/*
 *  Sugar Library v1.3.6
 *
 *  Freely distributable and licensed under the MIT-style license.
 *  Copyright (c) 2012 Andrew Plummer
 *  http://sugarjs.com/
 *
 * ---------------------------- */
(function(){

  /***
   * @package Core
   * @description Internal utility and common methods.
   ***/


  // A few optimizations for Google Closure Compiler will save us a couple kb in the release script.
  var object = Object, array = Array, regexp = RegExp, date = Date, string = String, number = Number, math = Math, Undefined;

  // The global context
  var globalContext = typeof global !== 'undefined' ? global : this;

  // defineProperty exists in IE8 but will error when trying to define a property on
  // native objects. IE8 does not have defineProperies, however, so this check saves a try/catch block.
  var definePropertySupport = object.defineProperty && object.defineProperties;

  // Class initializers and class helpers

  var ClassNames = 'Array,Boolean,Date,Function,Number,String,RegExp'.split(',');

  var isArray    = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[0]);
  var isBoolean  = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[1]);
  var isDate     = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[2]);
  var isFunction = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[3]);
  var isNumber   = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[4]);
  var isString   = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[5]);
  var isRegExp   = buildClassCheck(ClassNames[6]);

  function buildClassCheck(type) {
    return function(obj) {
      return className(obj) === '[object '+type+']';
    }
  }

  function className(obj) {
    return object.prototype.toString.call(obj);
  }

  function initializeClasses() {
    initializeClass(object);
    iterateOverObject(ClassNames, function(i,name) {
      initializeClass(globalContext[name]);
    });
  }

  function initializeClass(klass) {
    if(klass['SugarMethods']) return;
    defineProperty(klass, 'SugarMethods', {});
    extend(klass, false, false, {
      'restore': function() {
        var all = arguments.length === 0, methods = multiArgs(arguments);
        iterateOverObject(klass['SugarMethods'], function(name, m) {
          if(all || methods.indexOf(name) > -1) {
            defineProperty(m.instance ? klass.prototype : klass, name, m.method);
          }
        });
      },
      'extend': function(methods, override, instance) {
        extend(klass, instance !== false, override, methods);
      }
    });
  }

  // Class extending methods

  function extend(klass, instance, override, methods) {
    var extendee = instance ? klass.prototype : klass, original;
    initializeClass(klass);
    iterateOverObject(methods, function(name, method) {
      original = extendee[name];
      if(typeof override === 'function') {
        method = wrapNative(extendee[name], method, override);
      }
      if(override !== false || !extendee[name]) {
        defineProperty(extendee, name, method);
      }
      // If the method is internal to Sugar, then store a reference so it can be restored later.
      klass['SugarMethods'][name] = { instance: instance, method: method, original: original };
    });
  }

  function extendSimilar(klass, instance, override, set, fn) {
    var methods = {};
    set = isString(set) ? set.split(',') : set;
    set.forEach(function(name, i) {
      fn(methods, name, i);
    });
    extend(klass, instance, override, methods);
  }

  function wrapNative(nativeFn, extendedFn, condition) {
    return function() {
      if(nativeFn && (condition === true || !condition.apply(this, arguments))) {
        return nativeFn.apply(this, arguments);
      } else {
        return extendedFn.apply(this, arguments);
      }
    }
  }

  function defineProperty(target, name, method) {
    if(definePropertySupport) {
      object.defineProperty(target, name, { 'value': method, 'configurable': true, 'enumerable': false, 'writable': true });
    } else {
      target[name] = method;
    }
  }


  // Argument helpers

  function multiArgs(args, fn) {
    var result = [], i;
    for(i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      result.push(args[i]);
      if(fn) fn.call(args, args[i], i);
    }
    return result;
  }

  function checkCallback(fn) {
    if(!fn || !fn.call) {
      throw new TypeError('Callback is not callable');
    }
  }


  // General helpers

  function isDefined(o) {
    return o !== Undefined;
  }

  function isUndefined(o) {
    return o === Undefined;
  }


  // Object helpers

  function isObjectPrimitive(obj) {
    // Check for null
    return obj && typeof obj === 'object';
  }

  function isObject(obj) {
    // === on the constructor is not safe across iframes
    // 'hasOwnProperty' ensures that the object also inherits
    // from Object, which is false for DOMElements in IE.
    return !!obj && className(obj) === '[object Object]' && 'hasOwnProperty' in obj;
  }

  function hasOwnProperty(obj, key) {
    return object['hasOwnProperty'].call(obj, key);
  }

  function iterateOverObject(obj, fn) {
    var key;
    for(key in obj) {
      if(!hasOwnProperty(obj, key)) continue;
      if(fn.call(obj, key, obj[key], obj) === false) break;
    }
  }

  function simpleMerge(target, source) {
    iterateOverObject(source, function(key) {
      target[key] = source[key];
    });
    return target;
  }

  // Hash definition

  function Hash(obj) {
    simpleMerge(this, obj);
  };

  Hash.prototype.constructor = object;

  // Number helpers

  function getRange(start, stop, fn, step) {
    var arr = [], i = parseInt(start), down = step < 0;
    while((!down && i <= stop) || (down && i >= stop)) {
      arr.push(i);
      if(fn) fn.call(this, i);
      i += step || 1;
    }
    return arr;
  }

  function round(val, precision, method) {
    var fn = math[method || 'round'];
    var multiplier = math.pow(10, math.abs(precision || 0));
    if(precision < 0) multiplier = 1 / multiplier;
    return fn(val * multiplier) / multiplier;
  }

  function ceil(val, precision) {
    return round(val, precision, 'ceil');
  }

  function floor(val, precision) {
    return round(val, precision, 'floor');
  }

  function padNumber(num, place, sign, base) {
    var str = math.abs(num).toString(base || 10);
    str = repeatString(place - str.replace(/\.\d+/, '').length, '0') + str;
    if(sign || num < 0) {
      str = (num < 0 ? '-' : '+') + str;
    }
    return str;
  }

  function getOrdinalizedSuffix(num) {
    if(num >= 11 && num <= 13) {
      return 'th';
    } else {
      switch(num % 10) {
        case 1:  return 'st';
        case 2:  return 'nd';
        case 3:  return 'rd';
        default: return 'th';
      }
    }
  }


  // String helpers

  // WhiteSpace/LineTerminator as defined in ES5.1 plus Unicode characters in the Space, Separator category.
  function getTrimmableCharacters() {
    return '\u0009\u000A\u000B\u000C\u000D\u0020\u00A0\u1680\u180E\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200A\u202F\u205F\u2028\u2029\u3000\uFEFF';
  }

  function repeatString(times, str) {
    return array(math.max(0, isDefined(times) ? times : 1) + 1).join(str || '');
  }


  // RegExp helpers

  function getRegExpFlags(reg, add) {
    var flags = reg.toString().match(/[^/]*$/)[0];
    if(add) {
      flags = (flags + add).split('').sort().join('').replace(/([gimy])\1+/g, '$1');
    }
    return flags;
  }

  function escapeRegExp(str) {
    if(!isString(str)) str = string(str);
    return str.replace(/([\\/'*+?|()\[\]{}.^$])/g,'\\$1');
  }


  // Specialized helpers


  // Used by Array#unique and Object.equal

  function stringify(thing, stack) {
    var type = typeof thing,
        thingIsObject,
        thingIsArray,
        klass, value,
        arr, key, i;

    // Return quickly if string to save cycles
    if(type === 'string') return thing;

    klass         = object.prototype.toString.call(thing)
    thingIsObject = isObject(thing);
    thingIsArray  = klass === '[object Array]';

    if(thing != null && thingIsObject || thingIsArray) {
      // This method for checking for cyclic structures was egregiously stolen from
      // the ingenious method by @kitcambridge from the Underscore script:
      // https://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues/240
      if(!stack) stack = [];
      // Allowing a step into the structure before triggering this
      // script to save cycles on standard JSON structures and also to
      // try as hard as possible to catch basic properties that may have
      // been modified.
      if(stack.length > 1) {
        i = stack.length;
        while (i--) {
          if (stack[i] === thing) {
            return 'CYC';
          }
        }
      }
      stack.push(thing);
      value = string(thing.constructor);
      arr = thingIsArray ? thing : object.keys(thing).sort();
      for(i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
        key = thingIsArray ? i : arr[i];
        value += key + stringify(thing[key], stack);
      }
      stack.pop();
    } else if(1 / thing === -Infinity) {
      value = '-0';
    } else {
      value = string(thing && thing.valueOf ? thing.valueOf() : thing);
    }
    return type + klass + value;
  }

  function isEqual(a, b) {
    if(objectIsMatchedByValue(a) && objectIsMatchedByValue(b)) {
      return stringify(a) === stringify(b);
    } else {
      return a === b;
    }
  }

  function objectIsMatchedByValue(obj) {
    var klass = className(obj);
    return klass === '[object Date]'      ||
           klass === '[object Array]'     ||
           klass === '[object String]'    ||
           klass === '[object Number]'    ||
           klass === '[object RegExp]'    ||
           klass === '[object Boolean]'   ||
           klass === '[object Arguments]' ||
           isObject(obj);
  }


  // Used by Array#at and String#at

  function entryAtIndex(arr, args, str) {
    var result = [], length = arr.length, loop = args[args.length - 1] !== false, r;
    multiArgs(args, function(index) {
      if(isBoolean(index)) return false;
      if(loop) {
        index = index % length;
        if(index < 0) index = length + index;
      }
      r = str ? arr.charAt(index) || '' : arr[index];
      result.push(r);
    });
    return result.length < 2 ? result[0] : result;
  }


  // Object class methods implemented as instance methods

  function buildObjectInstanceMethods(set, target) {
    extendSimilar(target, true, false, set, function(methods, name) {
      methods[name + (name === 'equal' ? 's' : '')] = function() {
        return object[name].apply(null, [this].concat(multiArgs(arguments)));
      }
    });
  }

  initializeClasses();



  /***
   * @package ES5
   * @description Shim methods that provide ES5 compatible functionality. This package can be excluded if you do not require legacy browser support (IE8 and below).
   *
   ***/


  /***
   * Object module
   *
   ***/

  extend(object, false, false, {

    'keys': function(obj) {
      var keys = [];
      if(!isObjectPrimitive(obj) && !isRegExp(obj) && !isFunction(obj)) {
        throw new TypeError('Object required');
      }
      iterateOverObject(obj, function(key, value) {
        keys.push(key);
      });
      return keys;
    }

  });


  /***
   * Array module
   *
   ***/

  // ECMA5 methods

  function arrayIndexOf(arr, search, fromIndex, increment) {
    var length = arr.length,
        fromRight = increment == -1,
        start = fromRight ? length - 1 : 0,
        index = toIntegerWithDefault(fromIndex, start);
    if(index < 0) {
      index = length + index;
    }
    if((!fromRight && index < 0) || (fromRight && index >= length)) {
      index = start;
    }
    while((fromRight && index >= 0) || (!fromRight && index < length)) {
      if(arr[index] === search) {
        return index;
      }
      index += increment;
    }
    return -1;
  }

  function arrayReduce(arr, fn, initialValue, fromRight) {
    var length = arr.length, count = 0, defined = isDefined(initialValue), result, index;
    checkCallback(fn);
    if(length == 0 && !defined) {
      throw new TypeError('Reduce called on empty array with no initial value');
    } else if(defined) {
      result = initialValue;
    } else {
      result = arr[fromRight ? length - 1 : count];
      count++;
    }
    while(count < length) {
      index = fromRight ? length - count - 1 : count;
      if(index in arr) {
        result = fn(result, arr[index], index, arr);
      }
      count++;
    }
    return result;
  }

  function toIntegerWithDefault(i, d) {
    if(isNaN(i)) {
      return d;
    } else {
      return parseInt(i >> 0);
    }
  }

  function checkFirstArgumentExists(args) {
    if(args.length === 0) {
      throw new TypeError('First argument must be defined');
    }
  }





  extend(array, false, false, {

    /***
     *
     * @method Array.isArray(<obj>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if <obj> is an Array.
     * @extra This method is provided for browsers that don't support it internally.
     * @example
     *
     *   Array.isArray(3)        -> false
     *   Array.isArray(true)     -> false
     *   Array.isArray('wasabi') -> false
     *   Array.isArray([1,2,3])  -> true
     *
     ***/
    'isArray': function(obj) {
      return isArray(obj);
    }

  });


  extend(array, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method every(<f>, [scope])
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if all elements in the array match <f>.
     * @extra [scope] is the %this% object. %all% is provided an alias. In addition to providing this method for browsers that don't support it natively, this method also implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   ['a','a','a'].every(function(n) {
     *     return n == 'a';
     *   });
     *   ['a','a','a'].every('a')   -> true
     *   [{a:2},{a:2}].every({a:2}) -> true
     ***/
    'every': function(fn, scope) {
      var length = this.length, index = 0;
      checkFirstArgumentExists(arguments);
      while(index < length) {
        if(index in this && !fn.call(scope, this[index], index, this)) {
          return false;
        }
        index++;
      }
      return true;
    },

    /***
     * @method some(<f>, [scope])
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if any element in the array matches <f>.
     * @extra [scope] is the %this% object. %any% is provided as an alias. In addition to providing this method for browsers that don't support it natively, this method also implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   ['a','b','c'].some(function(n) {
     *     return n == 'a';
     *   });
     +   ['a','b','c'].some(function(n) {
     *     return n == 'd';
     *   });
     *   ['a','b','c'].some('a')   -> true
     *   [{a:2},{b:5}].some({a:2}) -> true
     ***/
    'some': function(fn, scope) {
      var length = this.length, index = 0;
      checkFirstArgumentExists(arguments);
      while(index < length) {
        if(index in this && fn.call(scope, this[index], index, this)) {
          return true;
        }
        index++;
      }
      return false;
    },

    /***
     * @method map(<map>, [scope])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Maps the array to another array containing the values that are the result of calling <map> on each element.
     * @extra [scope] is the %this% object. In addition to providing this method for browsers that don't support it natively, this enhanced method also directly accepts a string, which is a shortcut for a function that gets that property (or invokes a function) on each element.
     * @example
     *
     +   [1,2,3].map(function(n) {
     *     return n * 3;
     *   });                                  -> [3,6,9]
     *   ['one','two','three'].map(function(n) {
     *     return n.length;
     *   });                                  -> [3,3,5]
     *   ['one','two','three'].map('length')  -> [3,3,5]
     ***/
    'map': function(fn, scope) {
      var length = this.length, index = 0, result = new Array(length);
      checkFirstArgumentExists(arguments);
      while(index < length) {
        if(index in this) {
          result[index] = fn.call(scope, this[index], index, this);
        }
        index++;
      }
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method filter(<f>, [scope])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns any elements in the array that match <f>.
     * @extra [scope] is the %this% object. In addition to providing this method for browsers that don't support it natively, this method also implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   [1,2,3].filter(function(n) {
     *     return n > 1;
     *   });
     *   [1,2,2,4].filter(2) -> 2
     *
     ***/
    'filter': function(fn, scope) {
      var length = this.length, index = 0, result = [];
      checkFirstArgumentExists(arguments);
      while(index < length) {
        if(index in this && fn.call(scope, this[index], index, this)) {
          result.push(this[index]);
        }
        index++;
      }
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method indexOf(<search>, [fromIndex])
     * @returns Number
     * @short Searches the array and returns the first index where <search> occurs, or -1 if the element is not found.
     * @extra [fromIndex] is the index from which to begin the search. This method performs a simple strict equality comparison on <search>. It does not support enhanced functionality such as searching the contents against a regex, callback, or deep comparison of objects. For such functionality, use the %findIndex% method instead.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].indexOf(3)           -> 1
     *   [1,2,3].indexOf(7)           -> -1
     *
     ***/
    'indexOf': function(search, fromIndex) {
      if(isString(this)) return this.indexOf(search, fromIndex);
      return arrayIndexOf(this, search, fromIndex, 1);
    },

    /***
     * @method lastIndexOf(<search>, [fromIndex])
     * @returns Number
     * @short Searches the array and returns the last index where <search> occurs, or -1 if the element is not found.
     * @extra [fromIndex] is the index from which to begin the search. This method performs a simple strict equality comparison on <search>.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,1].lastIndexOf(1)                 -> 2
     *   [1,2,1].lastIndexOf(7)                 -> -1
     *
     ***/
    'lastIndexOf': function(search, fromIndex) {
      if(isString(this)) return this.lastIndexOf(search, fromIndex);
      return arrayIndexOf(this, search, fromIndex, -1);
    },

    /***
     * @method forEach([fn], [scope])
     * @returns Nothing
     * @short Iterates over the array, calling [fn] on each loop.
     * @extra This method is only provided for those browsers that do not support it natively. [scope] becomes the %this% object.
     * @example
     *
     *   ['a','b','c'].forEach(function(a) {
     *     // Called 3 times: 'a','b','c'
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'forEach': function(fn, scope) {
      var length = this.length, index = 0;
      checkCallback(fn);
      while(index < length) {
        if(index in this) {
          fn.call(scope, this[index], index, this);
        }
        index++;
      }
    },

    /***
     * @method reduce(<fn>, [init])
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Reduces the array to a single result.
     * @extra If [init] is passed as a starting value, that value will be passed as the first argument to the callback. The second argument will be the first element in the array. From that point, the result of the callback will then be used as the first argument of the next iteration. This is often refered to as "accumulation", and [init] is often called an "accumulator". If [init] is not passed, then <fn> will be called n - 1 times, where n is the length of the array. In this case, on the first iteration only, the first argument will be the first element of the array, and the second argument will be the second. After that callbacks work as normal, using the result of the previous callback as the first argument of the next. This method is only provided for those browsers that do not support it natively.
     *
     * @example
     *
     +   [1,2,3,4].reduce(function(a, b) {
     *     return a - b;
     *   });
     +   [1,2,3,4].reduce(function(a, b) {
     *     return a - b;
     *   }, 100);
     *
     ***/
    'reduce': function(fn, init) {
      return arrayReduce(this, fn, init);
    },

    /***
     * @method reduceRight([fn], [init])
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Identical to %Array#reduce%, but operates on the elements in reverse order.
     * @extra This method is only provided for those browsers that do not support it natively.
     *
     *
     *
     *
     * @example
     *
     +   [1,2,3,4].reduceRight(function(a, b) {
     *     return a - b;
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'reduceRight': function(fn, init) {
      return arrayReduce(this, fn, init, true);
    }


  });




  /***
   * String module
   *
   ***/


  function buildTrim() {
    var support = getTrimmableCharacters().match(/^\s+$/);
    try { string.prototype.trim.call([1]); } catch(e) { support = false; }
    extend(string, true, !support, {

      /***
       * @method trim[Side]()
       * @returns String
       * @short Removes leading and/or trailing whitespace from the string.
       * @extra Whitespace is defined as line breaks, tabs, and any character in the "Space, Separator" Unicode category, conforming to the the ES5 spec. The standard %trim% method is only added when not fully supported natively.
       *
       * @set
       *   trim
       *   trimLeft
       *   trimRight
       *
       * @example
       *
       *   '   wasabi   '.trim()      -> 'wasabi'
       *   '   wasabi   '.trimLeft()  -> 'wasabi   '
       *   '   wasabi   '.trimRight() -> '   wasabi'
       *
       ***/
      'trim': function() {
        return this.toString().trimLeft().trimRight();
      },

      'trimLeft': function() {
        return this.replace(regexp('^['+getTrimmableCharacters()+']+'), '');
      },

      'trimRight': function() {
        return this.replace(regexp('['+getTrimmableCharacters()+']+$'), '');
      }
    });
  }



  /***
   * Function module
   *
   ***/


  extend(Function, true, false, {

     /***
     * @method bind(<scope>, [arg1], ...)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Binds <scope> as the %this% object for the function when it is called. Also allows currying an unlimited number of parameters.
     * @extra "currying" means setting parameters ([arg1], [arg2], etc.) ahead of time so that they are passed when the function is called later. If you pass additional parameters when the function is actually called, they will be added will be added to the end of the curried parameters. This method is provided for browsers that don't support it internally.
     * @example
     *
     +   (function() {
     *     return this;
     *   }).bind('woof')(); -> returns 'woof'; function is bound with 'woof' as the this object.
     *   (function(a) {
     *     return a;
     *   }).bind(1, 2)();   -> returns 2; function is bound with 1 as the this object and 2 curried as the first parameter
     *   (function(a, b) {
     *     return a + b;
     *   }).bind(1, 2)(3);  -> returns 5; function is bound with 1 as the this object, 2 curied as the first parameter and 3 passed as the second when calling the function
     *
     ***/
    'bind': function(scope) {
      var fn = this, args = multiArgs(arguments).slice(1), nop, bound;
      if(!isFunction(this)) {
        throw new TypeError('Function.prototype.bind called on a non-function');
      }
      bound = function() {
        return fn.apply(fn.prototype && this instanceof fn ? this : scope, args.concat(multiArgs(arguments)));
      }
      bound.prototype = this.prototype;
      return bound;
    }

  });

  /***
   * Date module
   *
   ***/

   /***
   * @method toISOString()
   * @returns String
   * @short Formats the string to ISO8601 format.
   * @extra This will always format as UTC time. Provided for browsers that do not support this method.
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().toISOString() -> ex. 2011-07-05 12:24:55.528Z
   *
   ***
   * @method toJSON()
   * @returns String
   * @short Returns a JSON representation of the date.
   * @extra This is effectively an alias for %toISOString%. Will always return the date in UTC time. Provided for browsers that do not support this method.
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().toJSON() -> ex. 2011-07-05 12:24:55.528Z
   *
   ***/

  extend(date, false, false, {

     /***
     * @method Date.now()
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1st, 1970 00:00:00 (UTC time).
     * @extra Provided for browsers that do not support this method.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.now() -> ex. 1311938296231
     *
     ***/
    'now': function() {
      return new date().getTime();
    }

  });

   function buildISOString() {
    var d = new date(date.UTC(1999, 11, 31)), target = '1999-12-31T00:00:00.000Z';
    var support = d.toISOString && d.toISOString() === target;
    extendSimilar(date, true, !support, 'toISOString,toJSON', function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function() {
        return padNumber(this.getUTCFullYear(), 4) + '-' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCMonth() + 1, 2) + '-' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCDate(), 2) + 'T' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCHours(), 2) + ':' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCMinutes(), 2) + ':' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCSeconds(), 2) + '.' +
               padNumber(this.getUTCMilliseconds(), 3) + 'Z';
      }
    });
   }

  // Initialize
  buildTrim();
  buildISOString();



  /***
   * @package Array
   * @dependency core
   * @description Array manipulation and traversal, "fuzzy matching" against elements, alphanumeric sorting and collation, enumerable methods on Object.
   *
   ***/


  function multiMatch(el, match, scope, params) {
    var result = true;
    if(el === match) {
      // Match strictly equal values up front.
      return true;
    } else if(isRegExp(match) && isString(el)) {
      // Match against a regexp
      return regexp(match).test(el);
    } else if(isFunction(match)) {
      // Match against a filtering function
      return match.apply(scope, params);
    } else if(isObject(match) && isObjectPrimitive(el)) {
      // Match against a hash or array.
      iterateOverObject(match, function(key, value) {
        if(!multiMatch(el[key], match[key], scope, [el[key], el])) {
          result = false;
        }
      });
      return result;
    } else {
      return isEqual(el, match);
    }
  }

  function transformArgument(el, map, context, mapArgs) {
    if(isUndefined(map)) {
      return el;
    } else if(isFunction(map)) {
      return map.apply(context, mapArgs || []);
    } else if(isFunction(el[map])) {
      return el[map].call(el);
    } else {
      return el[map];
    }
  }

  // Basic array internal methods

  function arrayEach(arr, fn, startIndex, loop) {
    var length, index, i;
    if(startIndex < 0) startIndex = arr.length + startIndex;
    i = isNaN(startIndex) ? 0 : startIndex;
    length = loop === true ? arr.length + i : arr.length;
    while(i < length) {
      index = i % arr.length;
      if(!(index in arr)) {
        return iterateOverSparseArray(arr, fn, i, loop);
      } else if(fn.call(arr, arr[index], index, arr) === false) {
        break;
      }
      i++;
    }
  }

  function iterateOverSparseArray(arr, fn, fromIndex, loop) {
    var indexes = [], i;
    for(i in arr) {
      if(isArrayIndex(arr, i) && i >= fromIndex) {
        indexes.push(parseInt(i));
      }
    }
    indexes.sort().each(function(index) {
      return fn.call(arr, arr[index], index, arr);
    });
    return arr;
  }

  function isArrayIndex(arr, i) {
    return i in arr && toUInt32(i) == i && i != 0xffffffff;
  }

  function toUInt32(i) {
    return i >>> 0;
  }

  function arrayFind(arr, f, startIndex, loop, returnIndex) {
    var result, index;
    arrayEach(arr, function(el, i, arr) {
      if(multiMatch(el, f, arr, [el, i, arr])) {
        result = el;
        index = i;
        return false;
      }
    }, startIndex, loop);
    return returnIndex ? index : result;
  }

  function arrayUnique(arr, map) {
    var result = [], o = {}, transformed;
    arrayEach(arr, function(el, i) {
      transformed = map ? transformArgument(el, map, arr, [el, i, arr]) : el;
      if(!checkForElementInHashAndSet(o, transformed)) {
        result.push(el);
      }
    })
    return result;
  }

  function arrayIntersect(arr1, arr2, subtract) {
    var result = [], o = {};
    arr2.each(function(el) {
      checkForElementInHashAndSet(o, el);
    });
    arr1.each(function(el) {
      var stringified = stringify(el),
          isReference = !objectIsMatchedByValue(el);
      // Add the result to the array if:
      // 1. We're subtracting intersections or it doesn't already exist in the result and
      // 2. It exists in the compared array and we're adding, or it doesn't exist and we're removing.
      if(elementExistsInHash(o, stringified, el, isReference) != subtract) {
        discardElementFromHash(o, stringified, el, isReference);
        result.push(el);
      }
    });
    return result;
  }

  function arrayFlatten(arr, level, current) {
    level = level || Infinity;
    current = current || 0;
    var result = [];
    arrayEach(arr, function(el) {
      if(isArray(el) && current < level) {
        result = result.concat(arrayFlatten(el, level, current + 1));
      } else {
        result.push(el);
      }
    });
    return result;
  }

  function flatArguments(args) {
    var result = [];
    multiArgs(args, function(arg) {
      result = result.concat(arg);
    });
    return result;
  }

  function elementExistsInHash(hash, key, element, isReference) {
    var exists = key in hash;
    if(isReference) {
      if(!hash[key]) {
        hash[key] = [];
      }
      exists = hash[key].indexOf(element) !== -1;
    }
    return exists;
  }

  function checkForElementInHashAndSet(hash, element) {
    var stringified = stringify(element),
        isReference = !objectIsMatchedByValue(element),
        exists = elementExistsInHash(hash, stringified, element, isReference);
    if(isReference) {
      hash[stringified].push(element);
    } else {
      hash[stringified] = element;
    }
    return exists;
  }

  function discardElementFromHash(hash, key, element, isReference) {
    var arr, i = 0;
    if(isReference) {
      arr = hash[key];
      while(i < arr.length) {
        if(arr[i] === element) {
          arr.splice(i, 1);
        } else {
          i += 1;
        }
      }
    } else {
      delete hash[key];
    }
  }

  // Support methods

  function getMinOrMax(obj, map, which, all) {
    var edge,
        result = [],
        max = which === 'max',
        min = which === 'min',
        isArray = Array.isArray(obj);
    iterateOverObject(obj, function(key) {
      var el = obj[key];
      var test = transformArgument(el, map, obj, isArray ? [el, parseInt(key), obj] : []);
      if(test === edge) {
        result.push(el);
      } else if(isUndefined(edge) || (max && test > edge) || (min && test < edge)) {
        result = [el];
        edge = test;
      }
    });
    if(!isArray) result = arrayFlatten(result, 1);
    return all ? result : result[0];
  }


  // Alphanumeric collation helpers

  function collateStrings(a, b) {
    var aValue, bValue, aChar, bChar, aEquiv, bEquiv, index = 0, tiebreaker = 0;
    a = getCollationReadyString(a);
    b = getCollationReadyString(b);
    do {
      aChar  = getCollationCharacter(a, index);
      bChar  = getCollationCharacter(b, index);
      aValue = getCollationValue(aChar);
      bValue = getCollationValue(bChar);
      if(aValue === -1 || bValue === -1) {
        aValue = a.charCodeAt(index) || null;
        bValue = b.charCodeAt(index) || null;
      }
      aEquiv = aChar !== a.charAt(index);
      bEquiv = bChar !== b.charAt(index);
      if(aEquiv !== bEquiv && tiebreaker === 0) {
        tiebreaker = aEquiv - bEquiv;
      }
      index += 1;
    } while(aValue != null && bValue != null && aValue === bValue);
    if(aValue === bValue) return tiebreaker;
    return aValue < bValue ? -1 : 1;
  }

  function getCollationReadyString(str) {
    if(array[AlphanumericSortIgnoreCase]) {
      str = str.toLowerCase();
    }
    return str.replace(array[AlphanumericSortIgnore], '');
  }

  function getCollationCharacter(str, index) {
    var chr = str.charAt(index), eq = array[AlphanumericSortEquivalents] || {};
    return eq[chr] || chr;
  }

  function getCollationValue(chr) {
    var order = array[AlphanumericSortOrder];
    if(!chr) {
      return null;
    } else {
      return order.indexOf(chr);
    }
  }

  var AlphanumericSortOrder       = 'AlphanumericSortOrder';
  var AlphanumericSortIgnore      = 'AlphanumericSortIgnore';
  var AlphanumericSortIgnoreCase  = 'AlphanumericSortIgnoreCase';
  var AlphanumericSortEquivalents = 'AlphanumericSortEquivalents';



  function buildEnhancements() {
    var callbackCheck = function() { var a = arguments; return a.length > 0 && !isFunction(a[0]); };
    extendSimilar(array, true, callbackCheck, 'map,every,all,some,any,none,filter', function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function(f) {
        return this[name](function(el, index) {
          if(name === 'map') {
            return transformArgument(el, f, this, [el, index, this]);
          } else {
            return multiMatch(el, f, this, [el, index, this]);
          }
        });
      }
    });
  }

  function buildAlphanumericSort() {
    var order = 'AÁÀÂÃĄBCĆČÇDĎÐEÉÈĚÊËĘFGĞHıIÍÌİÎÏJKLŁMNŃŇÑOÓÒÔPQRŘSŚŠŞTŤUÚÙŮÛÜVWXYÝZŹŻŽÞÆŒØÕÅÄÖ';
    var equiv = 'AÁÀÂÃÄ,CÇ,EÉÈÊË,IÍÌİÎÏ,OÓÒÔÕÖ,Sß,UÚÙÛÜ';
    array[AlphanumericSortOrder] = order.split('').map(function(str) {
      return str + str.toLowerCase();
    }).join('');
    var equivalents = {};
    arrayEach(equiv.split(','), function(set) {
      var equivalent = set.charAt(0);
      arrayEach(set.slice(1).split(''), function(chr) {
        equivalents[chr] = equivalent;
        equivalents[chr.toLowerCase()] = equivalent.toLowerCase();
      });
    });
    array[AlphanumericSortIgnoreCase] = true;
    array[AlphanumericSortEquivalents] = equivalents;
  }

  extend(array, false, false, {

    /***
     *
     * @method Array.create(<obj1>, <obj2>, ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Alternate array constructor.
     * @extra This method will create a single array by calling %concat% on all arguments passed. In addition to ensuring that an unknown variable is in a single, flat array (the standard constructor will create nested arrays, this one will not), it is also a useful shorthand to convert a function's arguments object into a standard array.
     * @example
     *
     *   Array.create('one', true, 3)   -> ['one', true, 3]
     *   Array.create(['one', true, 3]) -> ['one', true, 3]
     +   Array.create(function(n) {
     *     return arguments;
     *   }('howdy', 'doody'));
     *
     ***/
    'create': function() {
      var result = [], tmp;
      multiArgs(arguments, function(a) {
        if(isObjectPrimitive(a)) {
          try {
            tmp = array.prototype.slice.call(a, 0);
            if(tmp.length > 0) {
              a = tmp;
            }
          } catch(e) {}
        }
        result = result.concat(a);
      });
      return result;
    }

  });

  extend(array, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method find(<f>, [index] = 0, [loop] = false)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns the first element that matches <f>.
     * @extra <f> will match a string, number, array, object, or alternately test against a function or regex. Starts at [index], and will continue once from index = 0 if [loop] is true. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   [{a:1,b:2},{a:1,b:3},{a:1,b:4}].find(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] == 1;
     *   });                                     -> {a:1,b:3}
     *   ['cuba','japan','canada'].find(/^c/, 2) -> 'canada'
     *
     ***/
    'find': function(f, index, loop) {
      return arrayFind(this, f, index, loop);
    },

    /***
     * @method findAll(<f>, [index] = 0, [loop] = false)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns all elements that match <f>.
     * @extra <f> will match a string, number, array, object, or alternately test against a function or regex. Starts at [index], and will continue once from index = 0 if [loop] is true. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   [{a:1,b:2},{a:1,b:3},{a:2,b:4}].findAll(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] == 1;
     *   });                                        -> [{a:1,b:3},{a:1,b:4}]
     *   ['cuba','japan','canada'].findAll(/^c/)    -> 'cuba','canada'
     *   ['cuba','japan','canada'].findAll(/^c/, 2) -> 'canada'
     *
     ***/
    'findAll': function(f, index, loop) {
      var result = [];
      arrayEach(this, function(el, i, arr) {
        if(multiMatch(el, f, arr, [el, i, arr])) {
          result.push(el);
        }
      }, index, loop);
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method findIndex(<f>, [startIndex] = 0, [loop] = false)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns the index of the first element that matches <f> or -1 if not found.
     * @extra This method has a few notable differences to native %indexOf%. Although <f> will similarly match a primitive such as a string or number, it will also match deep objects and arrays that are not equal by reference (%===%). Additionally, if a function is passed it will be run as a matching function (similar to the behavior of %Array#filter%) rather than attempting to find that function itself by reference in the array. Starts at [index], and will continue once from index = 0 if [loop] is true. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     +   [1,2,3,4].findIndex(3);  -> 2
     +   [1,2,3,4].findIndex(function(n) {
     *     return n % 2 == 0;
     *   }); -> 1
     +   ['one','two','three'].findIndex(/th/); -> 2
     *
     ***/
    'findIndex': function(f, startIndex, loop) {
      var index = arrayFind(this, f, startIndex, loop, true);
      return isUndefined(index) ? -1 : index;
    },

    /***
     * @method count(<f>)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Counts all elements in the array that match <f>.
     * @extra <f> will match a string, number, array, object, or alternately test against a function or regex. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,1].count(1)       -> 2
     *   ['a','b','c'].count(/b/) -> 1
     +   [{a:1},{b:2}].count(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] > 1;
     *   });                      -> 0
     *
     ***/
    'count': function(f) {
      if(isUndefined(f)) return this.length;
      return this.findAll(f).length;
    },

    /***
     * @method removeAt(<start>, [end])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Removes element at <start>. If [end] is specified, removes the range between <start> and [end]. This method will change the array! If you don't intend the array to be changed use %clone% first.
     * @example
     *
     *   ['a','b','c'].removeAt(0) -> ['b','c']
     *   [1,2,3,4].removeAt(1, 3)  -> [1]
     *
     ***/
    'removeAt': function(start, end) {
      if(isUndefined(start)) return this;
      if(isUndefined(end)) end = start;
      for(var i = 0; i <= (end - start); i++) {
        this.splice(start, 1);
      }
      return this;
    },

    /***
     * @method include(<el>, [index])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Adds <el> to the array.
     * @extra This is a non-destructive alias for %add%. It will not change the original array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4].include(5)       -> [1,2,3,4,5]
     *   [1,2,3,4].include(8, 1)    -> [1,8,2,3,4]
     *   [1,2,3,4].include([5,6,7]) -> [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
     *
     ***/
    'include': function(el, index) {
      return this.clone().add(el, index);
    },

    /***
     * @method exclude([f1], [f2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Removes any element in the array that matches [f1], [f2], etc.
     * @extra This is a non-destructive alias for %remove%. It will not change the original array. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].exclude(3)         -> [1,2]
     *   ['a','b','c'].exclude(/b/) -> ['a','c']
     +   [{a:1},{b:2}].exclude(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] == 1;
     *   });                       -> [{b:2}]
     *
     ***/
    'exclude': function() {
      return array.prototype.remove.apply(this.clone(), arguments);
    },

    /***
     * @method clone()
     * @returns Array
     * @short Clones the array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].clone() -> [1,2,3]
     *
     ***/
    'clone': function() {
      return simpleMerge([], this);
    },

    /***
     * @method unique([map] = null)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Removes all duplicate elements in the array.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be uniqued on or a string acting as a shortcut. This is most commonly used when you have a key that ensures the object's uniqueness, and don't need to check all fields. This method will also correctly operate on arrays of objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,2,3].unique()                 -> [1,2,3]
     *   [{foo:'bar'},{foo:'bar'}].unique() -> [{foo:'bar'}]
     +   [{foo:'bar'},{foo:'bar'}].unique(function(obj){
     *     return obj.foo;
     *   }); -> [{foo:'bar'}]
     *   [{foo:'bar'},{foo:'bar'}].unique('foo') -> [{foo:'bar'}]
     *
     ***/
    'unique': function(map) {
      return arrayUnique(this, map);
    },

    /***
     * @method flatten([limit] = Infinity)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns a flattened, one-dimensional copy of the array.
     * @extra You can optionally specify a [limit], which will only flatten that depth.
     * @example
     *
     *   [[1], 2, [3]].flatten()      -> [1,2,3]
     *   [['a'],[],'b','c'].flatten() -> ['a','b','c']
     *
     ***/
    'flatten': function(limit) {
      return arrayFlatten(this, limit);
    },

    /***
     * @method union([a1], [a2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing all elements in all arrays with duplicates removed.
     * @extra This method will also correctly operate on arrays of objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,3,5].union([5,7,9])     -> [1,3,5,7,9]
     *   ['a','b'].union(['b','c']) -> ['a','b','c']
     *
     ***/
    'union': function() {
      return arrayUnique(this.concat(flatArguments(arguments)));
    },

    /***
     * @method intersect([a1], [a2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing the elements all arrays have in common.
     * @extra This method will also correctly operate on arrays of objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,3,5].intersect([5,7,9])   -> [5]
     *   ['a','b'].intersect('b','c') -> ['b']
     *
     ***/
    'intersect': function() {
      return arrayIntersect(this, flatArguments(arguments), false);
    },

    /***
     * @method subtract([a1], [a2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Subtracts from the array all elements in [a1], [a2], etc.
     * @extra This method will also correctly operate on arrays of objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,3,5].subtract([5,7,9])   -> [1,3]
     *   [1,3,5].subtract([3],[5])   -> [1]
     *   ['a','b'].subtract('b','c') -> ['a']
     *
     ***/
    'subtract': function(a) {
      return arrayIntersect(this, flatArguments(arguments), true);
    },

    /***
     * @method at(<index>, [loop] = true)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Gets the element(s) at a given index.
     * @extra When [loop] is true, overshooting the end of the array (or the beginning) will begin counting from the other end. As an alternate syntax, passing multiple indexes will get the elements at those indexes.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].at(0)        -> 1
     *   [1,2,3].at(2)        -> 3
     *   [1,2,3].at(4)        -> 2
     *   [1,2,3].at(4, false) -> null
     *   [1,2,3].at(-1)       -> 3
     *   [1,2,3].at(0,1)      -> [1,2]
     *
     ***/
    'at': function() {
      return entryAtIndex(this, arguments);
    },

    /***
     * @method first([num] = 1)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns the first element(s) in the array.
     * @extra When <num> is passed, returns the first <num> elements in the array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].first()        -> 1
     *   [1,2,3].first(2)       -> [1,2]
     *
     ***/
    'first': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) return this[0];
      if(num < 0) num = 0;
      return this.slice(0, num);
    },

    /***
     * @method last([num] = 1)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns the last element(s) in the array.
     * @extra When <num> is passed, returns the last <num> elements in the array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].last()        -> 3
     *   [1,2,3].last(2)       -> [2,3]
     *
     ***/
    'last': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) return this[this.length - 1];
      var start = this.length - num < 0 ? 0 : this.length - num;
      return this.slice(start);
    },

    /***
     * @method from(<index>)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns a slice of the array from <index>.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].from(1)  -> [2,3]
     *   [1,2,3].from(2)  -> [3]
     *
     ***/
    'from': function(num) {
      return this.slice(num);
    },

    /***
     * @method to(<index>)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns a slice of the array up to <index>.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].to(1)  -> [1]
     *   [1,2,3].to(2)  -> [1,2]
     *
     ***/
    'to': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) num = this.length;
      return this.slice(0, num);
    },

    /***
     * @method min([map], [all] = false)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns the element in the array with the lowest value.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be checked or a string acting as a shortcut. If [all] is true, will return all min values in an array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].min()                          -> 1
     *   ['fee','fo','fum'].min('length')       -> 'fo'
     *   ['fee','fo','fum'].min('length', true) -> ['fo']
     +   ['fee','fo','fum'].min(function(n) {
     *     return n.length;
     *   });                              -> ['fo']
     +   [{a:3,a:2}].min(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'];
     *   });                              -> [{a:2}]
     *
     ***/
    'min': function(map, all) {
      return getMinOrMax(this, map, 'min', all);
    },

    /***
     * @method max([map], [all] = false)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns the element in the array with the greatest value.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be checked or a string acting as a shortcut. If [all] is true, will return all max values in an array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].max()                          -> 3
     *   ['fee','fo','fum'].max('length')       -> 'fee'
     *   ['fee','fo','fum'].max('length', true) -> ['fee']
     +   [{a:3,a:2}].max(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'];
     *   });                              -> {a:3}
     *
     ***/
    'max': function(map, all) {
      return getMinOrMax(this, map, 'max', all);
    },

    /***
     * @method least([map])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns the elements in the array with the least commonly occuring value.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be checked or a string acting as a shortcut.
     * @example
     *
     *   [3,2,2].least()                   -> [3]
     *   ['fe','fo','fum'].least('length') -> ['fum']
     +   [{age:35,name:'ken'},{age:12,name:'bob'},{age:12,name:'ted'}].least(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                               -> [{age:35,name:'ken'}]
     *
     ***/
    'least': function(map, all) {
      return getMinOrMax(this.groupBy.apply(this, [map]), 'length', 'min', all);
    },

    /***
     * @method most([map])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns the elements in the array with the most commonly occuring value.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be checked or a string acting as a shortcut.
     * @example
     *
     *   [3,2,2].most()                   -> [2]
     *   ['fe','fo','fum'].most('length') -> ['fe','fo']
     +   [{age:35,name:'ken'},{age:12,name:'bob'},{age:12,name:'ted'}].most(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                              -> [{age:12,name:'bob'},{age:12,name:'ted'}]
     *
     ***/
    'most': function(map, all) {
      return getMinOrMax(this.groupBy.apply(this, [map]), 'length', 'max', all);
    },

    /***
     * @method sum([map])
     * @returns Number
     * @short Sums all values in the array.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be summed or a string acting as a shortcut.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,2].sum()                           -> 5
     +   [{age:35},{age:12},{age:12}].sum(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                                     -> 59
     *   [{age:35},{age:12},{age:12}].sum('age') -> 59
     *
     ***/
    'sum': function(map) {
      var arr = map ? this.map(map) : this;
      return arr.length > 0 ? arr.reduce(function(a,b) { return a + b; }) : 0;
    },

    /***
     * @method average([map])
     * @returns Number
     * @short Averages all values in the array.
     * @extra [map] may be a function mapping the value to be averaged or a string acting as a shortcut.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].average()                           -> 2
     +   [{age:35},{age:11},{age:11}].average(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                                         -> 19
     *   [{age:35},{age:11},{age:11}].average('age') -> 19
     *
     ***/
    'average': function(map) {
      var arr = map ? this.map(map) : this;
      return arr.length > 0 ? arr.sum() / arr.length : 0;
    },

    /***
     * @method inGroups(<num>, [padding])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Groups the array into <num> arrays.
     * @extra [padding] specifies a value with which to pad the last array so that they are all equal length.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].inGroups(3)         -> [ [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7] ]
     *   [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].inGroups(3, 'none') -> [ [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,'none','none'] ]
     *
     ***/
    'inGroups': function(num, padding) {
      var pad = arguments.length > 1;
      var arr = this;
      var result = [];
      var divisor = ceil(this.length / num);
      getRange(0, num - 1, function(i) {
        var index = i * divisor;
        var group = arr.slice(index, index + divisor);
        if(pad && group.length < divisor) {
          getRange(1, divisor - group.length, function() {
            group = group.add(padding);
          });
        }
        result.push(group);
      });
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method inGroupsOf(<num>, [padding] = null)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Groups the array into arrays of <num> elements each.
     * @extra [padding] specifies a value with which to pad the last array so that they are all equal length.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].inGroupsOf(4)         -> [ [1,2,3,4], [5,6,7] ]
     *   [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].inGroupsOf(4, 'none') -> [ [1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,'none'] ]
     *
     ***/
    'inGroupsOf': function(num, padding) {
      var result = [], len = this.length, arr = this, group;
      if(len === 0 || num === 0) return arr;
      if(isUndefined(num)) num = 1;
      if(isUndefined(padding)) padding = null;
      getRange(0, ceil(len / num) - 1, function(i) {
        group = arr.slice(num * i, num * i + num);
        while(group.length < num) {
          group.push(padding);
        }
        result.push(group);
      });
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method isEmpty()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the array is empty.
     * @extra This is true if the array has a length of zero, or contains only %undefined%, %null%, or %NaN%.
     * @example
     *
     *   [].isEmpty()               -> true
     *   [null,undefined].isEmpty() -> true
     *
     ***/
    'isEmpty': function() {
      return this.compact().length == 0;
    },

    /***
     * @method sortBy(<map>, [desc] = false)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Sorts the array by <map>.
     * @extra <map> may be a function, a string acting as a shortcut, or blank (direct comparison of array values). [desc] will sort the array in descending order. When the field being sorted on is a string, the resulting order will be determined by an internal collation algorithm that is optimized for major Western languages, but can be customized. For more information see @array_sorting.
     * @example
     *
     *   ['world','a','new'].sortBy('length')       -> ['a','new','world']
     *   ['world','a','new'].sortBy('length', true) -> ['world','new','a']
     +   [{age:72},{age:13},{age:18}].sortBy(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                                        -> [{age:13},{age:18},{age:72}]
     *
     ***/
    'sortBy': function(map, desc) {
      var arr = this.clone();
      arr.sort(function(a, b) {
        var aProperty, bProperty, comp;
        aProperty = transformArgument(a, map, arr, [a]);
        bProperty = transformArgument(b, map, arr, [b]);
        if(isString(aProperty) && isString(bProperty)) {
          comp = collateStrings(aProperty, bProperty);
        } else if(aProperty < bProperty) {
          comp = -1;
        } else if(aProperty > bProperty) {
          comp = 1;
        } else {
          comp = 0;
        }
        return comp * (desc ? -1 : 1);
      });
      return arr;
    },

    /***
     * @method randomize()
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns a copy of the array with the elements randomized.
     * @extra Uses Fisher-Yates algorithm.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4].randomize()  -> [?,?,?,?]
     *
     ***/
    'randomize': function() {
      var a = this.concat();
      for(var j, x, i = a.length; i; j = parseInt(math.random() * i), x = a[--i], a[i] = a[j], a[j] = x) {};
      return a;
    },

    /***
     * @method zip([arr1], [arr2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Merges multiple arrays together.
     * @extra This method "zips up" smaller arrays into one large whose elements are "all elements at index 0", "all elements at index 1", etc. Useful when you have associated data that is split over separated arrays. If the arrays passed have more elements than the original array, they will be discarded. If they have fewer elements, the missing elements will filled with %null%.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].zip([4,5,6])                                       -> [[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]]
     *   ['Martin','John'].zip(['Luther','F.'], ['King','Kennedy']) -> [['Martin','Luther','King'], ['John','F.','Kennedy']]
     *
     ***/
    'zip': function() {
      var args = multiArgs(arguments);
      return this.map(function(el, i) {
        return [el].concat(args.map(function(k) {
          return (i in k) ? k[i] : null;
        }));
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method sample([num])
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Returns a random element from the array.
     * @extra If [num] is passed, will return [num] samples from the array.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4,5].sample()  -> // Random element
     *   [1,2,3,4,5].sample(3) -> // Array of 3 random elements
     *
     ***/
    'sample': function(num) {
      var arr = this.randomize();
      return arguments.length > 0 ? arr.slice(0, num) : arr[0];
    },

    /***
     * @method each(<fn>, [index] = 0, [loop] = false)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs <fn> against each element in the array. Enhanced version of %Array#forEach%.
     * @extra Parameters passed to <fn> are identical to %forEach%, ie. the first parameter is the current element, second parameter is the current index, and third parameter is the array itself. If <fn> returns %false% at any time it will break out of the loop. Once %each% finishes, it will return the array. If [index] is passed, <fn> will begin at that index and work its way to the end. If [loop] is true, it will then start over from the beginning of the array and continue until it reaches [index] - 1.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4].each(function(n) {
     *     // Called 4 times: 1, 2, 3, 4
     *   });
     *   [1,2,3,4].each(function(n) {
     *     // Called 4 times: 3, 4, 1, 2
     *   }, 2, true);
     *
     ***/
    'each': function(fn, index, loop) {
      arrayEach(this, fn, index, loop);
      return this;
    },

    /***
     * @method add(<el>, [index])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Adds <el> to the array.
     * @extra If [index] is specified, it will add at [index], otherwise adds to the end of the array. %add% behaves like %concat% in that if <el> is an array it will be joined, not inserted. This method will change the array! Use %include% for a non-destructive alias. Also, %insert% is provided as an alias that reads better when using an index.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3,4].add(5)       -> [1,2,3,4,5]
     *   [1,2,3,4].add([5,6,7]) -> [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
     *   [1,2,3,4].insert(8, 1) -> [1,8,2,3,4]
     *
     ***/
    'add': function(el, index) {
      if(!isNumber(number(index)) || isNaN(index)) index = this.length;
      array.prototype.splice.apply(this, [index, 0].concat(el));
      return this;
    },

    /***
     * @method remove([f1], [f2], ...)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Removes any element in the array that matches [f1], [f2], etc.
     * @extra Will match a string, number, array, object, or alternately test against a function or regex. This method will change the array! Use %exclude% for a non-destructive alias. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].remove(3)         -> [1,2]
     *   ['a','b','c'].remove(/b/) -> ['a','c']
     +   [{a:1},{b:2}].remove(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] == 1;
     *   });                       -> [{b:2}]
     *
     ***/
    'remove': function() {
      var i, arr = this;
      multiArgs(arguments, function(f) {
        i = 0;
        while(i < arr.length) {
          if(multiMatch(arr[i], f, arr, [arr[i], i, arr])) {
            arr.splice(i, 1);
          } else {
            i++;
          }
        }
      });
      return arr;
    },

    /***
     * @method compact([all] = false)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Removes all instances of %undefined%, %null%, and %NaN% from the array.
     * @extra If [all] is %true%, all "falsy" elements will be removed. This includes empty strings, 0, and false.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,null,2,undefined,3].compact() -> [1,2,3]
     *   [1,'',2,false,3].compact()       -> [1,'',2,false,3]
     *   [1,'',2,false,3].compact(true)   -> [1,2,3]
     *
     ***/
    'compact': function(all) {
      var result = [];
      arrayEach(this, function(el, i) {
        if(isArray(el)) {
          result.push(el.compact());
        } else if(all && el) {
          result.push(el);
        } else if(!all && el != null && el.valueOf() === el.valueOf()) {
          result.push(el);
        }
      });
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method groupBy(<map>, [fn])
     * @returns Object
     * @short Groups the array by <map>.
     * @extra Will return an object with keys equal to the grouped values. <map> may be a mapping function, or a string acting as a shortcut. Optionally calls [fn] for each group.
     * @example
     *
     *   ['fee','fi','fum'].groupBy('length') -> { 2: ['fi'], 3: ['fee','fum'] }
     +   [{age:35,name:'ken'},{age:15,name:'bob'}].groupBy(function(n) {
     *     return n.age;
     *   });                                  -> { 35: [{age:35,name:'ken'}], 15: [{age:15,name:'bob'}] }
     *
     ***/
    'groupBy': function(map, fn) {
      var arr = this, result = {}, key;
      arrayEach(arr, function(el, index) {
        key = transformArgument(el, map, arr, [el, index, arr]);
        if(!result[key]) result[key] = [];
        result[key].push(el);
      });
      if(fn) {
        iterateOverObject(result, fn);
      }
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method none(<f>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if none of the elements in the array match <f>.
     * @extra <f> will match a string, number, array, object, or alternately test against a function or regex. This method implements @array_matching.
     * @example
     *
     *   [1,2,3].none(5)         -> true
     *   ['a','b','c'].none(/b/) -> false
     +   [{a:1},{b:2}].none(function(n) {
     *     return n['a'] > 1;
     *   });                     -> true
     *
     ***/
    'none': function() {
      return !this.any.apply(this, arguments);
    }


  });

  // Aliases
  extend(array, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method all()
     * @alias every
     *
     ***/
    'all': array.prototype.every,

    /*** @method any()
     * @alias some
     *
     ***/
    'any': array.prototype.some,

    /***
     * @method insert()
     * @alias add
     *
     ***/
    'insert': array.prototype.add

  });


  /***
   * Object module
   * Enumerable methods on objects
   *
   ***/

   function keysWithCoercion(obj) {
     if(obj && obj.valueOf) {
       obj = obj.valueOf();
     }
     return object.keys(obj);
   }

  /***
   * @method [enumerable](<obj>)
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Enumerable methods in the Array package are also available to the Object class. They will perform their normal operations for every property in <obj>.
   * @extra In cases where a callback is used, instead of %element, index%, the callback will instead be passed %key, value%. Enumerable methods are also available to extended objects as instance methods.
   *
   * @set
   *   each
   *   map
   *   any
   *   all
   *   none
   *   count
   *   find
   *   findAll
   *   reduce
   *   isEmpty
   *   sum
   *   average
   *   min
   *   max
   *   least
   *   most
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Object.any({foo:'bar'}, 'bar')            -> true
   *   Object.extended({foo:'bar'}).any('bar')   -> true
   *   Object.isEmpty({})                        -> true
   +   Object.map({ fred: { age: 52 } }, 'age'); -> { fred: 52 }
   *
   ***/

  function buildEnumerableMethods(names, mapping) {
    extendSimilar(object, false, false, names, function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function(obj, arg1, arg2) {
        var result;
        var x =  keysWithCoercion(obj);
        result = array.prototype[name].call(x, function(key) {
          if(mapping) {
            return transformArgument(obj[key], arg1, obj, [key, obj[key], obj]);
          } else {
            return multiMatch(obj[key], arg1, obj, [key, obj[key], obj]);
          }
        }, arg2);
        if(isArray(result)) {
          // The method has returned an array of keys so use this array
          // to build up the resulting object in the form we want it in.
          result = result.reduce(function(o, key, i) {
            o[key] = obj[key];
            return o;
          }, {});
        }
        return result;
      };
    });
    buildObjectInstanceMethods(names, Hash);
  }

  extend(object, false, false, {

    'map': function(obj, map) {
      return keysWithCoercion(obj).reduce(function(result, key) {
        result[key] = transformArgument(obj[key], map, obj, [key, obj[key], obj]);
        return result;
      }, {});
    },

    'reduce': function(obj) {
      var values = keysWithCoercion(obj).map(function(key) {
        return obj[key];
      });
      return values.reduce.apply(values, multiArgs(arguments).slice(1));
    },

    'each': function(obj, fn) {
      checkCallback(fn);
      iterateOverObject(obj, fn);
      return obj;
    },

    /***
     * @method size(<obj>)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns the number of properties in <obj>.
     * @extra %size% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.size({ foo: 'bar' }) -> 1
     *
     ***/
    'size': function (obj) {
      return keysWithCoercion(obj).length;
    }

  });

  buildEnhancements();
  buildAlphanumericSort();
  buildEnumerableMethods('any,all,none,count,find,findAll,isEmpty');
  buildEnumerableMethods('sum,average,min,max,least,most', true);
  buildObjectInstanceMethods('map,reduce,size', Hash);


  /***
   * @package Date
   * @dependency core
   * @description Date parsing and formatting, relative formats like "1 minute ago", Number methods like "daysAgo", localization support with default English locale definition.
   *
   ***/

  var English;
  var CurrentLocalization;

  var TimeFormat = ['ampm','hour','minute','second','ampm','utc','offset_sign','offset_hours','offset_minutes','ampm']
  var DecimalReg = '(?:[,.]\\d+)?';
  var HoursReg   = '\\d{1,2}' + DecimalReg;
  var SixtyReg   = '[0-5]\\d' + DecimalReg;
  var RequiredTime = '({t})?\\s*('+HoursReg+')(?:{h}('+SixtyReg+')?{m}(?::?('+SixtyReg+'){s})?\\s*(?:({t})|(Z)|(?:([+-])(\\d{2,2})(?::?(\\d{2,2}))?)?)?|\\s*({t}))';

  var KanjiDigits     = '〇一二三四五六七八九十百千万';
  var FullWidthDigits = '０１２３４５６７８９';
  var AsianDigitMap = {};
  var AsianDigitReg;

  var DateArgumentUnits;
  var DateUnitsReversed;
  var CoreDateFormats = [];

  var DateOutputFormats = [
    {
      token: 'f{1,4}|ms|milliseconds',
      format: function(d) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Milliseconds');
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'ss?|seconds',
      format: function(d, len) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Seconds');
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'mm?|minutes',
      format: function(d, len) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Minutes');
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'hh?|hours|12hr',
      format: function(d) {
        return getShortHour(d);
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'HH?|24hr',
      format: function(d) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Hours');
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'dd?|date|day',
      format: function(d) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Date');
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'dow|weekday',
      word: true,
      format: function(d, loc, n, t) {
        var dow = callDateGet(d, 'Day');
        return loc['weekdays'][dow + (n - 1) * 7];
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'MM?',
      format: function(d) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'Month') + 1;
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'mon|month',
      word: true,
      format: function(d, loc, n, len) {
        var month = callDateGet(d, 'Month');
        return loc['months'][month + (n - 1) * 12];
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'y{2,4}|year',
      format: function(d) {
        return callDateGet(d, 'FullYear');
      }
    },
    {
      token: '[Tt]{1,2}',
      format: function(d, loc, n, format) {
        if(loc['ampm'].length == 0) return '';
        var hours = callDateGet(d, 'Hours');
        var str = loc['ampm'][floor(hours / 12)];
        if(format.length === 1) str = str.slice(0,1);
        if(format.slice(0,1) === 'T') str = str.toUpperCase();
        return str;
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'z{1,4}|tz|timezone',
      text: true,
      format: function(d, loc, n, format) {
        var tz = d.getUTCOffset();
        if(format == 'z' || format == 'zz') {
          tz = tz.replace(/(\d{2})(\d{2})/, function(f,h,m) {
            return padNumber(h, format.length);
          });
        }
        return tz;
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'iso(tz|timezone)',
      format: function(d) {
        return d.getUTCOffset(true);
      }
    },
    {
      token: 'ord',
      format: function(d) {
        var date = callDateGet(d, 'Date');
        return date + getOrdinalizedSuffix(date);
      }
    }
  ];

  var DateUnits = [
    {
      unit: 'year',
      method: 'FullYear',
      ambiguous: true,
      multiplier: function(d) {
        var adjust = d ? (d.isLeapYear() ? 1 : 0) : 0.25;
        return (365 + adjust) * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'month',
      method: 'Month',
      ambiguous: true,
      multiplier: function(d, ms) {
        var days = 30.4375, inMonth;
        if(d) {
          inMonth = d.daysInMonth();
          if(ms <= inMonth.days()) {
            days = inMonth;
          }
        }
        return days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'week',
      method: 'Week',
      multiplier: function() {
        return 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'day',
      method: 'Date',
      ambiguous: true,
      multiplier: function() {
        return 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'hour',
      method: 'Hours',
      multiplier: function() {
        return 60 * 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'minute',
      method: 'Minutes',
      multiplier: function() {
        return 60 * 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'second',
      method: 'Seconds',
      multiplier: function() {
        return 1000;
      }
    },
    {
      unit: 'millisecond',
      method: 'Milliseconds',
      multiplier: function() {
        return 1;
      }
    }
  ];




  // Date Localization

  var Localizations = {};

  // Localization object

  function Localization(l) {
    simpleMerge(this, l);
    this.compiledFormats = CoreDateFormats.concat();
  }

  Localization.prototype = {

    getMonth: function(n) {
      if(isNumber(n)) {
        return n - 1;
      } else {
        return this['months'].indexOf(n) % 12;
      }
    },

    getWeekday: function(n) {
      return this['weekdays'].indexOf(n) % 7;
    },

    getNumber: function(n) {
      var i;
      if(isNumber(n)) {
        return n;
      } else if(n && (i = this['numbers'].indexOf(n)) !== -1) {
        return (i + 1) % 10;
      } else {
        return 1;
      }
    },

    getNumericDate: function(n) {
      var self = this;
      return n.replace(regexp(this['num'], 'g'), function(d) {
        var num = self.getNumber(d);
        return num || '';
      });
    },

    getEnglishUnit: function(n) {
      return English['units'][this['units'].indexOf(n) % 8];
    },

    getRelativeFormat: function(adu) {
      return this.convertAdjustedToFormat(adu, adu[2] > 0 ? 'future' : 'past');
    },

    getDuration: function(ms) {
      return this.convertAdjustedToFormat(getAdjustedUnit(ms), 'duration');
    },

    hasVariant: function(code) {
      code = code || this.code;
      return code === 'en' || code === 'en-US' ? true : this['variant'];
    },

    matchAM: function(str) {
      return str === this['ampm'][0];
    },

    matchPM: function(str) {
      return str && str === this['ampm'][1];
    },

    convertAdjustedToFormat: function(adu, mode) {
      var sign, unit, mult,
          num    = adu[0],
          u      = adu[1],
          ms     = adu[2],
          format = this[mode] || this['relative'];
      if(isFunction(format)) {
        return format.call(this, num, u, ms, mode);
      }
      mult = this['plural'] && num > 1 ? 1 : 0;
      unit = this['units'][mult * 8 + u] || this['units'][u];
      if(this['capitalizeUnit']) unit = simpleCapitalize(unit);
      sign = this['modifiers'].filter(function(m) { return m.name == 'sign' && m.value == (ms > 0 ? 1 : -1); })[0];
      return format.replace(/\{(.*?)\}/g, function(full, match) {
        switch(match) {
          case 'num': return num;
          case 'unit': return unit;
          case 'sign': return sign.src;
        }
      });
    },

    getFormats: function() {
      return this.cachedFormat ? [this.cachedFormat].concat(this.compiledFormats) : this.compiledFormats;
    },

    addFormat: function(src, allowsTime, match, variant, iso) {
      var to = match || [], loc = this, time, timeMarkers, lastIsNumeral;

      src = src.replace(/\s+/g, '[-,. ]*');
      src = src.replace(/\{([^,]+?)\}/g, function(all, k) {
        var value, arr, result,
            opt   = k.match(/\?$/),
            nc    = k.match(/^(\d+)\??$/),
            slice = k.match(/(\d)(?:-(\d))?/),
            key   = k.replace(/[^a-z]+$/, '');
        if(nc) {
          value = loc['tokens'][nc[1]];
        } else if(loc[key]) {
          value = loc[key];
        } else if(loc[key + 's']) {
          value = loc[key + 's'];
          if(slice) {
            // Can't use filter here as Prototype hijacks the method and doesn't
            // pass an index, so use a simple loop instead!
            arr = [];
            value.forEach(function(m, i) {
              var mod = i % (loc['units'] ? 8 : value.length);
              if(mod >= slice[1] && mod <= (slice[2] || slice[1])) {
                arr.push(m);
              }
            });
            value = arr;
          }
          value = arrayToAlternates(value);
        }
        if(nc) {
          result = '(?:' + value + ')';
        } else {
          if(!match) {
            to.push(key);
          }
          result = '(' + value + ')';
        }
        if(opt) {
          result += '?';
        }
        return result;
      });
      if(allowsTime) {
        time = prepareTime(RequiredTime, loc, iso);
        timeMarkers = ['t','[\\s\\u3000]'].concat(loc['timeMarker']);
        lastIsNumeral = src.match(/\\d\{\d,\d\}\)+\??$/);
        addDateInputFormat(loc, '(?:' + time + ')[,\\s\\u3000]+?' + src, TimeFormat.concat(to), variant);
        addDateInputFormat(loc, src + '(?:[,\\s]*(?:' + timeMarkers.join('|') + (lastIsNumeral ? '+' : '*') +')' + time + ')?', to.concat(TimeFormat), variant);
      } else {
        addDateInputFormat(loc, src, to, variant);
      }
    }

  };


  // Localization helpers

  function getLocalization(localeCode, fallback) {
    var loc;
    if(!isString(localeCode)) localeCode = '';
    loc = Localizations[localeCode] || Localizations[localeCode.slice(0,2)];
    if(fallback === false && !loc) {
      throw new Error('Invalid locale.');
    }
    return loc || CurrentLocalization;
  }

  function setLocalization(localeCode, set) {
    var loc, canAbbreviate;

    function initializeField(name) {
      var val = loc[name];
      if(isString(val)) {
        loc[name] = val.split(',');
      } else if(!val) {
        loc[name] = [];
      }
    }

    function eachAlternate(str, fn) {
      str = str.split('+').map(function(split) {
        return split.replace(/(.+):(.+)$/, function(full, base, suffixes) {
          return suffixes.split('|').map(function(suffix) {
            return base + suffix;
          }).join('|');
        });
      }).join('|');
      return str.split('|').forEach(fn);
    }

    function setArray(name, abbreviate, multiple) {
      var arr = [];
      loc[name].forEach(function(full, i) {
        if(abbreviate) {
          full += '+' + full.slice(0,3);
        }
        eachAlternate(full, function(day, j) {
          arr[j * multiple + i] = day.toLowerCase();
        });
      });
      loc[name] = arr;
    }

    function getDigit(start, stop, allowNumbers) {
      var str = '\\d{' + start + ',' + stop + '}';
      if(allowNumbers) str += '|(?:' + arrayToAlternates(loc['numbers']) + ')+';
      return str;
    }

    function getNum() {
      var arr = ['\\d+'].concat(loc['articles']);
      if(loc['numbers']) arr = arr.concat(loc['numbers']);
      return arrayToAlternates(arr);
    }

    function setDefault(name, value) {
      loc[name] = loc[name] || value;
    }

    function setModifiers() {
      var arr = [];
      loc.modifiersByName = {};
      loc['modifiers'].forEach(function(modifier) {
        var name = modifier.name;
        eachAlternate(modifier.src, function(t) {
          var locEntry = loc[name];
          loc.modifiersByName[t] = modifier;
          arr.push({ name: name, src: t, value: modifier.value });
          loc[name] = locEntry ? locEntry + '|' + t : t;
        });
      });
      loc['day'] += '|' + arrayToAlternates(loc['weekdays']);
      loc['modifiers'] = arr;
    }

    // Initialize the locale
    loc = new Localization(set);
    initializeField('modifiers');
    'months,weekdays,units,numbers,articles,tokens,timeMarker,ampm,timeSuffixes,dateParse,timeParse'.split(',').forEach(initializeField);

    canAbbreviate = !loc['monthSuffix'];

    setArray('months',   canAbbreviate, 12);
    setArray('weekdays', canAbbreviate, 7);
    setArray('units', false, 8);
    setArray('numbers', false, 10);

    setDefault('code', localeCode);
    setDefault('date', getDigit(1,2, loc['digitDate']));
    setDefault('year', "'\\d{2}|" + getDigit(4,4));
    setDefault('num', getNum());

    setModifiers();

    if(loc['monthSuffix']) {
      loc['month'] = getDigit(1,2);
      loc['months'] = getRange(1, 12).map(function(n) { return n + loc['monthSuffix']; });
    }
    loc['full_month'] = getDigit(1,2) + '|' + arrayToAlternates(loc['months']);

    // The order of these formats is very important. Order is reversed so formats that come
    // later will take precedence over formats that come before. This generally means that
    // more specific formats should come later, however, the {year} format should come before
    // {day}, as 2011 needs to be parsed as a year (2011) and not date (20) + hours (11)

    // If the locale has time suffixes then add a time only format for that locale
    // that is separate from the core English-based one.
    if(loc['timeSuffixes'].length > 0) {
      loc.addFormat(prepareTime(RequiredTime, loc), false, TimeFormat)
    }

    loc.addFormat('{day}', true);
    loc.addFormat('{month}' + (loc['monthSuffix'] || ''));
    loc.addFormat('{year}' + (loc['yearSuffix'] || ''));

    loc['timeParse'].forEach(function(src) {
      loc.addFormat(src, true);
    });

    loc['dateParse'].forEach(function(src) {
      loc.addFormat(src);
    });

    return Localizations[localeCode] = loc;
  }


  // General helpers

  function addDateInputFormat(locale, format, match, variant) {
    locale.compiledFormats.unshift({
      variant: variant,
      locale: locale,
      reg: regexp('^' + format + '$', 'i'),
      to: match
    });
  }

  function simpleCapitalize(str) {
    return str.slice(0,1).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1);
  }

  function arrayToAlternates(arr) {
    return arr.filter(function(el) {
      return !!el;
    }).join('|');
  }

  // Date argument helpers

  function collectDateArguments(args, allowDuration) {
    var obj, arr;
    if(isObject(args[0])) {
      return args;
    } else if (isNumber(args[0]) && !isNumber(args[1])) {
      return [args[0]];
    } else if (isString(args[0]) && allowDuration) {
      return [getDateParamsFromString(args[0]), args[1]];
    }
    obj = {};
    DateArgumentUnits.forEach(function(u,i) {
      obj[u.unit] = args[i];
    });
    return [obj];
  }

  function getDateParamsFromString(str, num) {
    var params = {};
    match = str.match(/^(\d+)?\s?(\w+?)s?$/i);
    if(match) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) {
        num = parseInt(match[1]) || 1;
      }
      params[match[2].toLowerCase()] = num;
    }
    return params;
  }

  // Date parsing helpers

  function getFormatMatch(match, arr) {
    var obj = {}, value, num;
    arr.forEach(function(key, i) {
      value = match[i + 1];
      if(isUndefined(value) || value === '') return;
      if(key === 'year') {
        obj.yearAsString = value.replace(/'/, '');
      }
      num = parseFloat(value.replace(/'/, '').replace(/,/, '.'));
      obj[key] = !isNaN(num) ? num : value.toLowerCase();
    });
    return obj;
  }

  function cleanDateInput(str) {
    str = str.trim().replace(/^(just )?now|\.+$/i, '');
    return convertAsianDigits(str);
  }

  function convertAsianDigits(str) {
    return str.replace(AsianDigitReg, function(full, disallowed, match) {
      var sum = 0, place = 1, lastWasHolder, lastHolder;
      if(disallowed) return full;
      match.split('').reverse().forEach(function(letter) {
        var value = AsianDigitMap[letter], holder = value > 9;
        if(holder) {
          if(lastWasHolder) sum += place;
          place *= value / (lastHolder || 1);
          lastHolder = value;
        } else {
          if(lastWasHolder === false) {
            place *= 10;
          }
          sum += place * value;
        }
        lastWasHolder = holder;
      });
      if(lastWasHolder) sum += place;
      return sum;
    });
  }

  function getExtendedDate(f, localeCode, prefer, forceUTC) {
    var d = new date(), relative = false, baseLocalization, loc, format, set, unit, weekday, num, tmp, after;

    d.utc(forceUTC);

    if(isDate(f)) {
      d = new date(f.getTime());
    } else if(isNumber(f)) {
      d = new date(f);
    } else if(isObject(f)) {
      d.set(f, true);
      set = f;
    } else if(isString(f)) {

      // The act of getting the localization will pre-initialize
      // if it is missing and add the required formats.
      baseLocalization = getLocalization(localeCode);

      // Clean the input and convert Kanji based numerals if they exist.
      f = cleanDateInput(f);

      if(baseLocalization) {
        iterateOverObject(baseLocalization.getFormats(), function(i, dif) {
          var match = f.match(dif.reg);
          if(match) {
            format = dif;
            loc = format.locale;
            set = getFormatMatch(match, format.to, loc);

            if(set['utc']) {
              d.utc();
            }

            loc.cachedFormat = format;

            if(set.timestamp) {
              set = set.timestamp;
              return false;
            }

            // If there's a variant (crazy Endian American format), swap the month and day.
            if(format.variant && !isString(set['month']) && (isString(set['date']) || baseLocalization.hasVariant(localeCode))) {
              tmp = set['month'];
              set['month'] = set['date'];
              set['date']  = tmp;
            }

            // If the year is 2 digits then get the implied century.
            if(set['year'] && set.yearAsString.length === 2) {
              set['year'] = getYearFromAbbreviation(set['year']);
            }

            // Set the month which may be localized.
            if(set['month']) {
              set['month'] = loc.getMonth(set['month']);
              if(set['shift'] && !set['unit']) set['unit'] = loc['units'][7];
            }

            // If there is both a weekday and a date, the date takes precedence.
            if(set['weekday'] && set['date']) {
              delete set['weekday'];
            // Otherwise set a localized weekday.
            } else if(set['weekday']) {
              set['weekday'] = loc.getWeekday(set['weekday']);
              if(set['shift'] && !set['unit']) set['unit'] = loc['units'][5];
            }

            // Relative day localizations such as "today" and "tomorrow".
            if(set['day'] && (tmp = loc.modifiersByName[set['day']])) {
              set['day'] = tmp.value;
              d.reset();
              relative = true;
            // If the day is a weekday, then set that instead.
            } else if(set['day'] && (weekday = loc.getWeekday(set['day'])) > -1) {
              delete set['day'];
              if(set['num'] && set['month']) {
                // If we have "the 2nd tuesday of June", set the day to the beginning of the month, then
                // look ahead to set the weekday after all other properties have been set. The weekday needs
                // to be set after the actual set because it requires overriding the "prefer" argument which
                // could unintentionally send the year into the future, past, etc.
                after = function() {
                  var w = d.getWeekday();
                  d.setWeekday((7 * (set['num'] - 1)) + (w > weekday ? weekday + 7 : weekday));
                }
                set['day'] = 1;
              } else {
                set['weekday'] = weekday;
              }
            }

            if(set['date'] && !isNumber(set['date'])) {
              set['date'] = loc.getNumericDate(set['date']);
            }

            // If the time is 1pm-11pm advance the time by 12 hours.
            if(loc.matchPM(set['ampm']) && set['hour'] < 12) {
              set['hour'] += 12;
            } else if(loc.matchAM(set['ampm']) && set['hour'] === 12) {
              set['hour'] = 0;
            }

            // Adjust for timezone offset
            if('offset_hours' in set || 'offset_minutes' in set) {
              d.utc();
              set['offset_minutes'] = set['offset_minutes'] || 0;
              set['offset_minutes'] += set['offset_hours'] * 60;
              if(set['offset_sign'] === '-') {
                set['offset_minutes'] *= -1;
              }
              set['minute'] -= set['offset_minutes'];
            }

            // Date has a unit like "days", "months", etc. are all relative to the current date.
            if(set['unit']) {
              relative = true;
              num = loc.getNumber(set['num']);
              unit = loc.getEnglishUnit(set['unit']);

              // Shift and unit, ie "next month", "last week", etc.
              if(set['shift'] || set['edge']) {
                num *= (tmp = loc.modifiersByName[set['shift']]) ? tmp.value : 0;

                // Relative month and static date: "the 15th of last month"
                if(unit === 'month' && isDefined(set['date'])) {
                  d.set({ 'day': set['date'] }, true);
                  delete set['date'];
                }

                // Relative year and static month/date: "June 15th of last year"
                if(unit === 'year' && isDefined(set['month'])) {
                  d.set({ 'month': set['month'], 'day': set['date'] }, true);
                  delete set['month'];
                  delete set['date'];
                }
              }
              // Unit and sign, ie "months ago", "weeks from now", etc.
              if(set['sign'] && (tmp = loc.modifiersByName[set['sign']])) {
                num *= tmp.value;
              }

              // Units can be with non-relative dates, set here. ie "the day after monday"
              if(isDefined(set['weekday'])) {
                d.set({'weekday': set['weekday'] }, true);
                delete set['weekday'];
              }

              // Finally shift the unit.
              set[unit] = (set[unit] || 0) + num;
            }

            if(set['year_sign'] === '-') {
              set['year'] *= -1;
            }

            DateUnitsReversed.slice(1,4).forEach(function(u, i) {
              var value = set[u.unit], fraction = value % 1;
              if(fraction) {
                set[DateUnitsReversed[i].unit] = round(fraction * (u.unit === 'second' ? 1000 : 60));
                set[u.unit] = floor(value);
              }
            });
            return false;
          }
        });
      }
      if(!format) {
        // The Date constructor does something tricky like checking the number
        // of arguments so simply passing in undefined won't work.
        d = f ? new date(f) : new date();
      } else if(relative) {
        d.advance(set);
      } else {
        if(d._utc) {
          // UTC times can traverse into other days or even months,
          // so preemtively reset the time here to prevent this.
          d.reset();
        }
        updateDate(d, set, true, false, prefer);
      }

      // If there is an "edge" it needs to be set after the
      // other fields are set. ie "the end of February"
      if(set && set['edge']) {
        tmp = loc.modifiersByName[set['edge']];
        iterateOverObject(DateUnitsReversed.slice(4), function(i, u) {
          if(isDefined(set[u.unit])) {
            unit = u.unit;
            return false;
          }
        });
        if(unit === 'year') set.specificity = 'month';
        else if(unit === 'month' || unit === 'week') set.specificity = 'day';
        d[(tmp.value < 0 ? 'endOf' : 'beginningOf') + simpleCapitalize(unit)]();
        // This value of -2 is arbitrary but it's a nice clean way to hook into this system.
        if(tmp.value === -2) d.reset();
      }
      if(after) {
        after();
      }

    }
    d.utc(false);
    return {
      date: d,
      set: set
    }
  }

  // If the year is two digits, add the most appropriate century prefix.
  function getYearFromAbbreviation(year) {
    return round(callDateGet(new date(), 'FullYear') / 100) * 100 - round(year / 100) * 100 + year;
  }

  function getShortHour(d) {
    var hours = callDateGet(d, 'Hours');
    return hours === 0 ? 12 : hours - (floor(hours / 13) * 12);
  }

  // weeksSince won't work here as the result needs to be floored, not rounded.
  function getWeekNumber(date) {
    date = date.clone();
    var dow = callDateGet(date, 'Day') || 7;
    date.addDays(4 - dow).reset();
    return 1 + floor(date.daysSince(date.clone().beginningOfYear()) / 7);
  }

  function getAdjustedUnit(ms) {
    var next, ams = math.abs(ms), value = ams, unit = 0;
    DateUnitsReversed.slice(1).forEach(function(u, i) {
      next = floor(round(ams / u.multiplier() * 10) / 10);
      if(next >= 1) {
        value = next;
        unit = i + 1;
      }
    });
    return [value, unit, ms];
  }


  // Date formatting helpers

  function formatDate(date, format, relative, localeCode) {
    var adu, loc = getLocalization(localeCode), caps = regexp(/^[A-Z]/), value, shortcut;
    if(!date.isValid()) {
      return 'Invalid Date';
    } else if(Date[format]) {
      format = Date[format];
    } else if(isFunction(format)) {
      adu = getAdjustedUnit(date.millisecondsFromNow());
      format = format.apply(date, adu.concat(loc));
    }
    if(!format && relative) {
      adu = adu || getAdjustedUnit(date.millisecondsFromNow());
      // Adjust up if time is in ms, as this doesn't
      // look very good for a standard relative date.
      if(adu[1] === 0) {
        adu[1] = 1;
        adu[0] = 1;
      }
      return loc.getRelativeFormat(adu);
    }

    format = format || 'long';
    format = loc[format] || format;

    DateOutputFormats.forEach(function(dof) {
      format = format.replace(regexp('\\{('+dof.token+')(\\d)?\\}', dof.word ? 'i' : ''), function(m,t,d) {
        var val = dof.format(date, loc, d || 1, t), l = t.length, one = t.match(/^(.)\1+$/);
        if(dof.word) {
          if(l === 3) val = val.slice(0,3);
          if(one || t.match(caps)) val = simpleCapitalize(val);
        } else if(one && !dof.text) {
          val = (isNumber(val) ? padNumber(val, l) : val.toString()).slice(-l);
        }
        return val;
      });
    });
    return format;
  }

  // Date comparison helpers

  function compareDate(d, find, buffer, forceUTC) {
    var p, t, min, max, minOffset, maxOffset, override, capitalized, accuracy = 0, loBuffer = 0, hiBuffer = 0;
    p = getExtendedDate(find, null, null, forceUTC);
    if(buffer > 0) {
      loBuffer = hiBuffer = buffer;
      override = true;
    }
    if(!p.date.isValid()) return false;
    if(p.set && p.set.specificity) {
      DateUnits.forEach(function(u, i) {
        if(u.unit === p.set.specificity) {
          accuracy = u.multiplier(p.date, d - p.date) - 1;
        }
      });
      capitalized = simpleCapitalize(p.set.specificity);
      if(p.set['edge'] || p.set['shift']) {
        p.date['beginningOf' + capitalized]();
      }
      if(p.set.specificity === 'month') {
        max = p.date.clone()['endOf' + capitalized]().getTime();
      }
      if(!override && p.set['sign'] && p.set.specificity != 'millisecond') {
        // If the time is relative, there can occasionally be an disparity between the relative date
        // and "now", which it is being compared to, so set an extra buffer to account for this.
        loBuffer = 50;
        hiBuffer = -50;
      }
    }
    t   = d.getTime();
    min = p.date.getTime();
    max = max || (min + accuracy);
    max = compensateForTimezoneTraversal(d, min, max);
    return t >= (min - loBuffer) && t <= (max + hiBuffer);
  }

  function compensateForTimezoneTraversal(d, min, max) {
    var dMin, dMax, minOffset, maxOffset;
    dMin = new Date(min);
    dMax = new Date(max).utc(d.isUTC());
    if(callDateGet(dMax, 'Hours') !== 23) {
      minOffset = dMin.getTimezoneOffset();
      maxOffset = dMax.getTimezoneOffset();
      if(minOffset !== maxOffset) {
        max += (maxOffset - minOffset).minutes();
      }
    }
    return max;
  }

  function updateDate(d, params, reset, advance, prefer) {
    var weekday, specificityIndex;

    function getParam(key) {
      return isDefined(params[key]) ? params[key] : params[key + 's'];
    }

    function paramExists(key) {
      return isDefined(getParam(key));
    }

    function uniqueParamExists(key, isDay) {
      return paramExists(key) || (isDay && paramExists('weekday'));
    }

    function canDisambiguate() {
      var now = new date;
      return (prefer === -1 && d > now) || (prefer === 1 && d < now);
    }

    if(isNumber(params) && advance) {
      // If param is a number and we're advancing, the number is presumed to be milliseconds.
      params = { 'milliseconds': params };
    } else if(isNumber(params)) {
      // Otherwise just set the timestamp and return.
      d.setTime(params);
      return d;
    }

    // "date" can also be passed for the day
    if(isDefined(params['date'])) {
      params['day'] = params['date'];
    }

    // Reset any unit lower than the least specific unit set. Do not do this for weeks
    // or for years. This needs to be performed before the acutal setting of the date
    // because the order needs to be reversed in order to get the lowest specificity,
    // also because higher order units can be overwritten by lower order units, such
    // as setting hour: 3, minute: 345, etc.
    iterateOverObject(DateUnitsReversed, function(i,u) {
      var isDay = u.unit === 'day';
      if(uniqueParamExists(u.unit, isDay)) {
        params.specificity = u.unit;
        specificityIndex = +i;
        return false;
      } else if(reset && u.unit !== 'week' && (!isDay || !paramExists('week'))) {
        // Days are relative to months, not weeks, so don't reset if a week exists.
        callDateSet(d, u.method, (isDay ? 1 : 0));
      }
    });


    // Now actually set or advance the date in order, higher units first.
    DateUnits.forEach(function(u,i) {
      var unit = u.unit, method = u.method, higherUnit = DateUnits[i - 1], value;
      value = getParam(unit)
      if(isUndefined(value)) return;
      if(advance) {
        if(unit === 'week') {
          value  = (params['day'] || 0) + (value * 7);
          method = 'Date';
        }
        value = (value * advance) + callDateGet(d, method);
      } else if(unit === 'month' && paramExists('day')) {
        // When setting the month, there is a chance that we will traverse into a new month.
        // This happens in DST shifts, for example June 1st DST jumping to January 1st
        // (non-DST) will have a shift of -1:00 which will traverse into the previous year.
        // Prevent this by proactively setting the day when we know it will be set again anyway.
        // It can also happen when there are not enough days in the target month. This second
        // situation is identical to checkMonthTraversal below, however when we are advancing
        // we want to reset the date to "the last date in the target month". In the case of
        // DST shifts, however, we want to avoid the "edges" of months as that is where this
        // unintended traversal can happen. This is the reason for the different handling of
        // two similar but slightly different situations.
        //
        // TL;DR This method avoids the edges of a month IF not advancing and the date is going
        // to be set anyway, while checkMonthTraversal resets the date to the last day if advancing.
        //
        callDateSet(d, 'Date', 15);
      }
      callDateSet(d, method, value);
      if(advance && unit === 'month') {
        checkMonthTraversal(d, value);
      }
    });


    // If a weekday is included in the params, set it ahead of time and set the params
    // to reflect the updated date so that resetting works properly.
    if(!advance && !paramExists('day') && paramExists('weekday')) {
      var weekday = getParam('weekday'), isAhead, futurePreferred;
      d.setWeekday(weekday);
    }

    if(canDisambiguate()) {
      iterateOverObject(DateUnitsReversed.slice(specificityIndex + 1), function(i,u) {
        var ambiguous = u.ambiguous || (u.unit === 'week' && paramExists('weekday'));
        if(ambiguous && !uniqueParamExists(u.unit, u.unit === 'day')) {
          d[u.addMethod](prefer);
          return false;
        }
      });
    }
    return d;
  }

  function callDateGet(d, method) {
    return d['get' + (d._utc ? 'UTC' : '') + method]();
  }

  function callDateSet(d, method, value) {
    return d['set' + (d._utc ? 'UTC' : '') + method](value);
  }

  // The ISO format allows times strung together without a demarcating ":", so make sure
  // that these markers are now optional.
  function prepareTime(format, loc, iso) {
    var timeSuffixMapping = {'h':0,'m':1,'s':2}, add;
    loc = loc || English;
    return format.replace(/{([a-z])}/g, function(full, token) {
      var separators = [],
          isHours = token === 'h',
          tokenIsRequired = isHours && !iso;
      if(token === 't') {
        return loc['ampm'].join('|');
      } else {
        if(isHours) {
          separators.push(':');
        }
        if(add = loc['timeSuffixes'][timeSuffixMapping[token]]) {
          separators.push(add + '\\s*');
        }
        return separators.length === 0 ? '' : '(?:' + separators.join('|') + ')' + (tokenIsRequired ? '' : '?');
      }
    });
  }


  // If the month is being set, then we don't want to accidentally
  // traverse into a new month just because the target month doesn't have enough
  // days. In other words, "5 months ago" from July 30th is still February, even
  // though there is no February 30th, so it will of necessity be February 28th
  // (or 29th in the case of a leap year).

  function checkMonthTraversal(date, targetMonth) {
    if(targetMonth < 0) {
      targetMonth = targetMonth % 12 + 12;
    }
    if(targetMonth % 12 != callDateGet(date, 'Month')) {
      callDateSet(date, 'Date', 0);
    }
  }

  function createDate(args, prefer, forceUTC) {
    var f, localeCode;
    if(isNumber(args[1])) {
      // If the second argument is a number, then we have an enumerated constructor type as in "new Date(2003, 2, 12);"
      f = collectDateArguments(args)[0];
    } else {
      f          = args[0];
      localeCode = args[1];
    }
    return getExtendedDate(f, localeCode, prefer, forceUTC).date;
  }

  function buildDateUnits() {
    DateUnitsReversed = DateUnits.concat().reverse();
    DateArgumentUnits = DateUnits.concat();
    DateArgumentUnits.splice(2,1);
  }


  /***
   * @method [units]Since([d], [locale] = currentLocale)
   * @returns Number
   * @short Returns the time since [d] in the appropriate unit.
   * @extra [d] will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. If not specified, [d] is assumed to be now. [locale] can be passed to specify the locale that the date is in. %[unit]Ago% is provided as an alias to make this more readable when [d] is assumed to be the current date. For more see @date_format.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondsSince
   *   secondsSince
   *   minutesSince
   *   hoursSince
   *   daysSince
   *   weeksSince
   *   monthsSince
   *   yearsSince
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().millisecondsSince('1 hour ago') -> 3,600,000
   *   Date.create().daysSince('1 week ago')         -> 7
   *   Date.create().yearsSince('15 years ago')      -> 15
   *   Date.create('15 years ago').yearsAgo()        -> 15
   *
   ***
   * @method [units]Ago()
   * @returns Number
   * @short Returns the time ago in the appropriate unit.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondsAgo
   *   secondsAgo
   *   minutesAgo
   *   hoursAgo
   *   daysAgo
   *   weeksAgo
   *   monthsAgo
   *   yearsAgo
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('last year').millisecondsAgo() -> 3,600,000
   *   Date.create('last year').daysAgo()         -> 7
   *   Date.create('last year').yearsAgo()        -> 15
   *
   ***
   * @method [units]Until([d], [locale] = currentLocale)
   * @returns Number
   * @short Returns the time until [d] in the appropriate unit.
   * @extra [d] will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. If not specified, [d] is assumed to be now. [locale] can be passed to specify the locale that the date is in. %[unit]FromNow% is provided as an alias to make this more readable when [d] is assumed to be the current date. For more see @date_format.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondsUntil
   *   secondsUntil
   *   minutesUntil
   *   hoursUntil
   *   daysUntil
   *   weeksUntil
   *   monthsUntil
   *   yearsUntil
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().millisecondsUntil('1 hour from now') -> 3,600,000
   *   Date.create().daysUntil('1 week from now')         -> 7
   *   Date.create().yearsUntil('15 years from now')      -> 15
   *   Date.create('15 years from now').yearsFromNow()    -> 15
   *
   ***
   * @method [units]FromNow()
   * @returns Number
   * @short Returns the time from now in the appropriate unit.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondsFromNow
   *   secondsFromNow
   *   minutesFromNow
   *   hoursFromNow
   *   daysFromNow
   *   weeksFromNow
   *   monthsFromNow
   *   yearsFromNow
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('next year').millisecondsFromNow() -> 3,600,000
   *   Date.create('next year').daysFromNow()         -> 7
   *   Date.create('next year').yearsFromNow()        -> 15
   *
   ***
   * @method add[Units](<num>, [reset] = false)
   * @returns Date
   * @short Adds <num> of the unit to the date. If [reset] is true, all lower units will be reset.
   * @extra Note that "months" is ambiguous as a unit of time. If the target date falls on a day that does not exist (ie. August 31 -> February 31), the date will be shifted to the last day of the month. Don't use %addMonths% if you need precision.
   *
   * @set
   *   addMilliseconds
   *   addSeconds
   *   addMinutes
   *   addHours
   *   addDays
   *   addWeeks
   *   addMonths
   *   addYears
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().addMilliseconds(5) -> current time + 5 milliseconds
   *   Date.create().addDays(5)         -> current time + 5 days
   *   Date.create().addYears(5)        -> current time + 5 years
   *
   ***
   * @method isLast[Unit]()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date is last week/month/year.
   *
   * @set
   *   isLastWeek
   *   isLastMonth
   *   isLastYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('yesterday').isLastWeek()  -> true or false?
   *   Date.create('yesterday').isLastMonth() -> probably not...
   *   Date.create('yesterday').isLastYear()  -> even less likely...
   *
   ***
   * @method isThis[Unit]()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date is this week/month/year.
   *
   * @set
   *   isThisWeek
   *   isThisMonth
   *   isThisYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isThisWeek()  -> true or false?
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isThisMonth() -> probably...
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isThisYear()  -> signs point to yes...
   *
   ***
   * @method isNext[Unit]()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date is next week/month/year.
   *
   * @set
   *   isNextWeek
   *   isNextMonth
   *   isNextYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isNextWeek()  -> true or false?
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isNextMonth() -> probably not...
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isNextYear()  -> even less likely...
   *
   ***
   * @method beginningOf[Unit]()
   * @returns Date
   * @short Sets the date to the beginning of the appropriate unit.
   *
   * @set
   *   beginningOfDay
   *   beginningOfWeek
   *   beginningOfMonth
   *   beginningOfYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().beginningOfDay()   -> the beginning of today (resets the time)
   *   Date.create().beginningOfWeek()  -> the beginning of the week
   *   Date.create().beginningOfMonth() -> the beginning of the month
   *   Date.create().beginningOfYear()  -> the beginning of the year
   *
   ***
   * @method endOf[Unit]()
   * @returns Date
   * @short Sets the date to the end of the appropriate unit.
   *
   * @set
   *   endOfDay
   *   endOfWeek
   *   endOfMonth
   *   endOfYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create().endOfDay()   -> the end of today (sets the time to 23:59:59.999)
   *   Date.create().endOfWeek()  -> the end of the week
   *   Date.create().endOfMonth() -> the end of the month
   *   Date.create().endOfYear()  -> the end of the year
   *
   ***/

  function buildDateMethods() {
    extendSimilar(date, true, false, DateUnits, function(methods, u, i) {
      var unit = u.unit, caps = simpleCapitalize(unit), multiplier = u.multiplier(), since, until;
      u.addMethod = 'add' + caps + 's';
      since = function(f, localeCode) {
        return round((this.getTime() - date.create(f, localeCode).getTime()) / multiplier);
      };
      until = function(f, localeCode) {
        return round((date.create(f, localeCode).getTime() - this.getTime()) / multiplier);
      };
      methods[unit+'sAgo']     = until;
      methods[unit+'sUntil']   = until;
      methods[unit+'sSince']   = since;
      methods[unit+'sFromNow'] = since;
      methods[u.addMethod] = function(num, reset) {
        var set = {};
        set[unit] = num;
        return this.advance(set, reset);
      };
      buildNumberToDateAlias(u, multiplier);
      if(i < 3) {
        ['Last','This','Next'].forEach(function(shift) {
          methods['is' + shift + caps] = function() {
            return this.is(shift + ' ' + unit);
          };
        });
      }
      if(i < 4) {
        methods['beginningOf' + caps] = function() {
          var set = {};
          switch(unit) {
            case 'year':  set['year']  = callDateGet(this, 'FullYear'); break;
            case 'month': set['month'] = callDateGet(this, 'Month');    break;
            case 'day':   set['day']   = callDateGet(this, 'Date');     break;
            case 'week':  set['weekday'] = 0; break;
          }
          return this.set(set, true);
        };
        methods['endOf' + caps] = function() {
          var set = { 'hours': 23, 'minutes': 59, 'seconds': 59, 'milliseconds': 999 };
          switch(unit) {
            case 'year':  set['month'] = 11; set['day'] = 31; break;
            case 'month': set['day'] = this.daysInMonth(); break;
            case 'week':  set['weekday'] = 6; break;
          }
          return this.set(set, true);
        };
      }
    });
  }

  function buildCoreInputFormats() {
    English.addFormat('([+-])?(\\d{4,4})[-.]?{full_month}[-.]?(\\d{1,2})?', true, ['year_sign','year','month','date'], false, true);
    English.addFormat('(\\d{1,2})[-.\\/]{full_month}(?:[-.\\/](\\d{2,4}))?', true, ['date','month','year'], true);
    English.addFormat('{full_month}[-.](\\d{4,4})', false, ['month','year']);
    English.addFormat('\\/Date\\((\\d+(?:\\+\\d{4,4})?)\\)\\/', false, ['timestamp'])
    English.addFormat(prepareTime(RequiredTime, English), false, TimeFormat)

    // When a new locale is initialized it will have the CoreDateFormats initialized by default.
    // From there, adding new formats will push them in front of the previous ones, so the core
    // formats will be the last to be reached. However, the core formats themselves have English
    // months in them, which means that English needs to first be initialized and creates a race
    // condition. I'm getting around this here by adding these generalized formats in the order
    // specific -> general, which will mean they will be added to the English localization in
    // general -> specific order, then chopping them off the front and reversing to get the correct
    // order. Note that there are 7 formats as 2 have times which adds a front and a back format.
    CoreDateFormats = English.compiledFormats.slice(0,7).reverse();
    English.compiledFormats = English.compiledFormats.slice(7).concat(CoreDateFormats);
  }

  function buildDateOutputShortcuts() {
    extendSimilar(date, true, false, 'short,long,full', function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function(localeCode) {
        return formatDate(this, name, false, localeCode);
      }
    });
  }

  function buildAsianDigits() {
    KanjiDigits.split('').forEach(function(digit, value) {
      var holder;
      if(value > 9) {
        value = math.pow(10, value - 9);
      }
      AsianDigitMap[digit] = value;
    });
    FullWidthDigits.split('').forEach(function(digit, value) {
      AsianDigitMap[digit] = value;
    });
    // Kanji numerals may also be included in phrases which are text-based rather
    // than actual numbers such as Chinese weekdays (上周三), and "the day before
    // yesterday" (一昨日) in Japanese, so don't match these.
    AsianDigitReg = regexp('([期週周])?([' + KanjiDigits + FullWidthDigits + ']+)(?!昨)', 'g');
  }

   /***
   * @method is[Day]()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date falls on that day.
   * @extra Also available: %isYesterday%, %isToday%, %isTomorrow%, %isWeekday%, and %isWeekend%.
   *
   * @set
   *   isToday
   *   isYesterday
   *   isTomorrow
   *   isWeekday
   *   isWeekend
   *   isSunday
   *   isMonday
   *   isTuesday
   *   isWednesday
   *   isThursday
   *   isFriday
   *   isSaturday
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('tomorrow').isToday() -> false
   *   Date.create('thursday').isTomorrow() -> ?
   *   Date.create('yesterday').isWednesday() -> ?
   *   Date.create('today').isWeekend() -> ?
   *
   ***
   * @method isFuture()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date is in the future.
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('next week').isFuture() -> true
   *   Date.create('last week').isFuture() -> false
   *
   ***
   * @method isPast()
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if the date is in the past.
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.create('last week').isPast() -> true
   *   Date.create('next week').isPast() -> false
   *
   ***/
  function buildRelativeAliases() {
    var special  = 'today,yesterday,tomorrow,weekday,weekend,future,past'.split(',');
    var weekdays = English['weekdays'].slice(0,7);
    var months   = English['months'].slice(0,12);
    extendSimilar(date, true, false, special.concat(weekdays).concat(months), function(methods, name) {
      methods['is'+ simpleCapitalize(name)] = function(utc) {
       return this.is(name, 0, utc);
      };
    });
  }

  function buildUTCAliases() {
    date.extend({
      'utc': {

        'create': function() {
          return createDate(arguments, 0, true);
        },

        'past': function() {
          return createDate(arguments, -1, true);
        },

        'future': function() {
          return createDate(arguments, 1, true);
        }

      }
    }, false, false);
  }

  function setDateProperties() {
    date.extend({
      'RFC1123': '{Dow}, {dd} {Mon} {yyyy} {HH}:{mm}:{ss} {tz}',
      'RFC1036': '{Weekday}, {dd}-{Mon}-{yy} {HH}:{mm}:{ss} {tz}',
      'ISO8601_DATE': '{yyyy}-{MM}-{dd}',
      'ISO8601_DATETIME': '{yyyy}-{MM}-{dd}T{HH}:{mm}:{ss}.{fff}{isotz}'
    }, false, false);
  }


  date.extend({

     /***
     * @method Date.create(<d>, [locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Alternate Date constructor which understands many different text formats, a timestamp, or another date.
     * @extra If no argument is given, date is assumed to be now. %Date.create% additionally can accept enumerated parameters as with the standard date constructor. [locale] can be passed to specify the locale that the date is in. When unspecified, the current locale (default is English) is assumed. UTC-based dates can be created through the %utc% object. For more see @date_format.
     * @set
     *   Date.utc.create
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create('July')          -> July of this year
     *   Date.create('1776')          -> 1776
     *   Date.create('today')         -> today
     *   Date.create('wednesday')     -> This wednesday
     *   Date.create('next friday')   -> Next friday
     *   Date.create('July 4, 1776')  -> July 4, 1776
     *   Date.create(-446806800000)   -> November 5, 1955
     *   Date.create(1776, 6, 4)      -> July 4, 1776
     *   Date.create('1776年07月04日', 'ja') -> July 4, 1776
     *   Date.utc.create('July 4, 1776', 'en')  -> July 4, 1776
     *
     ***/
    'create': function() {
      return createDate(arguments);
    },

     /***
     * @method Date.past(<d>, [locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Alternate form of %Date.create% with any ambiguity assumed to be the past.
     * @extra For example %"Sunday"% can be either "the Sunday coming up" or "the Sunday last" depending on context. Note that dates explicitly in the future ("next Sunday") will remain in the future. This method simply provides a hint when ambiguity exists. UTC-based dates can be created through the %utc% object. For more, see @date_format.
     * @set
     *   Date.utc.past
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.past('July')          -> July of this year or last depending on the current month
     *   Date.past('Wednesday')     -> This wednesday or last depending on the current weekday
     *
     ***/
    'past': function() {
      return createDate(arguments, -1);
    },

     /***
     * @method Date.future(<d>, [locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Alternate form of %Date.create% with any ambiguity assumed to be the future.
     * @extra For example %"Sunday"% can be either "the Sunday coming up" or "the Sunday last" depending on context. Note that dates explicitly in the past ("last Sunday") will remain in the past. This method simply provides a hint when ambiguity exists. UTC-based dates can be created through the %utc% object. For more, see @date_format.
     * @set
     *   Date.utc.future
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.future('July')          -> July of this year or next depending on the current month
     *   Date.future('Wednesday')     -> This wednesday or next depending on the current weekday
     *
     ***/
    'future': function() {
      return createDate(arguments, 1);
    },

     /***
     * @method Date.addLocale(<code>, <set>)
     * @returns Locale
     * @short Adds a locale <set> to the locales understood by Sugar.
     * @extra For more see @date_format.
     *
     ***/
    'addLocale': function(localeCode, set) {
      return setLocalization(localeCode, set);
    },

     /***
     * @method Date.setLocale(<code>)
     * @returns Locale
     * @short Sets the current locale to be used with dates.
     * @extra Sugar has support for 13 locales that are available through the "Date Locales" package. In addition you can define a new locale with %Date.addLocale%. For more see @date_format.
     *
     ***/
    'setLocale': function(localeCode, set) {
      var loc = getLocalization(localeCode, false);
      CurrentLocalization = loc;
      // The code is allowed to be more specific than the codes which are required:
      // i.e. zh-CN or en-US. Currently this only affects US date variants such as 8/10/2000.
      if(localeCode && localeCode != loc['code']) {
        loc['code'] = localeCode;
      }
      return loc;
    },

     /***
     * @method Date.getLocale([code] = current)
     * @returns Locale
     * @short Gets the locale for the given code, or the current locale.
     * @extra The resulting locale object can be manipulated to provide more control over date localizations. For more about locales, see @date_format.
     *
     ***/
    'getLocale': function(localeCode) {
      return !localeCode ? CurrentLocalization : getLocalization(localeCode, false);
    },

     /**
     * @method Date.addFormat(<format>, <match>, [code] = null)
     * @returns Nothing
     * @short Manually adds a new date input format.
     * @extra This method allows fine grained control for alternate formats. <format> is a string that can have regex tokens inside. <match> is an array of the tokens that each regex capturing group will map to, for example %year%, %date%, etc. For more, see @date_format.
     *
     **/
    'addFormat': function(format, match, localeCode) {
      addDateInputFormat(getLocalization(localeCode), format, match);
    }

  }, false, false);

  date.extend({

     /***
     * @method set(<set>, [reset] = false)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Sets the date object.
     * @extra This method can accept multiple formats including a single number as a timestamp, an object, or enumerated parameters (as with the Date constructor). If [reset] is %true%, any units more specific than those passed will be reset.
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().set({ year: 2011, month: 11, day: 31 }) -> December 31, 2011
     *   new Date().set(2011, 11, 31)                       -> December 31, 2011
     *   new Date().set(86400000)                           -> 1 day after Jan 1, 1970
     *   new Date().set({ year: 2004, month: 6 }, true)     -> June 1, 2004, 00:00:00.000
     *
     ***/
    'set': function() {
      var args = collectDateArguments(arguments);
      return updateDate(this, args[0], args[1])
    },

     /***
     * @method setWeekday()
     * @returns Nothing
     * @short Sets the weekday of the date.
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   d = new Date(); d.setWeekday(1); d; -> Monday of this week
     *   d = new Date(); d.setWeekday(6); d; -> Saturday of this week
     *
     ***/
    'setWeekday': function(dow) {
      if(isUndefined(dow)) return;
      return callDateSet(this, 'Date', callDateGet(this, 'Date') + dow - callDateGet(this, 'Day'));
    },

     /***
     * @method setWeek()
     * @returns Nothing
     * @short Sets the week (of the year).
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   d = new Date(); d.setWeek(15); d; -> 15th week of the year
     *
     ***/
    'setWeek': function(week) {
      if(isUndefined(week)) return;
      var date = callDateGet(this, 'Date');
      callDateSet(this, 'Month', 0);
      callDateSet(this, 'Date', (week * 7) + 1);
      return this.getTime();
    },

     /***
     * @method getWeek()
     * @returns Number
     * @short Gets the date's week (of the year).
     * @extra If %utc% is set on the date, the week will be according to UTC time.
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().getWeek()    -> today's week of the year
     *
     ***/
    'getWeek': function() {
      return getWeekNumber(this);
    },

     /***
     * @method getUTCOffset([iso])
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a string representation of the offset from UTC time. If [iso] is true the offset will be in ISO8601 format.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().getUTCOffset()     -> "+0900"
     *   new Date().getUTCOffset(true) -> "+09:00"
     *
     ***/
    'getUTCOffset': function(iso) {
      var offset = this._utc ? 0 : this.getTimezoneOffset();
      var colon  = iso === true ? ':' : '';
      if(!offset && iso) return 'Z';
      return padNumber(round(-offset / 60), 2, true) + colon + padNumber(offset % 60, 2);
    },

     /***
     * @method utc([on] = true)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Sets the internal utc flag for the date. When on, UTC-based methods will be called internally.
     * @extra For more see @date_format.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().utc(true)
     *   new Date().utc(false)
     *
     ***/
    'utc': function(set) {
      this._utc = set === true || arguments.length === 0;
      return this;
    },

     /***
     * @method isUTC()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date has no timezone offset.
     * @extra This will also return true for a date that has had %toUTC% called on it. This is intended to help approximate shifting timezones which is not possible in client-side Javascript. Note that the native method %getTimezoneOffset% will always report the same thing, even if %isUTC% becomes true.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().isUTC()         -> true or false?
     *   new Date().toUTC().isUTC() -> true
     *
     ***/
    'isUTC': function() {
      return !!this._utc || this.getTimezoneOffset() === 0;
    },

     /***
     * @method advance(<set>, [reset] = false)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Sets the date forward.
     * @extra This method can accept multiple formats including an object, a string in the format %3 days%, a single number as milliseconds, or enumerated parameters (as with the Date constructor). If [reset] is %true%, any units more specific than those passed will be reset. For more see @date_format.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().advance({ year: 2 }) -> 2 years in the future
     *   new Date().advance('2 days')    -> 2 days in the future
     *   new Date().advance(0, 2, 3)     -> 2 months 3 days in the future
     *   new Date().advance(86400000)    -> 1 day in the future
     *
     ***/
    'advance': function() {
      var args = collectDateArguments(arguments, true);
      return updateDate(this, args[0], args[1], 1);
    },

     /***
     * @method rewind(<set>, [reset] = false)
     * @returns Date
     * @short Sets the date back.
     * @extra This method can accept multiple formats including a single number as a timestamp, an object, or enumerated parameters (as with the Date constructor). If [reset] is %true%, any units more specific than those passed will be reset. For more see @date_format.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().rewind({ year: 2 }) -> 2 years in the past
     *   new Date().rewind(0, 2, 3)     -> 2 months 3 days in the past
     *   new Date().rewind(86400000)    -> 1 day in the past
     *
     ***/
    'rewind': function() {
      var args = collectDateArguments(arguments, true);
      return updateDate(this, args[0], args[1], -1);
    },

     /***
     * @method isValid()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date is valid.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().isValid()         -> true
     *   new Date('flexor').isValid() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isValid': function() {
      return !isNaN(this.getTime());
    },

     /***
     * @method isAfter(<d>, [margin] = 0)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date is after the <d>.
     * @extra [margin] is to allow extra margin of error (in ms). <d> will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. If not specified, <d> is assumed to be now. See @date_format for more.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().isAfter('tomorrow')  -> false
     *   new Date().isAfter('yesterday') -> true
     *
     ***/
    'isAfter': function(d, margin, utc) {
      return this.getTime() > date.create(d).getTime() - (margin || 0);
    },

     /***
     * @method isBefore(<d>, [margin] = 0)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date is before <d>.
     * @extra [margin] is to allow extra margin of error (in ms). <d> will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. If not specified, <d> is assumed to be now. See @date_format for more.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().isBefore('tomorrow')  -> true
     *   new Date().isBefore('yesterday') -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isBefore': function(d, margin) {
      return this.getTime() < date.create(d).getTime() + (margin || 0);
    },

     /***
     * @method isBetween(<d1>, <d2>, [margin] = 0)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date falls between <d1> and <d2>.
     * @extra [margin] is to allow extra margin of error (in ms). <d1> and <d2> will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. If not specified, they are assumed to be now. See @date_format for more.
     * @example
     *
     *   new Date().isBetween('yesterday', 'tomorrow')    -> true
     *   new Date().isBetween('last year', '2 years ago') -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isBetween': function(d1, d2, margin) {
      var t  = this.getTime();
      var t1 = date.create(d1).getTime();
      var t2 = date.create(d2).getTime();
      var lo = math.min(t1, t2);
      var hi = math.max(t1, t2);
      margin = margin || 0;
      return (lo - margin < t) && (hi + margin > t);
    },

     /***
     * @method isLeapYear()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date is a leap year.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create('2000').isLeapYear() -> true
     *
     ***/
    'isLeapYear': function() {
      var year = callDateGet(this, 'FullYear');
      return (year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || (year % 400 === 0);
    },

     /***
     * @method daysInMonth()
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns the number of days in the date's month.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create('May').daysInMonth()            -> 31
     *   Date.create('February, 2000').daysInMonth() -> 29
     *
     ***/
    'daysInMonth': function() {
      return 32 - callDateGet(new date(callDateGet(this, 'FullYear'), callDateGet(this, 'Month'), 32), 'Date');
    },

     /***
     * @method format(<format>, [locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns String
     * @short Formats and outputs the date.
     * @extra <format> can be a number of pre-determined formats or a string of tokens. Locale-specific formats are %short%, %long%, and %full% which have their own aliases and can be called with %date.short()%, etc. If <format> is not specified the %long% format is assumed. [locale] specifies a locale code to use (if not specified the current locale is used). See @date_format for more details.
     *
     * @set
     *   short
     *   long
     *   full
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create().format()                                   -> ex. July 4, 2003
     *   Date.create().format('{Weekday} {d} {Month}, {yyyy}')    -> ex. Monday July 4, 2003
     *   Date.create().format('{hh}:{mm}')                        -> ex. 15:57
     *   Date.create().format('{12hr}:{mm}{tt}')                  -> ex. 3:57pm
     *   Date.create().format(Date.ISO8601_DATETIME)              -> ex. 2011-07-05 12:24:55.528Z
     *   Date.create('last week').format('short', 'ja')                -> ex. 先週
     *   Date.create('yesterday').format(function(value,unit,ms,loc) {
     *     // value = 1, unit = 3, ms = -86400000, loc = [current locale object]
     *   });                                                      -> ex. 1 day ago
     *
     ***/
    'format': function(f, localeCode) {
      return formatDate(this, f, false, localeCode);
    },

     /***
     * @method relative([fn], [locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a relative date string offset to the current time.
     * @extra [fn] can be passed to provide for more granular control over the resulting string. [fn] is passed 4 arguments: the adjusted value, unit, offset in milliseconds, and a localization object. As an alternate syntax, [locale] can also be passed as the first (and only) parameter. For more, see @date_format.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create('90 seconds ago').relative() -> 1 minute ago
     *   Date.create('January').relative()        -> ex. 5 months ago
     *   Date.create('January').relative('ja')    -> 3ヶ月前
     *   Date.create('120 minutes ago').relative(function(val,unit,ms,loc) {
     *     // value = 2, unit = 3, ms = -7200, loc = [current locale object]
     *   });                                      -> ex. 5 months ago
     *
     ***/
    'relative': function(f, localeCode) {
      if(isString(f)) {
        localeCode = f;
        f = null;
      }
      return formatDate(this, f, true, localeCode);
    },

     /***
     * @method is(<d>, [margin] = 0)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the date is <d>.
     * @extra <d> will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. %is% additionally understands more generalized expressions like month/weekday names, 'today', etc, and compares to the precision implied in <d>. [margin] allows an extra margin of error in milliseconds.  For more, see @date_format.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create().is('July')               -> true or false?
     *   Date.create().is('1776')               -> false
     *   Date.create().is('today')              -> true
     *   Date.create().is('weekday')            -> true or false?
     *   Date.create().is('July 4, 1776')       -> false
     *   Date.create().is(-6106093200000)       -> false
     *   Date.create().is(new Date(1776, 6, 4)) -> false
     *
     ***/
    'is': function(d, margin, utc) {
      var tmp, comp;
      if(!this.isValid()) return;
      if(isString(d)) {
        d = d.trim().toLowerCase();
        comp = this.clone().utc(utc);
        switch(true) {
          case d === 'future':  return this.getTime() > new date().getTime();
          case d === 'past':    return this.getTime() < new date().getTime();
          case d === 'weekday': return callDateGet(comp, 'Day') > 0 && callDateGet(comp, 'Day') < 6;
          case d === 'weekend': return callDateGet(comp, 'Day') === 0 || callDateGet(comp, 'Day') === 6;
          case (tmp = English['weekdays'].indexOf(d) % 7) > -1: return callDateGet(comp, 'Day') === tmp;
          case (tmp = English['months'].indexOf(d) % 12) > -1:  return callDateGet(comp, 'Month') === tmp;
        }
      }
      return compareDate(this, d, margin, utc);
    },

     /***
     * @method reset([unit] = 'hours')
     * @returns Date
     * @short Resets the unit passed and all smaller units. Default is "hours", effectively resetting the time.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create().reset('day')   -> Beginning of today
     *   Date.create().reset('month') -> 1st of the month
     *
     ***/
    'reset': function(unit) {
      var params = {}, recognized;
      unit = unit || 'hours';
      if(unit === 'date') unit = 'days';
      recognized = DateUnits.some(function(u) {
        return unit === u.unit || unit === u.unit + 's';
      });
      params[unit] = unit.match(/^days?/) ? 1 : 0;
      return recognized ? this.set(params, true) : this;
    },

     /***
     * @method clone()
     * @returns Date
     * @short Clones the date.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.create().clone() -> Copy of now
     *
     ***/
    'clone': function() {
      var d = new date(this.getTime());
      d._utc = this._utc;
      return d;
    }

  });


  // Instance aliases
  date.extend({

     /***
     * @method iso()
     * @alias toISOString
     *
     ***/
    'iso': function() {
      return this.toISOString();
    },

     /***
     * @method getWeekday()
     * @returns Number
     * @short Alias for %getDay%.
     * @set
     *   getUTCWeekday
     *
     * @example
     *
     +   Date.create().getWeekday();    -> (ex.) 3
     +   Date.create().getUTCWeekday();    -> (ex.) 3
     *
     ***/
    'getWeekday':    date.prototype.getDay,
    'getUTCWeekday':    date.prototype.getUTCDay

  });



  /***
   * Number module
   *
   ***/

  /***
   * @method [unit]()
   * @returns Number
   * @short Takes the number as a corresponding unit of time and converts to milliseconds.
   * @extra Method names can be both singular and plural.  Note that as "a month" is ambiguous as a unit of time, %months% will be equivalent to 30.4375 days, the average number in a month. Be careful using %months% if you need exact precision.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecond
   *   milliseconds
   *   second
   *   seconds
   *   minute
   *   minutes
   *   hour
   *   hours
   *   day
   *   days
   *   week
   *   weeks
   *   month
   *   months
   *   year
   *   years
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (5).milliseconds() -> 5
   *   (10).hours()       -> 36000000
   *   (1).day()          -> 86400000
   *
   ***
   * @method [unit]Before([d], [locale] = currentLocale)
   * @returns Date
   * @short Returns a date that is <n> units before [d], where <n> is the number.
   * @extra [d] will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. Note that "months" is ambiguous as a unit of time. If the target date falls on a day that does not exist (ie. August 31 -> February 31), the date will be shifted to the last day of the month. Be careful using %monthsBefore% if you need exact precision. See @date_format for more.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondBefore
   *   millisecondsBefore
   *   secondBefore
   *   secondsBefore
   *   minuteBefore
   *   minutesBefore
   *   hourBefore
   *   hoursBefore
   *   dayBefore
   *   daysBefore
   *   weekBefore
   *   weeksBefore
   *   monthBefore
   *   monthsBefore
   *   yearBefore
   *   yearsBefore
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (5).daysBefore('tuesday')          -> 5 days before tuesday of this week
   *   (1).yearBefore('January 23, 1997') -> January 23, 1996
   *
   ***
   * @method [unit]Ago()
   * @returns Date
   * @short Returns a date that is <n> units ago.
   * @extra Note that "months" is ambiguous as a unit of time. If the target date falls on a day that does not exist (ie. August 31 -> February 31), the date will be shifted to the last day of the month. Be careful using %monthsAgo% if you need exact precision.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondAgo
   *   millisecondsAgo
   *   secondAgo
   *   secondsAgo
   *   minuteAgo
   *   minutesAgo
   *   hourAgo
   *   hoursAgo
   *   dayAgo
   *   daysAgo
   *   weekAgo
   *   weeksAgo
   *   monthAgo
   *   monthsAgo
   *   yearAgo
   *   yearsAgo
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (5).weeksAgo() -> 5 weeks ago
   *   (1).yearAgo()  -> January 23, 1996
   *
   ***
   * @method [unit]After([d], [locale] = currentLocale)
   * @returns Date
   * @short Returns a date <n> units after [d], where <n> is the number.
   * @extra [d] will accept a date object, timestamp, or text format. Note that "months" is ambiguous as a unit of time. If the target date falls on a day that does not exist (ie. August 31 -> February 31), the date will be shifted to the last day of the month. Be careful using %monthsAfter% if you need exact precision. See @date_format for more.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondAfter
   *   millisecondsAfter
   *   secondAfter
   *   secondsAfter
   *   minuteAfter
   *   minutesAfter
   *   hourAfter
   *   hoursAfter
   *   dayAfter
   *   daysAfter
   *   weekAfter
   *   weeksAfter
   *   monthAfter
   *   monthsAfter
   *   yearAfter
   *   yearsAfter
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (5).daysAfter('tuesday')          -> 5 days after tuesday of this week
   *   (1).yearAfter('January 23, 1997') -> January 23, 1998
   *
   ***
   * @method [unit]FromNow()
   * @returns Date
   * @short Returns a date <n> units from now.
   * @extra Note that "months" is ambiguous as a unit of time. If the target date falls on a day that does not exist (ie. August 31 -> February 31), the date will be shifted to the last day of the month. Be careful using %monthsFromNow% if you need exact precision.
   *
   * @set
   *   millisecondFromNow
   *   millisecondsFromNow
   *   secondFromNow
   *   secondsFromNow
   *   minuteFromNow
   *   minutesFromNow
   *   hourFromNow
   *   hoursFromNow
   *   dayFromNow
   *   daysFromNow
   *   weekFromNow
   *   weeksFromNow
   *   monthFromNow
   *   monthsFromNow
   *   yearFromNow
   *   yearsFromNow
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (5).weeksFromNow() -> 5 weeks ago
   *   (1).yearFromNow()  -> January 23, 1998
   *
   ***/
  function buildNumberToDateAlias(u, multiplier) {
    var unit = u.unit, methods = {};
    function base() { return round(this * multiplier); }
    function after() { return createDate(arguments)[u.addMethod](this);  }
    function before() { return createDate(arguments)[u.addMethod](-this); }
    methods[unit] = base;
    methods[unit + 's'] = base;
    methods[unit + 'Before'] = before;
    methods[unit + 'sBefore'] = before;
    methods[unit + 'Ago'] = before;
    methods[unit + 'sAgo'] = before;
    methods[unit + 'After'] = after;
    methods[unit + 'sAfter'] = after;
    methods[unit + 'FromNow'] = after;
    methods[unit + 'sFromNow'] = after;
    number.extend(methods);
  }

  number.extend({

     /***
     * @method duration([locale] = currentLocale)
     * @returns String
     * @short Takes the number as milliseconds and returns a unit-adjusted localized string.
     * @extra This method is the same as %Date#relative% without the localized equivalent of "from now" or "ago". [locale] can be passed as the first (and only) parameter. Note that this method is only available when the dates package is included.
     * @example
     *
     *   (500).duration() -> '500 milliseconds'
     *   (1200).duration() -> '1 second'
     *   (75).minutes().duration() -> '1 hour'
     *   (75).minutes().duration('es') -> '1 hora'
     *
     ***/
    'duration': function(localeCode) {
      return getLocalization(localeCode).getDuration(this);
    }

  });


  English = CurrentLocalization = date.addLocale('en', {
    'plural':     true,
    'timeMarker': 'at',
    'ampm':       'am,pm',
    'months':     'January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December',
    'weekdays':   'Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday',
    'units':      'millisecond:|s,second:|s,minute:|s,hour:|s,day:|s,week:|s,month:|s,year:|s',
    'numbers':    'one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten',
    'articles':   'a,an,the',
    'tokens':     'the,st|nd|rd|th,of',
    'short':      '{Month} {d}, {yyyy}',
    'long':       '{Month} {d}, {yyyy} {h}:{mm}{tt}',
    'full':       '{Weekday} {Month} {d}, {yyyy} {h}:{mm}:{ss}{tt}',
    'past':       '{num} {unit} {sign}',
    'future':     '{num} {unit} {sign}',
    'duration':   '{num} {unit}',
    'modifiers': [
      { 'name': 'day',   'src': 'yesterday', 'value': -1 },
      { 'name': 'day',   'src': 'today', 'value': 0 },
      { 'name': 'day',   'src': 'tomorrow', 'value': 1 },
      { 'name': 'sign',  'src': 'ago|before', 'value': -1 },
      { 'name': 'sign',  'src': 'from now|after|from|in|later', 'value': 1 },
      { 'name': 'edge',  'src': 'last day', 'value': -2 },
      { 'name': 'edge',  'src': 'end', 'value': -1 },
      { 'name': 'edge',  'src': 'first day|beginning', 'value': 1 },
      { 'name': 'shift', 'src': 'last', 'value': -1 },
      { 'name': 'shift', 'src': 'the|this', 'value': 0 },
      { 'name': 'shift', 'src': 'next', 'value': 1 }
    ],
    'dateParse': [
      '{num} {unit} {sign}',
      '{sign} {num} {unit}',
      '{month} {year}',
      '{shift} {unit=5-7}',
      '{0?} {date}{1}',
      '{0?} {edge} of {shift?} {unit=4-7?}{month?}{year?}'
    ],
    'timeParse': [
      '{0} {num}{1} {day} of {month} {year?}',
      '{weekday?} {month} {date}{1?} {year?}',
      '{date} {month} {year}',
      '{date} {month}',
      '{shift} {weekday}',
      '{shift} week {weekday}',
      '{weekday} {2?} {shift} week',
      '{num} {unit=4-5} {sign} {day}',
      '{0?} {date}{1} of {month}',
      '{0?}{month?} {date?}{1?} of {shift} {unit=6-7}'
    ]
  });

  buildDateUnits();
  buildDateMethods();
  buildCoreInputFormats();
  buildDateOutputShortcuts();
  buildAsianDigits();
  buildRelativeAliases();
  buildUTCAliases();
  setDateProperties();


  /***
   * @package DateRange
   * @dependency date
   * @description Date Ranges define a range of time. They can enumerate over specific points within that range, and be manipulated and compared.
   *
   ***/

  var DateRange = function(start, end) {
    this.start = date.create(start);
    this.end   = date.create(end);
  };

  // 'toString' doesn't appear in a for..in loop in IE even though
  // hasOwnProperty reports true, so extend() can't be used here.
  // Also tried simply setting the prototype = {} up front for all
  // methods but GCC very oddly started dropping properties in the
  // object randomly (maybe because of the global scope?) hence
  // the need for the split logic here.
  DateRange.prototype.toString = function() {
    /***
     * @method toString()
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a string representation of the DateRange.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003', '2005').toString() -> January 1, 2003..January 1, 2005
     *
     ***/
    return this.isValid() ? this.start.full() + '..' + this.end.full() : 'Invalid DateRange';
  };

  extend(DateRange, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method isValid()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the DateRange is valid, false otherwise.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003', '2005').isValid() -> true
     *   Date.range('2005', '2003').isValid() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isValid': function() {
      return this.start < this.end;
    },

    /***
     * @method duration()
     * @returns Number
     * @short Return the duration of the DateRange in milliseconds.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003', '2005').duration() -> 94694400000
     *
     ***/
    'duration': function() {
      return this.isValid() ? this.end.getTime() - this.start.getTime() : NaN;
    },

    /***
     * @method contains(<d>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if <d> is contained inside the DateRange. <d> may be a date or another DateRange.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003', '2005').contains(Date.create('2004')) -> true
     *
     ***/
    'contains': function(obj) {
      var self = this, arr = obj.start && obj.end ? [obj.start, obj.end] : [obj];
      return arr.every(function(d) {
        return d >= self.start && d <= self.end;
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method every(<increment>, [fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Iterates through the DateRange for every <increment>, calling [fn] if it is passed. Returns an array of each increment visited.
     * @extra When <increment> is a number, increments will be to the exact millisecond. <increment> can also be a string in the format %{number} {unit}s%, in which case it will increment in the unit specified. Note that a discrepancy exists in the case of months, as %(2).months()% is an approximation. Stepping through the actual months by passing %"2 months"% is usually preferable in this case.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003-01', '2003-03').every("2 months") -> [...]
     *
     ***/
    'every': function(increment, fn) {
      var current = this.start.clone(), result = [], index = 0, params, isDay;
      if(isString(increment)) {
        current.advance(getDateParamsFromString(increment, 0), true);
        params = getDateParamsFromString(increment);
        isDay = increment.toLowerCase() === 'day';
      } else {
        params = { 'milliseconds': increment };
      }
      while(current <= this.end) {
        result.push(current);
        if(fn) fn(current, index);
        if(isDay && callDateGet(current, 'Hours') === 23) {
          // When DST traversal happens at 00:00 hours, the time is effectively
          // pushed back to 23:00, meaning 1) 00:00 for that day does not exist,
          // and 2) there is no difference between 23:00 and 00:00, as you are
          // "jumping" around in time. Hours here will be reset before the date
          // is advanced and the date will never in fact advance, so set the hours
          // directly ahead to the next day to avoid this problem.
          current = current.clone();
          callDateSet(current, 'Hours', 48);
        } else {
          current = current.clone().advance(params, true);
        }
        index++;
      }
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method union(<range>)
     * @returns DateRange
     * @short Returns a new DateRange with the earliest starting point as its start, and the latest ending point as its end. If the two ranges do not intersect this will effectively remove the "gap" between them.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003=01', '2005-01').union(Date.range('2004-01', '2006-01')) -> Jan 1, 2003..Jan 1, 2006
     *
     ***/
    'union': function(range) {
      return new DateRange(
        this.start < range.start ? this.start : range.start,
        this.end   > range.end   ? this.end   : range.end
      );
    },

    /***
     * @method intersect(<range>)
     * @returns DateRange
     * @short Returns a new DateRange with the latest starting point as its start, and the earliest ending point as its end. If the two ranges do not intersect this will effectively produce an invalid range.
     * @example
     *
     *   Date.range('2003-01', '2005-01').intersect(Date.range('2004-01', '2006-01')) -> Jan 1, 2004..Jan 1, 2005
     *
     ***/
    'intersect': function(range) {
      return new DateRange(
        this.start > range.start ? this.start : range.start,
        this.end   < range.end   ? this.end   : range.end
      );
    }

  });

  /***
   * @method each[Unit]([fn])
   * @returns Date
   * @short Increments through the date range for each [unit], calling [fn] if it is passed. Returns an array of each increment visited.
   *
   * @set
   *   eachMillisecond
   *   eachSecond
   *   eachMinute
   *   eachHour
   *   eachDay
   *   eachWeek
   *   eachMonth
   *   eachYear
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Date.range('2003-01', '2003-02').eachMonth()     -> [...]
   *   Date.range('2003-01-15', '2003-01-16').eachDay() -> [...]
   *
   ***/
  extendSimilar(DateRange, true, false, 'Millisecond,Second,Minute,Hour,Day,Week,Month,Year', function(methods, name) {
    methods['each' + name] = function(fn) { return this.every(name, fn); }
  });


  /***
   * Date module
   ***/

  extend(date, false, false, {

     /***
     * @method Date.range([start], [end])
     * @returns DateRange
     * @short Creates a new date range.
     * @extra If either [start] or [end] are null, they will default to the current date.
     *
     ***/
    'range': function(start, end) {
      return new DateRange(start, end);
    }

  });


  /***
   * @package Function
   * @dependency core
   * @description Lazy, throttled, and memoized functions, delayed functions and handling of timers, argument currying.
   *
   ***/

  function setDelay(fn, ms, after, scope, args) {
    var index;
    if(!fn.timers) fn.timers = [];
    if(!isNumber(ms)) ms = 0;
    fn.timers.push(setTimeout(function(){
      fn.timers.splice(index, 1);
      after.apply(scope, args || []);
    }, ms));
    index = fn.timers.length;
  }

  extend(Function, true, false, {

     /***
     * @method lazy([ms] = 1, [limit] = Infinity)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Creates a lazy function that, when called repeatedly, will queue execution and wait [ms] milliseconds to execute again.
     * @extra Lazy functions will always execute as many times as they are called up to [limit], after which point subsequent calls will be ignored (if it is set to a finite number). Compare this to %throttle%, which will execute only once per [ms] milliseconds. %lazy% is useful when you need to be sure that every call to a function is executed, but in a non-blocking manner. Calling %cancel% on a lazy function will clear the entire queue. Note that [ms] can also be a fraction.
     * @example
     *
     *   (function() {
     *     // Executes immediately.
     *   }).lazy()();
     *   (3).times(function() {
     *     // Executes 3 times, with each execution 20ms later than the last.
     *   }.lazy(20));
     *   (100).times(function() {
     *     // Executes 50 times, with each execution 20ms later than the last.
     *   }.lazy(20, 50));
     *
     ***/
    'lazy': function(ms, limit) {
      var fn = this, queue = [], lock = false, execute, rounded, perExecution;
      ms = ms || 1;
      limit = limit || Infinity;
      rounded = ceil(ms);
      perExecution = round(rounded / ms);
      execute = function() {
        if(lock || queue.length == 0) return;
        var max = math.max(queue.length - perExecution, 0);
        while(queue.length > max) {
          // Getting uber-meta here...
          Function.prototype.apply.apply(fn, queue.shift());
        }
        setDelay(lazy, rounded, function() {
          lock = false;
          execute();
        });
        lock = true;
      }
      function lazy() {
        // The first call is immediate, so having 1 in the queue
        // implies two calls have already taken place.
        if(lock && queue.length > limit - 2) return;
        queue.push([this, arguments]);
        execute();
      }
      return lazy;
    },

     /***
     * @method delay([ms] = 0, [arg1], ...)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Executes the function after <ms> milliseconds.
     * @extra Returns a reference to itself. %delay% is also a way to execute non-blocking operations that will wait until the CPU is free. Delayed functions can be canceled using the %cancel% method. Can also curry arguments passed in after <ms>.
     * @example
     *
     *   (function(arg1) {
     *     // called 1s later
     *   }).delay(1000, 'arg1');
     *
     ***/
    'delay': function(ms) {
      var fn = this;
      var args = multiArgs(arguments).slice(1);
      setDelay(fn, ms, fn, fn, args);
      return fn;
    },

     /***
     * @method throttle(<ms>)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Creates a "throttled" version of the function that will only be executed once per <ms> milliseconds.
     * @extra This is functionally equivalent to calling %lazy% with a [limit] of %1%. %throttle% is appropriate when you want to make sure a function is only executed at most once for a given duration. Compare this to %lazy%, which will queue rapid calls and execute them later.
     * @example
     *
     *   (3).times(function() {
     *     // called only once. will wait 50ms until it responds again
     *   }.throttle(50));
     *
     ***/
    'throttle': function(ms) {
      return this.lazy(ms, 1);
    },

     /***
     * @method debounce(<ms>)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Creates a "debounced" function that postpones its execution until after <ms> milliseconds have passed.
     * @extra This method is useful to execute a function after things have "settled down". A good example of this is when a user tabs quickly through form fields, execution of a heavy operation should happen after a few milliseconds when they have "settled" on a field.
     * @example
     *
     *   var fn = (function(arg1) {
     *     // called once 50ms later
     *   }).debounce(50); fn() fn() fn();
     *
     ***/
    'debounce': function(ms) {
      var fn = this;
      function debounced() {
        debounced.cancel();
        setDelay(debounced, ms, fn, this, arguments);
      };
      return debounced;
    },

     /***
     * @method cancel()
     * @returns Function
     * @short Cancels a delayed function scheduled to be run.
     * @extra %delay%, %lazy%, %throttle%, and %debounce% can all set delays.
     * @example
     *
     *   (function() {
     *     alert('hay'); // Never called
     *   }).delay(500).cancel();
     *
     ***/
    'cancel': function() {
      if(isArray(this.timers)) {
        while(this.timers.length > 0) {
          clearTimeout(this.timers.shift());
        }
      }
      return this;
    },

     /***
     * @method after([num] = 1)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Creates a function that will execute after [num] calls.
     * @extra %after% is useful for running a final callback after a series of asynchronous operations, when the order in which the operations will complete is unknown.
     * @example
     *
     *   var fn = (function() {
     *     // Will be executed once only
     *   }).after(3); fn(); fn(); fn();
     *
     ***/
    'after': function(num) {
      var fn = this, counter = 0, storedArguments = [];
      if(!isNumber(num)) {
        num = 1;
      } else if(num === 0) {
        fn.call();
        return fn;
      }
      return function() {
        var ret;
        storedArguments.push(multiArgs(arguments));
        counter++;
        if(counter == num) {
          ret = fn.call(this, storedArguments);
          counter = 0;
          storedArguments = [];
          return ret;
        }
      }
    },

     /***
     * @method once()
     * @returns Function
     * @short Creates a function that will execute only once and store the result.
     * @extra %once% is useful for creating functions that will cache the result of an expensive operation and use it on subsequent calls. Also it can be useful for creating initialization functions that only need to be run once.
     * @example
     *
     *   var fn = (function() {
     *     // Will be executed once only
     *   }).once(); fn(); fn(); fn();
     *
     ***/
    'once': function() {
      var fn = this;
      return function() {
        return hasOwnProperty(fn, 'memo') ? fn['memo'] : fn['memo'] = fn.apply(this, arguments);
      }
    },

     /***
     * @method fill(<arg1>, <arg2>, ...)
     * @returns Function
     * @short Returns a new version of the function which when called will have some of its arguments pre-emptively filled in, also known as "currying".
     * @extra Arguments passed to a "filled" function are generally appended to the curried arguments. However, if %undefined% is passed as any of the arguments to %fill%, it will be replaced, when the "filled" function is executed. This allows currying of arguments even when they occur toward the end of an argument list (the example demonstrates this much more clearly).
     * @example
     *
     *   var delayOneSecond = setTimeout.fill(undefined, 1000);
     *   delayOneSecond(function() {
     *     // Will be executed 1s later
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'fill': function() {
      var fn = this, curried = multiArgs(arguments);
      return function() {
        var args = multiArgs(arguments);
        curried.forEach(function(arg, index) {
          if(arg != null || index >= args.length) args.splice(index, 0, arg);
        });
        return fn.apply(this, args);
      }
    }


  });


  /***
   * @package Number
   * @dependency core
   * @description Number formatting, rounding (with precision), and ranges. Aliases to Math methods.
   *
   ***/


  function abbreviateNumber(num, roundTo, str, mid, limit, bytes) {
    var fixed        = num.toFixed(20),
        decimalPlace = fixed.search(/\./),
        numeralPlace = fixed.search(/[1-9]/),
        significant  = decimalPlace - numeralPlace,
        unit, i, divisor;
    if(significant > 0) {
      significant -= 1;
    }
    i = math.max(math.min((significant / 3).floor(), limit === false ? str.length : limit), -mid);
    unit = str.charAt(i + mid - 1);
    if(significant < -9) {
      i = -3;
      roundTo = significant.abs() - 9;
      unit = str.slice(0,1);
    }
    divisor = bytes ? (2).pow(10 * i) : (10).pow(i * 3);
    return (num / divisor).round(roundTo || 0).format() + unit.trim();
  }


  extend(number, false, false, {

    /***
     * @method Number.random([n1], [n2])
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns a random integer between [n1] and [n2].
     * @extra If only 1 number is passed, the other will be 0. If none are passed, the number will be either 0 or 1.
     * @example
     *
     *   Number.random(50, 100) -> ex. 85
     *   Number.random(50)      -> ex. 27
     *   Number.random()        -> ex. 0
     *
     ***/
    'random': function(n1, n2) {
      var min, max;
      if(arguments.length == 1) n2 = n1, n1 = 0;
      min = math.min(n1 || 0, isUndefined(n2) ? 1 : n2);
      max = math.max(n1 || 0, isUndefined(n2) ? 1 : n2) + 1;
      return floor((math.random() * (max - min)) + min);
    }

  });

  extend(number, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method log(<base> = Math.E)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns the logarithm of the number with base <base>, or natural logarithm of the number if <base> is undefined.
     * @example
     *
     *   (64).log(2) -> 6
     *   (9).log(3)  -> 2
     *   (5).log()   -> 1.6094379124341003
     *
     ***/

    'log': function(base) {
       return math.log(this) / (base ? math.log(base) : 1);
     },

    /***
     * @method abbr([precision] = 0)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns an abbreviated form of the number.
     * @extra [precision] will round to the given precision.
     * @example
     *
     *   (1000).abbr()    -> "1k"
     *   (1000000).abbr() -> "1m"
     *   (1280).abbr(1)   -> "1.3k"
     *
     ***/
    'abbr': function(precision) {
      return abbreviateNumber(this, precision, 'kmbt', 0, 4);
    },

    /***
     * @method metric([precision] = 0, [limit] = 1)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the number as a string in metric notation.
     * @extra [precision] will round to the given precision. Both very large numbers and very small numbers are supported. [limit] is the upper limit for the units. The default is %1%, which is "kilo". If [limit] is %false%, the upper limit will be "exa". The lower limit is "nano", and cannot be changed.
     * @example
     *
     *   (1000).metric()            -> "1k"
     *   (1000000).metric()         -> "1,000k"
     *   (1000000).metric(0, false) -> "1M"
     *   (1249).metric(2) + 'g'     -> "1.25kg"
     *   (0.025).metric() + 'm'     -> "25mm"
     *
     ***/
    'metric': function(precision, limit) {
      return abbreviateNumber(this, precision, 'nμm kMGTPE', 4, isUndefined(limit) ? 1 : limit);
    },

    /***
     * @method bytes([precision] = 0, [limit] = 4)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns an abbreviated form of the number, considered to be "Bytes".
     * @extra [precision] will round to the given precision. [limit] is the upper limit for the units. The default is %4%, which is "terabytes" (TB). If [limit] is %false%, the upper limit will be "exa".
     * @example
     *
     *   (1000).bytes()                 -> "1kB"
     *   (1000).bytes(2)                -> "0.98kB"
     *   ((10).pow(20)).bytes()         -> "90,949,470TB"
     *   ((10).pow(20)).bytes(0, false) -> "87EB"
     *
     ***/
    'bytes': function(precision, limit) {
      return abbreviateNumber(this, precision, 'kMGTPE', 0, isUndefined(limit) ? 4 : limit, true) + 'B';
    },

    /***
     * @method isInteger()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the number has no trailing decimal.
     * @example
     *
     *   (420).isInteger() -> true
     *   (4.5).isInteger() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isInteger': function() {
      return this % 1 == 0;
    },

    /***
     * @method isOdd()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the number is odd.
     * @example
     *
     *   (3).isOdd()  -> true
     *   (18).isOdd() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isOdd': function() {
      return !isNaN(this) && !this.isMultipleOf(2);
    },

    /***
     * @method isEven()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the number is even.
     * @example
     *
     *   (6).isEven()  -> true
     *   (17).isEven() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isEven': function() {
      return this.isMultipleOf(2);
    },

    /***
     * @method isMultipleOf(<num>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the number is a multiple of <num>.
     * @example
     *
     *   (6).isMultipleOf(2)  -> true
     *   (17).isMultipleOf(2) -> false
     *   (32).isMultipleOf(4) -> true
     *   (34).isMultipleOf(4) -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isMultipleOf': function(num) {
      return this % num === 0;
    },


    /***
     * @method format([place] = 0, [thousands] = ',', [decimal] = '.')
     * @returns String
     * @short Formats the number to a readable string.
     * @extra If [place] is %undefined%, will automatically determine the place. [thousands] is the character used for the thousands separator. [decimal] is the character used for the decimal point.
     * @example
     *
     *   (56782).format()           -> '56,782'
     *   (56782).format(2)          -> '56,782.00'
     *   (4388.43).format(2, ' ')      -> '4 388.43'
     *   (4388.43).format(2, '.', ',') -> '4.388,43'
     *
     ***/
    'format': function(place, thousands, decimal) {
      var i, str, split, integer, fraction, result = '';
      if(isUndefined(thousands)) {
        thousands = ',';
      }
      if(isUndefined(decimal)) {
        decimal = '.';
      }
      str      = (isNumber(place) ? round(this, place || 0).toFixed(math.max(place, 0)) : this.toString()).replace(/^-/, '');
      split    = str.split('.');
      integer  = split[0];
      fraction = split[1];
      for(i = integer.length; i > 0; i -= 3) {
        if(i < integer.length) {
          result = thousands + result;
        }
        result = integer.slice(math.max(0, i - 3), i) + result;
      }
      if(fraction) {
        result += decimal + repeatString((place || 0) - fraction.length, '0') + fraction;
      }
      return (this < 0 ? '-' : '') + result;
    },

    /***
     * @method hex([pad] = 1)
     * @returns String
     * @short Converts the number to hexidecimal.
     * @extra [pad] will pad the resulting string to that many places.
     * @example
     *
     *   (255).hex()   -> 'ff';
     *   (255).hex(4)  -> '00ff';
     *   (23654).hex() -> '5c66';
     *
     ***/
    'hex': function(pad) {
      return this.pad(pad || 1, false, 16);
    },

    /***
     * @method upto(<num>, [fn], [step] = 1)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing numbers from the number up to <num>.
     * @extra Optionally calls [fn] callback for each number in that array. [step] allows multiples greater than 1.
     * @example
     *
     *   (2).upto(6) -> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
     *   (2).upto(6, function(n) {
     *     // This function is called 5 times receiving n as the value.
     *   });
     *   (2).upto(8, null, 2) -> [2, 4, 6, 8]
     *
     ***/
    'upto': function(num, fn, step) {
      return getRange(this, num, fn, step || 1);
    },

    /***
     * @method downto(<num>, [fn], [step] = 1)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing numbers from the number down to <num>.
     * @extra Optionally calls [fn] callback for each number in that array. [step] allows multiples greater than 1.
     * @example
     *
     *   (8).downto(3) -> [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3]
     *   (8).downto(3, function(n) {
     *     // This function is called 6 times receiving n as the value.
     *   });
     *   (8).downto(2, null, 2) -> [8, 6, 4, 2]
     *
     ***/
    'downto': function(num, fn, step) {
      return getRange(this, num, fn, -(step || 1));
    },

    /***
     * @method times(<fn>)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Calls <fn> a number of times equivalent to the number.
     * @example
     *
     *   (8).times(function(i) {
     *     // This function is called 8 times.
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'times': function(fn) {
      if(fn) {
        for(var i = 0; i < this; i++) {
          fn.call(this, i);
        }
      }
      return this.toNumber();
    },

    /***
     * @method chr()
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a string at the code point of the number.
     * @example
     *
     *   (65).chr() -> "A"
     *   (75).chr() -> "K"
     *
     ***/
    'chr': function() {
      return string.fromCharCode(this);
    },

    /***
     * @method pad(<place> = 0, [sign] = false, [base] = 10)
     * @returns String
     * @short Pads a number with "0" to <place>.
     * @extra [sign] allows you to force the sign as well (+05, etc). [base] can change the base for numeral conversion.
     * @example
     *
     *   (5).pad(2)        -> '05'
     *   (-5).pad(4)       -> '-0005'
     *   (82).pad(3, true) -> '+082'
     *
     ***/
    'pad': function(place, sign, base) {
      return padNumber(this, place, sign, base);
    },

    /***
     * @method ordinalize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns an ordinalized (English) string, i.e. "1st", "2nd", etc.
     * @example
     *
     *   (1).ordinalize() -> '1st';
     *   (2).ordinalize() -> '2nd';
     *   (8).ordinalize() -> '8th';
     *
     ***/
    'ordinalize': function() {
      var suffix, num = this.abs(), last = parseInt(num.toString().slice(-2));
      return this + getOrdinalizedSuffix(last);
    },

    /***
     * @method toNumber()
     * @returns Number
     * @short Returns a number. This is mostly for compatibility reasons.
     * @example
     *
     *   (420).toNumber() -> 420
     *
     ***/
    'toNumber': function() {
      return parseFloat(this, 10);
    }

  });

  /***
   * @method round(<precision> = 0)
   * @returns Number
   * @short Shortcut for %Math.round% that also allows a <precision>.
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (3.241).round()  -> 3
   *   (-3.841).round() -> -4
   *   (3.241).round(2) -> 3.24
   *   (3748).round(-2) -> 3800
   *
   ***
   * @method ceil(<precision> = 0)
   * @returns Number
   * @short Shortcut for %Math.ceil% that also allows a <precision>.
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (3.241).ceil()  -> 4
   *   (-3.241).ceil() -> -3
   *   (3.241).ceil(2) -> 3.25
   *   (3748).ceil(-2) -> 3800
   *
   ***
   * @method floor(<precision> = 0)
   * @returns Number
   * @short Shortcut for %Math.floor% that also allows a <precision>.
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (3.241).floor()  -> 3
   *   (-3.841).floor() -> -4
   *   (3.241).floor(2) -> 3.24
   *   (3748).floor(-2) -> 3700
   *
   ***
   * @method [math]()
   * @returns Number
   * @short Math related functions are mapped as shortcuts to numbers and are identical. Note that %Number#log% provides some special defaults.
   *
   * @set
   *   abs
   *   sin
   *   asin
   *   cos
   *   acos
   *   tan
   *   atan
   *   sqrt
   *   exp
   *   pow
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   (3).pow(3) -> 27
   *   (-3).abs() -> 3
   *   (1024).sqrt() -> 32
   *
   ***/

  function buildNumber() {
    extendSimilar(number, true, false, 'round,floor,ceil', function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function(precision) {
        return round(this, precision, name);
      }
    });
    extendSimilar(number, true, false, 'abs,pow,sin,asin,cos,acos,tan,atan,exp,pow,sqrt', function(methods, name) {
      methods[name] = function(a, b) {
        return math[name](this, a, b);
      }
    });
  }

  buildNumber();

  /***
   * @package Object
   * @dependency core
   * @description Object manipulation, type checking (isNumber, isString, ...), extended objects with hash-like methods available as instance methods.
   *
   * Much thanks to kangax for his informative aricle about how problems with instanceof and constructor
   * http://perfectionkills.com/instanceof-considered-harmful-or-how-to-write-a-robust-isarray/
   *
   ***/

  var ObjectTypeMethods = 'isObject,isNaN'.split(',');
  var ObjectHashMethods = 'keys,values,each,merge,clone,equal,watch,tap,has'.split(',');

  function setParamsObject(obj, param, value, deep) {
    var reg = /^(.+?)(\[.*\])$/, paramIsArray, match, allKeys, key;
    if(deep !== false && (match = param.match(reg))) {
      key = match[1];
      allKeys = match[2].replace(/^\[|\]$/g, '').split('][');
      allKeys.forEach(function(k) {
        paramIsArray = !k || k.match(/^\d+$/);
        if(!key && isArray(obj)) key = obj.length;
        if(!obj[key]) {
          obj[key] = paramIsArray ? [] : {};
        }
        obj = obj[key];
        key = k;
      });
      if(!key && paramIsArray) key = obj.length.toString();
      setParamsObject(obj, key, value);
    } else if(value.match(/^[+-]?\d+(\.\d+)?$/)) {
      obj[param] = parseFloat(value);
    } else if(value === 'true') {
      obj[param] = true;
    } else if(value === 'false') {
      obj[param] = false;
    } else {
      obj[param] = value;
    }
  }


  /***
   * @method Object.is[Type](<obj>)
   * @returns Boolean
   * @short Returns true if <obj> is an object of that type.
   * @extra %isObject% will return false on anything that is not an object literal, including instances of inherited classes. Note also that %isNaN% will ONLY return true if the object IS %NaN%. It does not mean the same as browser native %isNaN%, which returns true for anything that is "not a number".
   *
   * @set
   *   isArray
   *   isObject
   *   isBoolean
   *   isDate
   *   isFunction
   *   isNaN
   *   isNumber
   *   isString
   *   isRegExp
   *
   * @example
   *
   *   Object.isArray([1,2,3])            -> true
   *   Object.isDate(3)                   -> false
   *   Object.isRegExp(/wasabi/)          -> true
   *   Object.isObject({ broken:'wear' }) -> true
   *
   ***/
  function buildTypeMethods() {
    extendSimilar(object, false, false, ClassNames, function(methods, name) {
      var method = 'is' + name;
      ObjectTypeMethods.push(method);
      methods[method] = function(obj) {
        return className(obj) === '[object '+name+']';
      }
    });
  }

  function buildObjectExtend() {
    extend(object, false, function(){ return arguments.length === 0; }, {
      'extend': function() {
        buildObjectInstanceMethods(ObjectTypeMethods.concat(ObjectHashMethods), object);
      }
    });
  }

  extend(object, false, true, {
      /***
       * @method watch(<obj>, <prop>, <fn>)
       * @returns Nothing
       * @short Watches a property of <obj> and runs <fn> when it changes.
       * @extra <fn> is passed three arguments: the property <prop>, the old value, and the new value. The return value of [fn] will be set as the new value. This method is useful for things such as validating or cleaning the value when it is set. Warning: this method WILL NOT work in browsers that don't support %Object.defineProperty%. This notably includes IE 8 and below, and Opera. This is the only method in Sugar that is not fully compatible with all browsers. %watch% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
       * @example
       *
       *   Object.watch({ foo: 'bar' }, 'foo', function(prop, oldVal, newVal) {
       *     // Will be run when the property 'foo' is set on the object.
       *   });
       *   Object.extended().watch({ foo: 'bar' }, 'foo', function(prop, oldVal, newVal) {
       *     // Will be run when the property 'foo' is set on the object.
       *   });
       *
       ***/
    'watch': function(obj, prop, fn) {
      if(!definePropertySupport) return;
      var value = obj[prop];
      object.defineProperty(obj, prop, {
        'enumerable'  : true,
        'configurable': true,
        'get': function() {
          return value;
        },
        'set': function(to) {
          value = fn.call(obj, prop, value, to);
        }
      });
    }
  });

  extend(object, false, function(arg1, arg2) { return isFunction(arg2); }, {

    /***
     * @method keys(<obj>, [fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing the keys in <obj>. Optionally calls [fn] for each key.
     * @extra This method is provided for browsers that don't support it natively, and additionally is enhanced to accept the callback [fn]. Returned keys are in no particular order. %keys% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.keys({ broken: 'wear' }) -> ['broken']
     *   Object.keys({ broken: 'wear' }, function(key, value) {
     *     // Called once for each key.
     *   });
     *   Object.extended({ broken: 'wear' }).keys() -> ['broken']
     *
     ***/
    'keys': function(obj, fn) {
      var keys = object.keys(obj);
      keys.forEach(function(key) {
        fn.call(obj, key, obj[key]);
      });
      return keys;
    }

  });

  extend(object, false, false, {

    'isObject': function(obj) {
      return isObject(obj);
    },

    'isNaN': function(obj) {
      // This is only true of NaN
      return isNumber(obj) && obj.valueOf() !== obj.valueOf();
    },

    /***
     * @method equal(<a>, <b>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if <a> and <b> are equal.
     * @extra %equal% in Sugar is "egal", meaning the values are equal if they are "not observably distinguishable". Note that on extended objects the name is %equals% for readability.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.equal({a:2}, {a:2}) -> true
     *   Object.equal({a:2}, {a:3}) -> false
     *   Object.extended({a:2}).equals({a:3}) -> false
     *
     ***/
    'equal': function(a, b) {
      return isEqual(a, b);
    },

    /***
     * @method Object.extended(<obj> = {})
     * @returns Extended object
     * @short Creates a new object, equivalent to %new Object()% or %{}%, but with extended methods.
     * @extra See extended objects for more.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.extended()
     *   Object.extended({ happy:true, pappy:false }).keys() -> ['happy','pappy']
     *   Object.extended({ happy:true, pappy:false }).values() -> [true, false]
     *
     ***/
    'extended': function(obj) {
      return new Hash(obj);
    },

    /***
     * @method merge(<target>, <source>, [deep] = false, [resolve] = true)
     * @returns Merged object
     * @short Merges all the properties of <source> into <target>.
     * @extra Merges are shallow unless [deep] is %true%. Properties of <source> will win in the case of conflicts, unless [resolve] is %false%. [resolve] can also be a function that resolves the conflict. In this case it will be passed 3 arguments, %key%, %targetVal%, and %sourceVal%, with the context set to <source>. This will allow you to solve conflict any way you want, ie. adding two numbers together, etc. %merge% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.merge({a:1},{b:2}) -> { a:1, b:2 }
     *   Object.merge({a:1},{a:2}, false, false) -> { a:1 }
     +   Object.merge({a:1},{a:2}, false, function(key, a, b) {
     *     return a + b;
     *   }); -> { a:3 }
     *   Object.extended({a:1}).merge({b:2}) -> { a:1, b:2 }
     *
     ***/
    'merge': function(target, source, deep, resolve) {
      var key, val;
      // Strings cannot be reliably merged thanks to
      // their properties not being enumerable in < IE8.
      if(target && typeof source != 'string') {
        for(key in source) {
          if(!hasOwnProperty(source, key) || !target) continue;
          val = source[key];
          // Conflict!
          if(isDefined(target[key])) {
            // Do not merge.
            if(resolve === false) {
              continue;
            }
            // Use the result of the callback as the result.
            if(isFunction(resolve)) {
              val = resolve.call(source, key, target[key], source[key])
            }
          }
          // Deep merging.
          if(deep === true && val && isObjectPrimitive(val)) {
            if(isDate(val)) {
              val = new date(val.getTime());
            } else if(isRegExp(val)) {
              val = new regexp(val.source, getRegExpFlags(val));
            } else {
              if(!target[key]) target[key] = array.isArray(val) ? [] : {};
              object.merge(target[key], source[key], deep, resolve);
              continue;
            }
          }
          target[key] = val;
        }
      }
      return target;
    },

    /***
     * @method values(<obj>, [fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Returns an array containing the values in <obj>. Optionally calls [fn] for each value.
     * @extra Returned values are in no particular order. %values% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.values({ broken: 'wear' }) -> ['wear']
     *   Object.values({ broken: 'wear' }, function(value) {
     *     // Called once for each value.
     *   });
     *   Object.extended({ broken: 'wear' }).values() -> ['wear']
     *
     ***/
    'values': function(obj, fn) {
      var values = [];
      iterateOverObject(obj, function(k,v) {
        values.push(v);
        if(fn) fn.call(obj,v);
      });
      return values;
    },

    /***
     * @method clone(<obj> = {}, [deep] = false)
     * @returns Cloned object
     * @short Creates a clone (copy) of <obj>.
     * @extra Default is a shallow clone, unless [deep] is true. %clone% is available as an instance method on extended objects.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.clone({foo:'bar'})            -> { foo: 'bar' }
     *   Object.clone()                       -> {}
     *   Object.extended({foo:'bar'}).clone() -> { foo: 'bar' }
     *
     ***/
    'clone': function(obj, deep) {
      if(!isObjectPrimitive(obj)) return obj;
      if(array.isArray(obj)) return obj.concat();
      var target = obj instanceof Hash ? new Hash() : {};
      return object.merge(target, obj, deep);
    },

    /***
     * @method Object.fromQueryString(<str>, [deep] = true)
     * @returns Object
     * @short Converts the query string of a URL into an object.
     * @extra If [deep] is %false%, conversion will only accept shallow params (ie. no object or arrays with %[]% syntax) as these are not universally supported.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.fromQueryString('foo=bar&broken=wear') -> { foo: 'bar', broken: 'wear' }
     *   Object.fromQueryString('foo[]=1&foo[]=2')     -> { foo: [1,2] }
     *
     ***/
    'fromQueryString': function(str, deep) {
      var result = object.extended(), split;
      str = str && str.toString ? str.toString() : '';
      str.replace(/^.*?\?/, '').split('&').forEach(function(p) {
        var split = p.split('=');
        if(split.length !== 2) return;
        setParamsObject(result, split[0], decodeURIComponent(split[1]), deep);
      });
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method tap(<obj>, <fn>)
     * @returns Object
     * @short Runs <fn> and returns <obj>.
     * @extra  A string can also be used as a shortcut to a method. This method is used to run an intermediary function in the middle of method chaining. As a standalone method on the Object class it doesn't have too much use. The power of %tap% comes when using extended objects or modifying the Object prototype with Object.extend().
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.extend();
     *   [2,4,6].map(Math.exp).tap(function(arr) {
     *     arr.pop()
     *   });
     *   [2,4,6].map(Math.exp).tap('pop').map(Math.round); ->  [7,55]
     *
     ***/
    'tap': function(obj, arg) {
      var fn = arg;
      if(!isFunction(arg)) {
        fn = function() {
          if(arg) obj[arg]();
        }
      }
      fn.call(obj, obj);
      return obj;
    },

    /***
     * @method has(<obj>, <key>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Checks if <obj> has <key> using hasOwnProperty from Object.prototype.
     * @extra This method is considered safer than %Object#hasOwnProperty% when using objects as hashes. See http://www.devthought.com/2012/01/18/an-object-is-not-a-hash/ for more.
     * @example
     *
     *   Object.has({ foo: 'bar' }, 'foo') -> true
     *   Object.has({ foo: 'bar' }, 'baz') -> false
     *   Object.has({ hasOwnProperty: true }, 'foo') -> false
     *
     ***/
    'has': function (obj, key) {
      return hasOwnProperty(obj, key);
    }

  });


  buildTypeMethods();
  buildObjectExtend();
  buildObjectInstanceMethods(ObjectHashMethods, Hash);


  /***
   * @package RegExp
   * @dependency core
   * @description Escaping regexes and manipulating their flags.
   *
   * Note here that methods on the RegExp class like .exec and .test will fail in the current version of SpiderMonkey being
   * used by CouchDB when using shorthand regex notation like /foo/. This is the reason for the intermixed use of shorthand
   * and compiled regexes here. If you're using JS in CouchDB, it is safer to ALWAYS compile your regexes from a string.
   *
   ***/

  function uniqueRegExpFlags(flags) {
    return flags.split('').sort().join('').replace(/([gimy])\1+/g, '$1');
  }

  extend(regexp, false, false, {

   /***
    * @method RegExp.escape(<str> = '')
    * @returns String
    * @short Escapes all RegExp tokens in a string.
    * @example
    *
    *   RegExp.escape('really?')      -> 'really\?'
    *   RegExp.escape('yes.')         -> 'yes\.'
    *   RegExp.escape('(not really)') -> '\(not really\)'
    *
    ***/
    'escape': function(str) {
      return escapeRegExp(str);
    }

  });

  extend(regexp, true, false, {

   /***
    * @method getFlags()
    * @returns String
    * @short Returns the flags of the regex as a string.
    * @example
    *
    *   /texty/gim.getFlags('testy') -> 'gim'
    *
    ***/
    'getFlags': function() {
      return getRegExpFlags(this);
    },

   /***
    * @method setFlags(<flags>)
    * @returns RegExp
    * @short Sets the flags on a regex and retuns a copy.
    * @example
    *
    *   /texty/.setFlags('gim') -> now has global, ignoreCase, and multiline set
    *
    ***/
    'setFlags': function(flags) {
      return regexp(this.source, flags);
    },

   /***
    * @method addFlag(<flag>)
    * @returns RegExp
    * @short Adds <flag> to the regex.
    * @example
    *
    *   /texty/.addFlag('g') -> now has global flag set
    *
    ***/
    'addFlag': function(flag) {
      return this.setFlags(getRegExpFlags(this, flag));
    },

   /***
    * @method removeFlag(<flag>)
    * @returns RegExp
    * @short Removes <flag> from the regex.
    * @example
    *
    *   /texty/g.removeFlag('g') -> now has global flag removed
    *
    ***/
    'removeFlag': function(flag) {
      return this.setFlags(getRegExpFlags(this).replace(flag, ''));
    }

  });



  /***
   * @package String
   * @dependency core
   * @description String manupulation, escaping, encoding, truncation, and:conversion.
   *
   ***/

  function getAcronym(word) {
    var inflector = string.Inflector;
    var word = inflector && inflector.acronyms[word];
    if(isString(word)) {
      return word;
    }
  }

  function padString(str, p, left, right) {
    var padding = string(p);
    if(padding != p) {
      padding = '';
    }
    if(!isNumber(left))  left = 1;
    if(!isNumber(right)) right = 1;
    return padding.repeat(left) + str + padding.repeat(right);
  }

  function chr(num) {
    return string.fromCharCode(num);
  }

  var btoa, atob;

  function buildBase64(key) {
    if(this.btoa) {
      btoa = this.btoa;
      atob = this.atob;
      return;
    }
    var base64reg = /[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g;
    btoa = function(str) {
      var output = '';
      var chr1, chr2, chr3;
      var enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
      var i = 0;
      do {
        chr1 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        chr2 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        chr3 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        enc1 = chr1 >> 2;
        enc2 = ((chr1 & 3) << 4) | (chr2 >> 4);
        enc3 = ((chr2 & 15) << 2) | (chr3 >> 6);
        enc4 = chr3 & 63;
        if (isNaN(chr2)) {
          enc3 = enc4 = 64;
        } else if (isNaN(chr3)) {
          enc4 = 64;
        }
        output = output + key.charAt(enc1) + key.charAt(enc2) + key.charAt(enc3) + key.charAt(enc4);
        chr1 = chr2 = chr3 = '';
        enc1 = enc2 = enc3 = enc4 = '';
      } while (i < str.length);
      return output;
    }
    atob = function(input) {
      var output = '';
      var chr1, chr2, chr3;
      var enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
      var i = 0;
      if(input.match(base64reg)) {
        throw new Error('String contains invalid base64 characters');
      }
      input = input.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g, '');
      do {
        enc1 = key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
        enc2 = key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
        enc3 = key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
        enc4 = key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));
        chr1 = (enc1 << 2) | (enc2 >> 4);
        chr2 = ((enc2 & 15) << 4) | (enc3 >> 2);
        chr3 = ((enc3 & 3) << 6) | enc4;
        output = output + chr(chr1);
        if (enc3 != 64) {
          output = output + chr(chr2);
        }
        if (enc4 != 64) {
          output = output + chr(chr3);
        }
        chr1 = chr2 = chr3 = '';
        enc1 = enc2 = enc3 = enc4 = '';
      } while (i < input.length);
      return output;
    }
  }

  extend(string, true, false, {

     /***
      * @method escapeRegExp()
      * @returns String
      * @short Escapes all RegExp tokens in the string.
      * @example
      *
      *   'really?'.escapeRegExp()       -> 'really\?'
      *   'yes.'.escapeRegExp()         -> 'yes\.'
      *   '(not really)'.escapeRegExp() -> '\(not really\)'
      *
      ***/
    'escapeRegExp': function() {
      return escapeRegExp(this);
    },

     /***
      * @method escapeURL([param] = false)
      * @returns String
      * @short Escapes characters in a string to make a valid URL.
      * @extra If [param] is true, it will also escape valid URL characters for use as a URL parameter.
      * @example
      *
      *   'http://foo.com/"bar"'.escapeURL()     -> 'http://foo.com/%22bar%22'
      *   'http://foo.com/"bar"'.escapeURL(true) -> 'http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com%2F%22bar%22'
      *
      ***/
    'escapeURL': function(param) {
      return param ? encodeURIComponent(this) : encodeURI(this);
    },

     /***
      * @method unescapeURL([partial] = false)
      * @returns String
      * @short Restores escaped characters in a URL escaped string.
      * @extra If [partial] is true, it will only unescape non-valid URL characters. [partial] is included here for completeness, but should very rarely be needed.
      * @example
      *
      *   'http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com%2Fthe%20bar'.unescapeURL()     -> 'http://foo.com/the bar'
      *   'http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com%2Fthe%20bar'.unescapeURL(true) -> 'http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.com%2Fthe bar'
      *
      ***/
    'unescapeURL': function(param) {
      return param ? decodeURI(this) : decodeURIComponent(this);
    },

     /***
      * @method escapeHTML()
      * @returns String
      * @short Converts HTML characters to their entity equivalents.
      * @example
      *
      *   '<p>some text</p>'.escapeHTML() -> '&lt;p&gt;some text&lt;/p&gt;'
      *   'one & two'.escapeHTML()        -> 'one &amp; two'
      *
      ***/
    'escapeHTML': function() {
      return this.replace(/&/g,  '&amp;' )
                 .replace(/</g,  '&lt;'  )
                 .replace(/>/g,  '&gt;'  )
                 .replace(/"/g,  '&quot;')
                 .replace(/'/g,  '&apos;')
                 .replace(/\//g, '&#x2f;');
    },

     /***
      * @method unescapeHTML([partial] = false)
      * @returns String
      * @short Restores escaped HTML characters.
      * @example
      *
      *   '&lt;p&gt;some text&lt;/p&gt;'.unescapeHTML() -> '<p>some text</p>'
      *   'one &amp; two'.unescapeHTML()                -> 'one & two'
      *
      ***/
    'unescapeHTML': function() {
      return this.replace(/&amp;/g,  '&')
                 .replace(/&lt;/g,   '<')
                 .replace(/&gt;/g,   '>')
                 .replace(/&quot;/g, '"')
                 .replace(/&apos;/g, "'")
                 .replace(/&#x2f;/g, '/');
    },

     /***
      * @method encodeBase64()
      * @returns String
      * @short Encodes the string into base64 encoding.
      * @extra This method wraps the browser native %btoa% when available, and uses a custom implementation when not available.
      * @example
      *
      *   'gonna get encoded!'.encodeBase64()  -> 'Z29ubmEgZ2V0IGVuY29kZWQh'
      *   'http://twitter.com/'.encodeBase64() -> 'aHR0cDovL3R3aXR0ZXIuY29tLw=='
      *
      ***/
    'encodeBase64': function() {
      return btoa(this);
    },

     /***
      * @method decodeBase64()
      * @returns String
      * @short Decodes the string from base64 encoding.
      * @extra This method wraps the browser native %atob% when available, and uses a custom implementation when not available.
      * @example
      *
      *   'aHR0cDovL3R3aXR0ZXIuY29tLw=='.decodeBase64() -> 'http://twitter.com/'
      *   'anVzdCBnb3QgZGVjb2RlZA=='.decodeBase64()     -> 'just got decoded!'
      *
      ***/
    'decodeBase64': function() {
      return atob(this);
    },

    /***
     * @method each([search] = single character, [fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each occurence of [search].
     * @extra Returns an array of matches. [search] may be either a string or regex, and defaults to every character in the string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.each() -> ['j','u','m','p','y']
     *   'jumpy'.each(/[r-z]/) -> ['u','y']
     *   'jumpy'.each(/[r-z]/, function(m) {
     *     // Called twice: "u", "y"
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'each': function(search, fn) {
      var match, i;
      if(isFunction(search)) {
        fn = search;
        search = /[\s\S]/g;
      } else if(!search) {
        search = /[\s\S]/g
      } else if(isString(search)) {
        search = regexp(escapeRegExp(search), 'gi');
      } else if(isRegExp(search)) {
        search = regexp(search.source, getRegExpFlags(search, 'g'));
      }
      match = this.match(search) || [];
      if(fn) {
        for(i = 0; i < match.length; i++) {
          match[i] = fn.call(this, match[i], i, match) || match[i];
        }
      }
      return match;
    },

    /***
     * @method shift(<n>)
     * @returns Array
     * @short Shifts each character in the string <n> places in the character map.
     * @example
     *
     *   'a'.shift(1)  -> 'b'
     *   'ク'.shift(1) -> 'グ'
     *
     ***/
    'shift': function(n) {
      var result = '';
      n = n || 0;
      this.codes(function(c) {
        result += chr(c + n);
      });
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method codes([fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each character code in the string. Returns an array of character codes.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.codes() -> [106,117,109,112,121]
     *   'jumpy'.codes(function(c) {
     *     // Called 5 times: 106, 117, 109, 112, 121
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'codes': function(fn) {
      var codes = [];
      for(var i=0; i<this.length; i++) {
        var code = this.charCodeAt(i);
        codes.push(code);
        if(fn) fn.call(this, code, i);
      }
      return codes;
    },

    /***
     * @method chars([fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each character in the string. Returns an array of characters.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.chars() -> ['j','u','m','p','y']
     *   'jumpy'.chars(function(c) {
     *     // Called 5 times: "j","u","m","p","y"
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'chars': function(fn) {
      return this.each(fn);
    },

    /***
     * @method words([fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each word in the string. Returns an array of words.
     * @extra A "word" here is defined as any sequence of non-whitespace characters.
     * @example
     *
     *   'broken wear'.words() -> ['broken','wear']
     *   'broken wear'.words(function(w) {
     *     // Called twice: "broken", "wear"
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'words': function(fn) {
      return this.trim().each(/\S+/g, fn);
    },

    /***
     * @method lines([fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each line in the string. Returns an array of lines.
     * @example
     *
     *   'broken wear\nand\njumpy jump'.lines() -> ['broken wear','and','jumpy jump']
     *   'broken wear\nand\njumpy jump'.lines(function(l) {
     *     // Called three times: "broken wear", "and", "jumpy jump"
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'lines': function(fn) {
      return this.trim().each(/^.*$/gm, fn);
    },

    /***
     * @method paragraphs([fn])
     * @returns Array
     * @short Runs callback [fn] against each paragraph in the string. Returns an array of paragraphs.
     * @extra A paragraph here is defined as a block of text bounded by two or more line breaks.
     * @example
     *
     *   'Once upon a time.\n\nIn the land of oz...'.paragraphs() -> ['Once upon a time.','In the land of oz...']
     *   'Once upon a time.\n\nIn the land of oz...'.paragraphs(function(p) {
     *     // Called twice: "Once upon a time.", "In teh land of oz..."
     *   });
     *
     ***/
    'paragraphs': function(fn) {
      var paragraphs = this.trim().split(/[\r\n]{2,}/);
      paragraphs = paragraphs.map(function(p) {
        if(fn) var s = fn.call(p);
        return s ? s : p;
      });
      return paragraphs;
    },

    /***
     * @method startsWith(<find>, [case] = true)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the string starts with <find>.
     * @extra <find> may be either a string or regex. Case sensitive if [case] is true.
     * @example
     *
     *   'hello'.startsWith('hell')        -> true
     *   'hello'.startsWith(/[a-h]/)       -> true
     *   'hello'.startsWith('HELL')        -> false
     *   'hello'.startsWith('HELL', false) -> true
     *
     ***/
    'startsWith': function(reg, c) {
      if(isUndefined(c)) c = true;
      var source = isRegExp(reg) ? reg.source.replace('^', '') : escapeRegExp(reg);
      return regexp('^' + source, c ? '' : 'i').test(this);
    },

    /***
     * @method endsWith(<find>, [case] = true)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the string ends with <find>.
     * @extra <find> may be either a string or regex. Case sensitive if [case] is true.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.endsWith('py')         -> true
     *   'jumpy'.endsWith(/[q-z]/)      -> true
     *   'jumpy'.endsWith('MPY')        -> false
     *   'jumpy'.endsWith('MPY', false) -> true
     *
     ***/
    'endsWith': function(reg, c) {
      if(isUndefined(c)) c = true;
      var source = isRegExp(reg) ? reg.source.replace('$', '') : escapeRegExp(reg);
      return regexp(source + '$', c ? '' : 'i').test(this);
    },

    /***
     * @method isBlank()
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the string has a length of 0 or contains only whitespace.
     * @example
     *
     *   ''.isBlank()      -> true
     *   '   '.isBlank()   -> true
     *   'noway'.isBlank() -> false
     *
     ***/
    'isBlank': function() {
      return this.trim().length === 0;
    },

    /***
     * @method has(<find>)
     * @returns Boolean
     * @short Returns true if the string matches <find>.
     * @extra <find> may be a string or regex.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.has('py')     -> true
     *   'broken'.has(/[a-n]/) -> true
     *   'broken'.has(/[s-z]/) -> false
     *
     ***/
    'has': function(find) {
      return this.search(isRegExp(find) ? find : escapeRegExp(find)) !== -1;
    },


    /***
     * @method add(<str>, [index] = length)
     * @returns String
     * @short Adds <str> at [index]. Negative values are also allowed.
     * @extra %insert% is provided as an alias, and is generally more readable when using an index.
     * @example
     *
     *   'schfifty'.add(' five')      -> schfifty five
     *   'dopamine'.insert('e', 3)       -> dopeamine
     *   'spelling eror'.insert('r', -3) -> spelling error
     *
     ***/
    'add': function(str, index) {
      index = isUndefined(index) ? this.length : index;
      return this.slice(0, index) + str + this.slice(index);
    },

    /***
     * @method remove(<f>)
     * @returns String
     * @short Removes any part of the string that matches <f>.
     * @extra <f> can be a string or a regex.
     * @example
     *
     *   'schfifty five'.remove('f')     -> 'schity ive'
     *   'schfifty five'.remove(/[a-f]/g) -> 'shity iv'
     *
     ***/
    'remove': function(f) {
      return this.replace(f, '');
    },

    /***
     * @method reverse()
     * @returns String
     * @short Reverses the string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.reverse()        -> 'ypmuj'
     *   'lucky charms'.reverse() -> 'smrahc ykcul'
     *
     ***/
    'reverse': function() {
      return this.split('').reverse().join('');
    },

    /***
     * @method compact()
     * @returns String
     * @short Compacts all white space in the string to a single space and trims the ends.
     * @example
     *
     *   'too \n much \n space'.compact() -> 'too much space'
     *   'enough \n '.compact()           -> 'enought'
     *
     ***/
    'compact': function() {
      return this.trim().replace(/([\r\n\s　])+/g, function(match, whitespace){
        return whitespace === '　' ? whitespace : ' ';
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method at(<index>, [loop] = true)
     * @returns String or Array
     * @short Gets the character(s) at a given index.
     * @extra When [loop] is true, overshooting the end of the string (or the beginning) will begin counting from the other end. As an alternate syntax, passing multiple indexes will get the characters at those indexes.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.at(0)               -> 'j'
     *   'jumpy'.at(2)               -> 'm'
     *   'jumpy'.at(5)               -> 'j'
     *   'jumpy'.at(5, false)        -> ''
     *   'jumpy'.at(-1)              -> 'y'
     *   'lucky charms'.at(2,4,6,8) -> ['u','k','y',c']
     *
     ***/
    'at': function() {
      return entryAtIndex(this, arguments, true);
    },

    /***
     * @method from([index] = 0)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a section of the string starting from [index].
     * @example
     *
     *   'lucky charms'.from()   -> 'lucky charms'
     *   'lucky charms'.from(7)  -> 'harms'
     *
     ***/
    'from': function(num) {
      return this.slice(num);
    },

    /***
     * @method to([index] = end)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns a section of the string ending at [index].
     * @example
     *
     *   'lucky charms'.to()   -> 'lucky charms'
     *   'lucky charms'.to(7)  -> 'lucky ch'
     *
     ***/
    'to': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) num = this.length;
      return this.slice(0, num);
    },

    /***
     * @method dasherize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Converts underscores and camel casing to hypens.
     * @example
     *
     *   'a_farewell_to_arms'.dasherize() -> 'a-farewell-to-arms'
     *   'capsLock'.dasherize()           -> 'caps-lock'
     *
     ***/
    'dasherize': function() {
      return this.underscore().replace(/_/g, '-');
    },

    /***
     * @method underscore()
     * @returns String
     * @short Converts hyphens and camel casing to underscores.
     * @example
     *
     *   'a-farewell-to-arms'.underscore() -> 'a_farewell_to_arms'
     *   'capsLock'.underscore()           -> 'caps_lock'
     *
     ***/
    'underscore': function() {
      return this
        .replace(/[-\s]+/g, '_')
        .replace(string.Inflector && string.Inflector.acronymRegExp, function(acronym, index) {
          return (index > 0 ? '_' : '') + acronym.toLowerCase();
        })
        .replace(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/g,'$1_$2')
        .replace(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/g,'$1_$2')
        .toLowerCase();
    },

    /***
     * @method camelize([first] = true)
     * @returns String
     * @short Converts underscores and hyphens to camel case. If [first] is true the first letter will also be capitalized.
     * @extra If the Inflections package is included acryonyms can also be defined that will be used when camelizing.
     * @example
     *
     *   'caps_lock'.camelize()              -> 'CapsLock'
     *   'moz-border-radius'.camelize()      -> 'MozBorderRadius'
     *   'moz-border-radius'.camelize(false) -> 'mozBorderRadius'
     *
     ***/
    'camelize': function(first) {
      return this.underscore().replace(/(^|_)([^_]+)/g, function(match, pre, word, index) {
        var acronym = getAcronym(word), capitalize = first !== false || index > 0;
        if(acronym) return capitalize ? acronym : acronym.toLowerCase();
        return capitalize ? word.capitalize() : word;
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method spacify()
     * @returns String
     * @short Converts camel case, underscores, and hyphens to a properly spaced string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'camelCase'.spacify()                         -> 'camel case'
     *   'an-ugly-string'.spacify()                    -> 'an ugly string'
     *   'oh-no_youDid-not'.spacify().capitalize(true) -> 'something else'
     *
     ***/
    'spacify': function() {
      return this.underscore().replace(/_/g, ' ');
    },

    /***
     * @method stripTags([tag1], [tag2], ...)
     * @returns String
     * @short Strips all HTML tags from the string.
     * @extra Tags to strip may be enumerated in the parameters, otherwise will strip all.
     * @example
     *
     *   '<p>just <b>some</b> text</p>'.stripTags()    -> 'just some text'
     *   '<p>just <b>some</b> text</p>'.stripTags('p') -> 'just <b>some</b> text'
     *
     ***/
    'stripTags': function() {
      var str = this, args = arguments.length > 0 ? arguments : [''];
      multiArgs(args, function(tag) {
        str = str.replace(regexp('<\/?' + escapeRegExp(tag) + '[^<>]*>', 'gi'), '');
      });
      return str;
    },

    /***
     * @method removeTags([tag1], [tag2], ...)
     * @returns String
     * @short Removes all HTML tags and their contents from the string.
     * @extra Tags to remove may be enumerated in the parameters, otherwise will remove all.
     * @example
     *
     *   '<p>just <b>some</b> text</p>'.removeTags()    -> ''
     *   '<p>just <b>some</b> text</p>'.removeTags('b') -> '<p>just text</p>'
     *
     ***/
    'removeTags': function() {
      var str = this, args = arguments.length > 0 ? arguments : ['\\S+'];
      multiArgs(args, function(t) {
        var reg = regexp('<(' + t + ')[^<>]*(?:\\/>|>.*?<\\/\\1>)', 'gi');
        str = str.replace(reg, '');
      });
      return str;
    },

    /***
     * @method truncate(<length>, [split] = true, [from] = 'right', [ellipsis] = '...')
     * @returns Object
     * @short Truncates a string.
     * @extra If [split] is %false%, will not split words up, and instead discard the word where the truncation occurred. [from] can also be %"middle"% or %"left"%.
     * @example
     *
     *   'just sittin on the dock of the bay'.truncate(20)                 -> 'just sittin on the do...'
     *   'just sittin on the dock of the bay'.truncate(20, false)          -> 'just sittin on the...'
     *   'just sittin on the dock of the bay'.truncate(20, true, 'middle') -> 'just sitt...of the bay'
     *   'just sittin on the dock of the bay'.truncate(20, true, 'left')   -> '...the dock of the bay'
     *
     ***/
    'truncate': function(length, split, from, ellipsis) {
      var pos,
        prepend = '',
        append = '',
        str = this.toString(),
        chars = '[' + getTrimmableCharacters() + ']+',
        space = '[^' + getTrimmableCharacters() + ']*',
        reg = regexp(chars + space + '$');
      ellipsis = isUndefined(ellipsis) ? '...' : string(ellipsis);
      if(str.length <= length) {
        return str;
      }
      switch(from) {
        case 'left':
          pos = str.length - length;
          prepend = ellipsis;
          str = str.slice(pos);
          reg = regexp('^' + space + chars);
          break;
        case 'middle':
          pos    = floor(length / 2);
          append = ellipsis + str.slice(str.length - pos).trimLeft();
          str    = str.slice(0, pos);
          break;
        default:
          pos = length;
          append = ellipsis;
          str = str.slice(0, pos);
      }
      if(split === false && this.slice(pos, pos + 1).match(/\S/)) {
        str = str.remove(reg);
      }
      return prepend + str + append;
    },

    /***
     * @method pad[Side](<padding> = '', [num] = 1)
     * @returns String
     * @short Pads either/both sides of the string.
     * @extra [num] is the number of characters on each side, and [padding] is the character to pad with.
     *
     * @set
     *   pad
     *   padLeft
     *   padRight
     *
     * @example
     *
     *   'wasabi'.pad('-')         -> '-wasabi-'
     *   'wasabi'.pad('-', 2)      -> '--wasabi--'
     *   'wasabi'.padLeft('-', 2)  -> '--wasabi'
     *   'wasabi'.padRight('-', 2) -> 'wasabi--'
     *
     ***/
    'pad': function(padding, num) {
      return repeatString(num, padding) + this + repeatString(num, padding);
    },

    'padLeft': function(padding, num) {
      return repeatString(num, padding) + this;
    },

    'padRight': function(padding, num) {
      return this + repeatString(num, padding);
    },

    /***
     * @method first([n] = 1)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the first [n] characters of the string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'lucky charms'.first()   -> 'l'
     *   'lucky charms'.first(3)  -> 'luc'
     *
     ***/
    'first': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) num = 1;
      return this.substr(0, num);
    },

    /***
     * @method last([n] = 1)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the last [n] characters of the string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'lucky charms'.last()   -> 's'
     *   'lucky charms'.last(3)  -> 'rms'
     *
     ***/
    'last': function(num) {
      if(isUndefined(num)) num = 1;
      var start = this.length - num < 0 ? 0 : this.length - num;
      return this.substr(start);
    },

    /***
     * @method repeat([num] = 0)
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the string repeated [num] times.
     * @example
     *
     *   'jumpy'.repeat(2) -> 'jumpyjumpy'
     *   'a'.repeat(5)     -> 'aaaaa'
     *   'a'.repeat(0)     -> ''
     *
     ***/
    'repeat': function(num) {
      var result = '', str = this;
      if(!isNumber(num) || num < 1) return '';
      while (num) {
        if (num & 1) {
          result += str;
        }
        if (num >>= 1) {
          str += str;
        }
      }
      return result;
    },

    /***
     * @method toNumber([base] = 10)
     * @returns Number
     * @short Converts the string into a number.
     * @extra Any value with a "." fill be converted to a floating point value, otherwise an integer.
     * @example
     *
     *   '153'.toNumber()    -> 153
     *   '12,000'.toNumber() -> 12000
     *   '10px'.toNumber()   -> 10
     *   'ff'.toNumber(16)   -> 255
     *
     ***/
    'toNumber': function(base) {
      var str = this.replace(/,/g, '');
      return str.match(/\./) ? parseFloat(str) : parseInt(str, base || 10);
    },

    /***
     * @method capitalize([all] = false)
     * @returns String
     * @short Capitalizes the first character in the string.
     * @extra If [all] is true, all words in the string will be capitalized.
     * @example
     *
     *   'hello'.capitalize()           -> 'Hello'
     *   'hello kitty'.capitalize()     -> 'Hello kitty'
     *   'hello kitty'.capitalize(true) -> 'Hello Kitty'
     *
     *
     ***/
    'capitalize': function(all) {
      var lastResponded;
      return this.toLowerCase().replace(all ? /[\s\S]/g : /^\S/, function(lower) {
        var upper = lower.toUpperCase(), result;
        result = lastResponded ? lower : upper;
        lastResponded = upper !== lower;
        return result;
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method assign(<obj1>, <obj2>, ...)
     * @returns String
     * @short Assigns variables to tokens in a string.
     * @extra If an object is passed, it's properties can be assigned using the object's keys. If a non-object (string, number, etc.) is passed it can be accessed by the argument number beginning with 1 (as with regex tokens). Multiple objects can be passed and will be merged together (original objects are unaffected).
     * @example
     *
     *   'Welcome, Mr. {name}.'.assign({ name: 'Franklin' })   -> 'Welcome, Mr. Franklin.'
     *   'You are {1} years old today.'.assign(14)             -> 'You are 14 years old today.'
     *   '{n} and {r}'.assign({ n: 'Cheech' }, { r: 'Chong' }) -> 'Cheech and Chong'
     *
     ***/
    'assign': function() {
      var assign = {};
      multiArgs(arguments, function(a, i) {
        if(isObject(a)) {
          simpleMerge(assign, a);
        } else {
          assign[i + 1] = a;
        }
      });
      return this.replace(/\{([^{]+?)\}/g, function(m, key) {
        return hasOwnProperty(assign, key) ? assign[key] : m;
      });
    },

    /***
     * @method namespace([init] = global)
     * @returns Mixed
     * @short Finds the namespace or property indicated by the string.
     * @extra [init] can be passed to provide a starting context, otherwise the global context will be used. If any level returns a falsy value, that will be the final result.
     * @example
     *
     *   'Path.To.Namespace'.namespace() -> Path.To.Namespace
     *   '$.fn'.namespace()              -> $.fn
     *
     ***/
    'namespace': function(context) {
      context = context || globalContext;
      iterateOverObject(this.split('.'), function(i,s) {
          return !!(context = context[s]);
      });
      return context;
    }
  });


  // Aliases

  extend(string, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method insert()
     * @alias add
     *
     ***/
    'insert': string.prototype.add
  });

  buildBase64('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=');


  /***
   *
   * @package Inflections
   * @dependency string
   * @description Pluralization similar to ActiveSupport including uncountable words and acronyms. Humanized and URL-friendly strings.
   *
   ***/

  /***
   * String module
   *
   ***/


  var plurals      = [],
      singulars    = [],
      uncountables = [],
      humans       = [],
      acronyms     = {},
      Downcased,
      Inflector;

  function removeFromArray(arr, find) {
    var index = arr.indexOf(find);
    if(index > -1) {
      arr.splice(index, 1);
    }
  }

  function removeFromUncountablesAndAddTo(arr, rule, replacement) {
    if(isString(rule)) {
      removeFromArray(uncountables, rule);
    }
    removeFromArray(uncountables, replacement);
    arr.unshift({ rule: rule, replacement: replacement })
  }

  function paramMatchesType(param, type) {
    return param == type || param == 'all' || !param;
  }

  function isUncountable(word) {
    return uncountables.some(function(uncountable) {
      return new regexp('\\b' + uncountable + '$', 'i').test(word);
    });
  }

  function inflect(word, pluralize) {
    word = isString(word) ? word.toString() : '';
    if(word.isBlank() || isUncountable(word)) {
      return word;
    } else {
      return runReplacements(word, pluralize ? plurals : singulars);
    }
  }

  function runReplacements(word, table) {
    iterateOverObject(table, function(i, inflection) {
      if(word.match(inflection.rule)) {
        word = word.replace(inflection.rule, inflection.replacement);
        return false;
      }
    });
    return word;
  }

  function capitalize(word) {
    return word.replace(/^\W*[a-z]/, function(w){
      return w.toUpperCase();
    });
  }

  Inflector = {

    /*
     * Specifies a new acronym. An acronym must be specified as it will appear in a camelized string.  An underscore
     * string that contains the acronym will retain the acronym when passed to %camelize%, %humanize%, or %titleize%.
     * A camelized string that contains the acronym will maintain the acronym when titleized or humanized, and will
     * convert the acronym into a non-delimited single lowercase word when passed to String#underscore.
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.acronym('HTML')
     *   'html'.titleize()     -> 'HTML'
     *   'html'.camelize()     -> 'HTML'
     *   'MyHTML'.underscore() -> 'my_html'
     *
     * The acronym, however, must occur as a delimited unit and not be part of another word for conversions to recognize it:
     *
     *   String.Inflector.acronym('HTTP')
     *   'my_http_delimited'.camelize() -> 'MyHTTPDelimited'
     *   'https'.camelize()             -> 'Https', not 'HTTPs'
     *   'HTTPS'.underscore()           -> 'http_s', not 'https'
     *
     *   String.Inflector.acronym('HTTPS')
     *   'https'.camelize()   -> 'HTTPS'
     *   'HTTPS'.underscore() -> 'https'
     *
     * Note: Acronyms that are passed to %pluralize% will no longer be recognized, since the acronym will not occur as
     * a delimited unit in the pluralized result. To work around this, you must specify the pluralized form as an
     * acronym as well:
     *
     *    String.Inflector.acronym('API')
     *    'api'.pluralize().camelize() -> 'Apis'
     *
     *    String.Inflector.acronym('APIs')
     *    'api'.pluralize().camelize() -> 'APIs'
     *
     * %acronym% may be used to specify any word that contains an acronym or otherwise needs to maintain a non-standard
     * capitalization. The only restriction is that the word must begin with a capital letter.
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.acronym('RESTful')
     *   'RESTful'.underscore()           -> 'restful'
     *   'RESTfulController'.underscore() -> 'restful_controller'
     *   'RESTfulController'.titleize()   -> 'RESTful Controller'
     *   'restful'.camelize()             -> 'RESTful'
     *   'restful_controller'.camelize()  -> 'RESTfulController'
     *
     *   String.Inflector.acronym('McDonald')
     *   'McDonald'.underscore() -> 'mcdonald'
     *   'mcdonald'.camelize()   -> 'McDonald'
     */
    'acronym': function(word) {
      acronyms[word.toLowerCase()] = word;
      var all = object.keys(acronyms).map(function(key) {
        return acronyms[key];
      });
      Inflector.acronymRegExp = regexp(all.join('|'), 'g');
    },

    /*
     * Specifies a new pluralization rule and its replacement. The rule can either be a string or a regular expression.
     * The replacement should always be a string that may include references to the matched data from the rule.
     */
    'plural': function(rule, replacement) {
      removeFromUncountablesAndAddTo(plurals, rule, replacement);
    },

    /*
     * Specifies a new singularization rule and its replacement. The rule can either be a string or a regular expression.
     * The replacement should always be a string that may include references to the matched data from the rule.
     */
    'singular': function(rule, replacement) {
      removeFromUncountablesAndAddTo(singulars, rule, replacement);
    },

    /*
     * Specifies a new irregular that applies to both pluralization and singularization at the same time. This can only be used
     * for strings, not regular expressions. You simply pass the irregular in singular and plural form.
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.irregular('octopus', 'octopi')
     *   String.Inflector.irregular('person', 'people')
     */
    'irregular': function(singular, plural) {
      var singularFirst      = singular.first(),
          singularRest       = singular.from(1),
          pluralFirst        = plural.first(),
          pluralRest         = plural.from(1),
          pluralFirstUpper   = pluralFirst.toUpperCase(),
          pluralFirstLower   = pluralFirst.toLowerCase(),
          singularFirstUpper = singularFirst.toUpperCase(),
          singularFirstLower = singularFirst.toLowerCase();
      removeFromArray(uncountables, singular);
      removeFromArray(uncountables, plural);
      if(singularFirstUpper == pluralFirstUpper) {
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('({1}){2}$'.assign(singularFirst, singularRest), 'i'), '$1' + pluralRest);
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('({1}){2}$'.assign(pluralFirst, pluralRest), 'i'), '$1' + pluralRest);
        Inflector.singular(new regexp('({1}){2}$'.assign(pluralFirst, pluralRest), 'i'), '$1' + singularRest);
      } else {
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(singularFirstUpper, singularRest)), pluralFirstUpper + pluralRest);
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(singularFirstLower, singularRest)), pluralFirstLower + pluralRest);
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(pluralFirstUpper, pluralRest)), pluralFirstUpper + pluralRest);
        Inflector.plural(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(pluralFirstLower, pluralRest)), pluralFirstLower + pluralRest);
        Inflector.singular(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(pluralFirstUpper, pluralRest)), singularFirstUpper + singularRest);
        Inflector.singular(new regexp('{1}{2}$'.assign(pluralFirstLower, pluralRest)), singularFirstLower + singularRest);
      }
    },

    /*
     * Add uncountable words that shouldn't be attempted inflected.
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.uncountable('money')
     *   String.Inflector.uncountable('money', 'information')
     *   String.Inflector.uncountable(['money', 'information', 'rice'])
     */
    'uncountable': function(first) {
      var add = array.isArray(first) ? first : multiArgs(arguments);
      uncountables = uncountables.concat(add);
    },

    /*
     * Specifies a humanized form of a string by a regular expression rule or by a string mapping.
     * When using a regular expression based replacement, the normal humanize formatting is called after the replacement.
     * When a string is used, the human form should be specified as desired (example: 'The name', not 'the_name')
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.human(/_cnt$/i, '_count')
     *   String.Inflector.human('legacy_col_person_name', 'Name')
     */
    'human': function(rule, replacement) {
      humans.unshift({ rule: rule, replacement: replacement })
    },


    /*
     * Clears the loaded inflections within a given scope (default is 'all').
     * Options are: 'all', 'plurals', 'singulars', 'uncountables', 'humans'.
     *
     * Examples:
     *   String.Inflector.clear('all')
     *   String.Inflector.clear('plurals')
     */
    'clear': function(type) {
      if(paramMatchesType(type, 'singulars'))    singulars    = [];
      if(paramMatchesType(type, 'plurals'))      plurals      = [];
      if(paramMatchesType(type, 'uncountables')) uncountables = [];
      if(paramMatchesType(type, 'humans'))       humans       = [];
      if(paramMatchesType(type, 'acronyms'))     acronyms     = {};
    }

  };

  Downcased = [
    'and', 'or', 'nor', 'a', 'an', 'the', 'so', 'but', 'to', 'of', 'at',
    'by', 'from', 'into', 'on', 'onto', 'off', 'out', 'in', 'over',
    'with', 'for'
  ];

  Inflector.plural(/$/, 's');
  Inflector.plural(/s$/gi, 's');
  Inflector.plural(/(ax|test)is$/gi, '$1es');
  Inflector.plural(/(octop|vir|fung|foc|radi|alumn)(i|us)$/gi, '$1i');
  Inflector.plural(/(census|alias|status)$/gi, '$1es');
  Inflector.plural(/(bu)s$/gi, '$1ses');
  Inflector.plural(/(buffal|tomat)o$/gi, '$1oes');
  Inflector.plural(/([ti])um$/gi, '$1a');
  Inflector.plural(/([ti])a$/gi, '$1a');
  Inflector.plural(/sis$/gi, 'ses');
  Inflector.plural(/f+e?$/gi, 'ves');
  Inflector.plural(/(cuff|roof)$/gi, '$1s');
  Inflector.plural(/([ht]ive)$/gi, '$1s');
  Inflector.plural(/([^aeiouy]o)$/gi, '$1es');
  Inflector.plural(/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/gi, '$1ies');
  Inflector.plural(/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/gi, '$1es');
  Inflector.plural(/(matr|vert|ind)(?:ix|ex)$/gi, '$1ices');
  Inflector.plural(/([ml])ouse$/gi, '$1ice');
  Inflector.plural(/([ml])ice$/gi, '$1ice');
  Inflector.plural(/^(ox)$/gi, '$1en');
  Inflector.plural(/^(oxen)$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.plural(/(quiz)$/gi, '$1zes');
  Inflector.plural(/(phot|cant|hom|zer|pian|portic|pr|quart|kimon)o$/gi, '$1os');
  Inflector.plural(/(craft)$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.plural(/([ft])[eo]{2}(th?)$/gi, '$1ee$2');

  Inflector.singular(/s$/gi, '');
  Inflector.singular(/([pst][aiu]s)$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/([aeiouy])ss$/gi, '$1ss');
  Inflector.singular(/(n)ews$/gi, '$1ews');
  Inflector.singular(/([ti])a$/gi, '$1um');
  Inflector.singular(/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$/gi, '$1$2sis');
  Inflector.singular(/(^analy)ses$/gi, '$1sis');
  Inflector.singular(/(i)(f|ves)$/i, '$1fe');
  Inflector.singular(/([aeolr]f?)(f|ves)$/i, '$1f');
  Inflector.singular(/([ht]ive)s$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/gi, '$1y');
  Inflector.singular(/(s)eries$/gi, '$1eries');
  Inflector.singular(/(m)ovies$/gi, '$1ovie');
  Inflector.singular(/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/([ml])(ous|ic)e$/gi, '$1ouse');
  Inflector.singular(/(bus)(es)?$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/(o)es$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/(shoe)s?$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/(cris|ax|test)[ie]s$/gi, '$1is');
  Inflector.singular(/(octop|vir|fung|foc|radi|alumn)(i|us)$/gi, '$1us');
  Inflector.singular(/(census|alias|status)(es)?$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/^(ox)(en)?/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/(vert|ind)(ex|ices)$/gi, '$1ex');
  Inflector.singular(/(matr)(ix|ices)$/gi, '$1ix');
  Inflector.singular(/(quiz)(zes)?$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/(database)s?$/gi, '$1');
  Inflector.singular(/ee(th?)$/gi, 'oo$1');

  Inflector.irregular('person', 'people');
  Inflector.irregular('man', 'men');
  Inflector.irregular('child', 'children');
  Inflector.irregular('sex', 'sexes');
  Inflector.irregular('move', 'moves');
  Inflector.irregular('save', 'saves');
  Inflector.irregular('save', 'saves');
  Inflector.irregular('cow', 'kine');
  Inflector.irregular('goose', 'geese');
  Inflector.irregular('zombie', 'zombies');

  Inflector.uncountable('equipment,information,rice,money,species,series,fish,sheep,jeans'.split(','));


  extend(string, true, false, {

    /***
     * @method pluralize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Returns the plural form of the word in the string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'post'.pluralize()         -> 'posts'
     *   'octopus'.pluralize()      -> 'octopi'
     *   'sheep'.pluralize()        -> 'sheep'
     *   'words'.pluralize()        -> 'words'
     *   'CamelOctopus'.pluralize() -> 'CamelOctopi'
     *
     ***/
    'pluralize': function() {
      return inflect(this, true);
    },

    /***
     * @method singularize()
     * @returns String
     * @short The reverse of String#pluralize. Returns the singular form of a word in a string.
     * @example
     *
     *   'posts'.singularize()       -> 'post'
     *   'octopi'.singularize()      -> 'octopus'
     *   'sheep'.singularize()       -> 'sheep'
     *   'word'.singularize()        -> 'word'
     *   'CamelOctopi'.singularize() -> 'CamelOctopus'
     *
     ***/
    'singularize': function() {
      return inflect(this, false);
    },

    /***
     * @method humanize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Creates a human readable string.
     * @extra Capitalizes the first word and turns underscores into spaces and strips a trailing '_id', if any. Like String#titleize, this is meant for creating pretty output.
     * @example
     *
     *   'employee_salary'.humanize() -> 'Employee salary'
     *   'author_id'.humanize()       -> 'Author'
     *
     ***/
    'humanize': function() {
      var str = runReplacements(this, humans);
      str = str.replace(/_id$/g, '');
      str = str.replace(/(_)?([a-z\d]*)/gi, function(match, _, word){
        return (_ ? ' ' : '') + (acronyms[word] || word.toLowerCase());
      });
      return capitalize(str);
    },

    /***
     * @method titleize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Creates a title version of the string.
     * @extra Capitalizes all the words and replaces some characters in the string to create a nicer looking title. String#titleize is meant for creating pretty output.
     * @example
     *
     *   'man from the boondocks'.titleize() -> 'Man from the Boondocks'
     *   'x-men: the last stand'.titleize() -> 'X Men: The Last Stand'
     *   'TheManWithoutAPast'.titleize() -> 'The Man Without a Past'
     *   'raiders_of_the_lost_ark'.titleize() -> 'Raiders of the Lost Ark'
     *
     ***/
    'titleize': function() {
      var fullStopPunctuation = /[.:;!]$/, hasPunctuation, lastHadPunctuation, isFirstOrLast;
      return this.spacify().humanize().words(function(word, index, words) {
        hasPunctuation = fullStopPunctuation.test(word);
        isFirstOrLast = index == 0 || index == words.length - 1 || hasPunctuation || lastHadPunctuation;
        lastHadPunctuation = hasPunctuation;
        if(isFirstOrLast || Downcased.indexOf(word) === -1) {
          return capitalize(word);
        } else {
          return word;
        }
      }).join(' ');
    },

    /***
     * @method parameterize()
     * @returns String
     * @short Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of a pretty URL.
     * @example
     *
     *   'hell, no!'.parameterize() -> 'hell-no'
     *
     ***/
    'parameterize': function(separator) {
      var str = this;
      if(separator === undefined) separator = '-';
      if(str.normalize) {
        str = str.normalize();
      }
      str = str.replace(/[^a-z0-9\-_]+/gi, separator)
      if(separator) {
        str = str.replace(new regexp('^{sep}+|{sep}+$|({sep}){sep}+'.assign({ 'sep': escapeRegExp(separator) }), 'g'), '$1');
      }
      return encodeURI(str.toLowerCase());
    }

  });

  string.Inflector = Inflector;
  string.Inflector.acronyms = acronyms;

})();