</code> option.</dd>

    <dt><code>-n</code></dt>
    <dd>Display the results on standard output rather than updating a file.
    This is useful for generating password records acceptable to Apache for
    inclusion in non-text data stores. This option changes the syntax of the
    command line, since the <var>passwdfile</var> argument (usually the first
    one) is omitted. It cannot be combined with the <code>-c</code> option.</dd>

    <dt><code>-m</code></dt>
    <dd>Use MD5 encryption for passwords. This is the default (since version
    2.2.18).</dd>

    <dt><code>-B</code></dt>
    <dd>Use bcrypt encryption for passwords. This is currently considered to
    be very secure.</dd>

    <dt><code>-C</code></dt>
    <dd>This flag is only allowed in combination with <code>-B</code> (bcrypt
    encryption). It sets the computing time used for the bcrypt algorithm
    (higher is more secure but slower, default: 5, valid: 4 to 31).</dd>

    <dt><code>-d</code></dt>
    <dd>Use <code>crypt()</code> encryption for passwords. This is not
    supported by the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> server on Windows and
    Netware. This algorithm limits the password length to 8 characters.
    This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.
    It used to be the default algorithm until version 2.2.17.</dd>

    <dt><code>-s</code></dt>
    <dd>Use SHA encryption for passwords. Facilitates migration from/to Netscape
    servers using the LDAP Directory Interchange Format (ldif).
    This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.</dd>

    <dt><code>-p</code></dt>
    <dd>Use plaintext passwords. Though <code>htpasswd</code> will support
    creation on all platforms, the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> daemon will
    only accept plain text passwords on Windows and Netware.</dd>

    <dt><code>-D</code></dt>
    <dd>Delete user. If the username exists in the specified htpasswd file, it
    will be deleted.</dd>

    <dt><code>-v</code></dt>
    <dd>Verify password. Verify that the given password matches the password
    of the user stored in the specified htpasswd file.</dd>

    <dt><code><var>passwdfile</var></code></dt>
    <dd>Name of the file to contain the user name and password. If
    <code>-c</code> is given, this file is created if it does not already exist,
    or rewritten and truncated if it does exist.</dd>

    <dt><code><var>username</var></code></dt>
    <dd>The username to create or update in <var>passwdfile</var>. If
    <var>username</var> does not exist in this file, an entry is added. If it
    does exist, the password is changed.</dd>

    <dt><code><var>password</var></code></dt>
    <dd>The plaintext password to be encrypted and stored  in the file. Only
    used with the <code>-b</code> flag.</dd>
    </dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="exit" id="exit">Exit Status</a></h2>
    <p><code>htpasswd</code> returns a zero status ("true") if the username and
    password have been successfully added or updated in the
    <var>passwdfile</var>. <code>htpasswd</code> returns <code>1</code> if it
    encounters some problem accessing files, <code>2</code> if there was a
    syntax problem with the command line, <code>3</code> if the password was
    entered interactively and the verification entry didn't match,
    <code>4</code> if its operation was interrupted, <code>5</code> if a value
    is too long (username, filename, password, or final computed record),
    <code>6</code> if the username contains illegal characters (see the
    <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions section</a>), and <code>7</code>
    if the file is not a valid password file.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples">Examples</a></h2>
    <div class="example"><p><code>
      htpasswd /usr/local/etc/apache/.htpasswd-users jsmith
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Adds or modifies the password for user <code>jsmith</code>. The user
    is prompted for the password. The password will be encrypted using the
    modified Apache MD5 algorithm. If the file does not exist,
    <code>htpasswd</code> will do nothing except return an error.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      htpasswd -c /home/doe/public_html/.htpasswd jane
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Creates a new file and stores a record in it for user <code>jane</code>.
    The user is prompted for the password. If the file exists and cannot be
    read, or cannot be written, it is not altered and <code>htpasswd</code>
    will display a message and return an error status.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      htpasswd -db /usr/web/.htpasswd-all jones Pwd4Steve
    </code></p></div>

    <p>Encrypts the password from the command line (<code>Pwd4Steve</code>)
    using the <code>crypt()</code> algorithm, and stores it in the specified
    file.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="security" id="security">Security Considerations</a></h2>
    <p>Web password files such as those managed by <code>htpasswd</code> should
    <em>not</em> be within the Web server's URI space -- that is, they should
    not be fetchable with a browser.</p>

    <p>This program is not safe as a setuid executable. Do <em>not</em> make it
    setuid.</p>

    <p>The use of the <code>-b</code> option is discouraged, since when it is
    used the unencrypted password appears on the command line.</p>

    <p>When using the <code>crypt()</code> algorithm, note that only the first
    8 characters of the password are used  to form the password. If the supplied
    password is longer, the extra characters will be silently discarded.</p>

    <p>The SHA encryption format does not use salting: for a given password,
    there is only one encrypted representation. The <code>crypt()</code> and
    MD5 formats permute the representation by prepending a random salt string,
    to make dictionary attacks against the passwords more difficult.</p>

    <p>The SHA and <code>crypt()</code> formats are insecure by today's
    standards.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="restrictions" id="restrictions">Restrictions</a></h2>
    <p>On the Windows platform, passwords encrypted with
    <code>htpasswd</code> are limited to no more than <code>255</code>
    characters in length. Longer passwords will be truncated to 255
    characters.</p>

    <p>The MD5 algorithm used by <code>htpasswd</code> is specific to the Apache
    software; passwords encrypted using it will not be usable with other Web
    servers.</p>

    <p>Usernames are limited to <code>255</code> bytes and may not include the
    character <code>:</code>.</p>
</div></div>
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