     [file version.texi not included]

     START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
     * tar: (tar).			Making tape (or disk) archives.
     END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

This file documents GNU tar, a utility used to store, backup, and transport files.

Copyright (C) 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.

This file documents GNU tar, which is a utility used to store, backup, and transport files.  tar is a tape (or disk) archiver. This manual documents the release VERSION.

Introduction
************

Welcome to the GNU tar manual.  GNU tar is used to create and manipulate files (archives) which are actually collections of many other files; the program provides users with an organized and systematic method for controlling a large amount of data.

What this Book Contains
=======================

The first part of this chapter introduces you to various terms that will recur throughout the book.  It also tells you who has worked on GNU tar and its documentation, and where you should send bug reports or comments.

The second chapter is a tutorial (see Tutorial) which provides a gentle introduction for people who are new to using tar.  It is meant to be self contained, not requiring any reading from subsequent chapters to make sense.  It moves from topic to topic in a logical, progressive order, building on information already explained.

Although the tutorial is paced and structured to allow beginners to learn how to use tar, it is not intended solely for beginners. The tutorial explains how to use the three most frequently used operations (create, list, and extract) as well as two frequently used options (file and verbose).  The other chapters do not refer to the tutorial frequently; however, if a section discusses something which is a complex variant of a basic concept, there may be a cross reference to that basic concept.  (The entire book, including the tutorial, assumes that the reader understands some basic concepts of using a Unix-type operating system; see Tutorial.)

The third chapter presents the remaining five operations, and information about using tar options and option syntax.

this sounds more like a GNU Project Manuals Concept [tm] more
than the reality.  should think about whether this makes sense to say
here, or not.  The other chapters are meant to be used as a reference.  Each chapter presents everything that needs to be said about a specific topic.

One of the chapters (see Date input formats) exists in its entirety in other GNU manuals, and is mostly self-contained.  In addition, one section of this manual (see Standard) contains a big quote which is taken directly from tar sources.

In general, we give both the long and short (abbreviated) option names at least once in each section where the relevant option is covered, so that novice readers will become familiar with both styles.  (A few options have no short versions, and the relevant sections will indicate this.)

Some Definitions
================

The tar program is used to create and manipulate tar archives.  An archive is a single file which contains the contents of many files, while still identifying the names of the files, their owner(s), and so forth.  (In addition, archives record access permissions, user and group, size in bytes, and last modification time. Some archives also record the file names in each archived directory, as well as other file and directory information.)  You can use tar to create a new archive in a specified directory.

The files inside an archive are called members.  Within this manual, we use the term file to refer only to files accessible in the normal ways (by ls, cat, and so forth), and the term member to refer only to the members of an archive.  Similarly, a file name is the name of a file, as it resides in the filesystem, and a member name is the name of an archive member within the archive.

The term extraction refers to the process of copying an archive member (or multiple members) into a file in the filesystem.  Extracting all the members of an archive is often called extracting the archive.  The term unpack can also be used to refer to the extraction of many or all the members of an archive.  Extracting an archive does not destroy the archive's structure, just as creating an archive does not destroy the copies of the files that exist outside of the archive.  You may also list the members in a given archive (this is often thought of as ``printing'' them to the standard output, or the command line), or append members to a pre-existing archive. All of these operations can be peformed using tar.

What tar Does
=============

The tar program provides the ability to create tar archives, as well as various other kinds of manipulation.  For example, you can use tar on previously created archives to extract files, to store additional files, or to update or list files which were already stored.

Initially, tar archives were used to store files conveniently on magnetic tape.  The name tar comes from this use; it stands for tape archiver.  Despite the utility's name, tar can direct its output to available devices, files, or other programs (using pipes).  tar may even access remote devices or files (as archives).

-recursion -arg

You can use tar archives in many ways.  We want to stress a few of them: storage, backup, and transportation.

Storage
     Often, tar archives are used to store related files for convenient file transfer over a network.  For example, the GNU Project distributes its software bundled into tar archives, so that all the files relating to a particular program (or set of related programs) can be transferred as a single unit.

     A magnetic tape can store several files in sequence.  However, the tape has no names for these files; it only knows their relative position on the tape.  One way to store several files on one tape and retain their names is by creating a tar archive.  Even when the basic transfer mechanism can keep track of names, as FTP can, the nuisance of handling multiple files, directories, and multiple links makes tar archives useful.

     Archive files are also used for long-term storage.  You can think of this as transportation from the present into the future.  (It is a science-fiction idiom that you can move through time as well as in space; the idea here is that tar can be used to move archives in all dimensions, even time!)

Backup
     Because the archive created by tar is capable of preserving file information and directory structure, tar is commonly used for performing full and incremental backups of disks.  A backup puts a collection of files (possibly pertaining to many users and projects) together on a disk or a tape.  This guards against accidental destruction of the information in those files.  GNU tar has special features that allow it to be used to make incremental and full dumps of all the files in a filesystem.

Transportation
     You can create an archive on one system, transfer it to another system, and extract the contents there.  This allows you to transport a group of files from one system to another.

How tar Archives are Named
==========================

Conventionally, tar archives are given names ending with .tar.  This is not necessary for tar to operate properly, but this manual follows that convention in order to accustom readers to it and to make examples more clear.

Often, people refer to tar archives as ``tar files,'' and archive members as ``files'' or ``entries''.  For people familiar with the operation of tar, this causes no difficulty.  However, in this manual, we consistently refer to ``archives'' and ``archive members'' to make learning to use tar easier for novice users.

POSIX Compliance
================

must ask franc,ois about this.  dan hagerty thinks this might
be an issue, but we're not really sure at this time.  dan just tried a
test case of mixing up options' orders while the variable was set, and
there was no problem...

We make some of our recommendations throughout this book for one reason in addition to what we think of as ``good sense''.  The main additional reason for a recommendation is to be compliant with the POSIX standards.  If you set the shell environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT, GNU tar will force you to adhere to these standards.  Therefore, if this variable is set and you violate one of the POSIX standards in the way you phrase a command, for example, GNU tar will not allow the command and will signal an error message.  You would then have to reorder the options or rephrase the command to comply with the POSIX standards.

There is a chance in the future that, if you set this environment variable, your archives will be forced to comply with POSIX standards, also.  No GNU tar extensions will be allowed.

GNU tar Authors
===============

GNU tar was originally written by John Gilmore, and modified by many people.  The GNU enhancements were written by Jay Fenlason, then Joy Kendall, and the whole package has been further maintained by Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG, and finally François Pinard, with the help of numerous and kind users.

We wish to stress that tar is a collective work, and owes much to all those people who reported problems, offered solutions and other insights, or shared their thoughts and suggestions.  An impressive, yet partial list of those contributors can be found in the THANKS file from the GNU tar distribution.

i want all of these names mentioned, Absolutely.  BUT, i'm not
sure i want to spell out the history in this detail, at least not for
the printed book.  i'm just not sure it needs to be said this way.
i'll think about it.

History is more important, and surely more interesting, than
actual names.  Quoting names without history would be meaningless.  FP

Jay Fenlason put together a draft of a GNU tar manual, borrowing notes from the original man page from John Gilmore.  This draft has been distributed in tar versions 1.04 (or even before?) huh?  IMO, either we know or we don't; the
parenthetical is confusing.  through 1.10, then withdrawn in version 1.11.  Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG and Amy Gorin worked on a tutorial and manual for GNU tar.  François Pinard put version 1.11.8 of the manual together by taking information from all these sources and merging them.  Melissa Weisshaus finally edited and redesigned the book to create version 1.12.  update version number as
necessary; i'm being optimistic! Someone [maybe karl berry?
maybe bob chassell?  maybe melissa? maybe julie sussman?]  needs to
properly index the thing.

For version 1.12, Daniel Hagerty contributed a great deal of technical consulting.  In particular, he is the primary author of Backups.

Reporting bugs or suggestions
=============================

If you find problems or have suggestions about this program or manual, please report them to bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu.

Tutorial Introduction to tar
****************************

This chapter guides you through some basic examples of three tar operations: --create, --list, and --extract.  If you already know how to use some other version of tar, then you may not need to read this chapter.  This chapter omits most complicated details about how tar works.

Assumptions this Tutorial Makes
===============================

This chapter is paced to allow beginners to learn about tar slowly.  At the same time, we will try to cover all the basic aspects of these three operations.  In order to accomplish both of these tasks, we have made certain assumptions about your knowledge before reading this manual, and the hardware you will be using:

  * Before you start to work through this tutorial, you should understand what the terms ``archive'' and ``archive member'' mean (see Definitions).  In addition, you should understand something about how Unix-type operating systems work, and you should know how to use some basic utilities.  For example, you should know how to create, list, copy, rename, edit, and delete files and directories; how to change between directories; and how to figure out where you are in the filesystem.  You should have some basic understanding of directory structure and how files are named according to which directory they are in.  You should understand concepts such as standard output and standard input, what various definitions of the term ``argument'' mean, the differences between relative and absolute path names, and what
     else?.

  * This manual assumes that you are working from your own home directory (unless we state otherwise).  In this tutorial, you will create a directory to practice tar commands in.  When we show path names, we will assume that those paths are relative to your home directory. For example, my home directory path is /home/fsf/melissa.  All of my examples are in a subdirectory of the directory named by that path name; the subdirectory is called practice.

  * In general, we show examples of archives which exist on (or can be written to, or worked with from) a directory on a hard disk.  In most cases, you could write those archives to, or work with them on any other device, such as a tape drive.  However, some of the later examples in the tutorial and next chapter will not work on tape drives. Additionally, working with tapes is much more complicated than working with hard disks.  For these reasons, the tutorial does not cover working with tape drives.  See Media for complete information on using tar archives with tape drives.

     -recursion -arg

Stylistic Conventions
=====================

In the examples, $ represents a typical shell prompt.  It precedes lines you should type; to make this more clear, those lines are shown in this font, as opposed to lines which represent the computer's response; those lines are shown in this font, or sometimes like this.  When we have lines which are too long to be displayed in any other way, we will show them like this:

     This is an example of a line which would otherwise not fit in this space.

-recursion -arg

Basic tar Operations and Options
================================

tar can take a wide variety of arguments which specify and define the actions it will have on the particular set of files or the archive. The main types of arguments to tar fall into one of two classes: operations, and options.

Some arguments fall into a class called operations; exactly one of these is both allowed and required for any instance of using tar; you may not specify more than one.  People sometimes speak of operating modes.  You are in a particular operating mode when you have specified the operation which specifies it; there are eight operations in total, and thus there are eight operating modes.

The other arguments fall into the class known as options.  You are not required to specify any options, and you are allowed to specify more than one at a time (depending on the way you are using tar at that time).  Some options are used so frequently, and are so useful for helping you type commands more carefully that they are effectively ``required''.  We will discuss them in this chapter.

You can write most of the tar operations and options in any of three forms: long (mnemonic) form, short form, and old style.  Some of the operations and options have no short or ``old'' forms; however, the operations and options which we will cover in this tutorial have corresponding abbreviations.  make sure this is still the case,
at the end We will indicate those abbreviations appropriately to get you used to seeing them.  (Note that the ``old style'' option forms exist in GNU tar for compatibility with Unix tar.  We present a full discussion of this way of writing options and operations appears in Old Options, and we discuss the other two styles of writing options in Mnemonic Options and Short Options.)

In the examples and in the text of this tutorial, we usually use the long forms of operations and options; but the ``short'' forms produce the same result and can make typing long tar commands easier. For example, instead of typing

     tar --create --verbose --file=afiles.tar apple angst aspic

you can type

     tar -c -v -f afiles.tar apple angst aspic

or even

     tar -cvf afiles.tar apple angst aspic

For more information on option syntax, see Advanced tar.  In discussions in the text, when we name an option by its long form, we also give the corresponding short option in parentheses.

The term, ``option'', can be confusing at times, since ``operations'' are often lumped in with the actual, optional ``options'' in certain general class statements.  For example, we just talked about ``short and long forms of options and operations''.  However, experienced tar users often refer to these by shorthand terms such as, ``short and long options''.  This term assumes that the ``operations'' are included, also. Context will help you determine which definition of ``options'' to use.

Similarly, the term ``command'' can be confusing, as it is often used in two different ways.  People sometimes refer to tar ``commands''. A tar command is the entire command line of user input which tells tar what to do --- including the operation, options, and any arguments (file names, pipes, other commands, etc).  However, you will also sometimes hear the term ``the tar command''.  When the word ``command'' is used specifically like this, a person is usually referring to the tar operation, not the whole line. Again, use context to figure out which of the meanings the speaker intends.

The Three Most Frequently Used Operations
=========================================

Here are the three most frequently used operations (both short and long forms), as well as a brief description of their meanings.  The rest of this chapter will cover how to use these operations in detail.  We will present the rest of the operations in the next chapter.

--create
-c
     Create a new tar archive.

--list
-t
     List the contents of an archive.

--extract
-x
     Extract one or more members from an archive.

Two Frequently Used Options
===========================

To understand how to run tar in the three operating modes listed previously, you also need to understand how to use two of the options to tar: --file (which takes an archive file as an argument) and --verbose.  (You are usually not required to specify either of these options when you run tar, but they can be very useful in making things more clear and helping you avoid errors.)

The --file Option
-----------------

--file=ARCHIVE-NAME
-f ARCHIVE-NAME
     Specify the name of an archive file.

You can specify an argument for the --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) option whenever you use tar; this option determines the name of the archive file that tar will work on.

If you don't specify this argument, then tar will use a default, usually some physical tape drive attached to your machine. If there is no tape drive attached, or the default is not meaningful, then tar will print an error message.  The error message might look roughly like one of the following:

     tar: can't open /dev/rmt8 : No such device or address
     tar: can't open /dev/rsmt0 : I/O error

To avoid confusion, we recommend that you always specfiy an archive file name by using --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) when writing your tar commands. For more information on using the --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) option, see file.

The --verbose Option
--------------------

--verbose
-v
     Show the files being worked on as tar is running.

--verbose (-v) shows details about the results of running tar.  This can be especially useful when the results might not be obvious.  For example, if you want to see the progress of tar as it writes files into the archive, you can use the --verbose option.  In the beginning, you may find it useful to use --verbose at all times; when you are more accustomed to tar, you will likely want to use it at certain times but not at others.  We will use --verbose at times to help make something clear, and we will give many examples both using and not using --verbose to show the differences.

Sometimes, a single instance of --verbose on the command line will show a full, ls style listing of an archive or files, giving sizes, owners, and similar information.  Other times, --verbose will only show files or members that the particular operation is operating on at the time.  In the latter case, you can use --verbose twice in a command to get a listing such as that in the former case.  For example, instead of saying

     tar -cvf afiles.tar apple angst aspic

above, you might say

     tar -cvvf afiles.tar apple angst aspic

This works equally well using short or long forms of options.  Using long forms, you would simply write out the mnemonic form of the option twice, like this:

     $ tar --create --verbose --verbose ...

Note that you must double the hyphens properly each time.

Later in the tutorial, we will give examples using --verbose --verbose.

Getting Help: Using the --help Option
-------------------------------------

--help

     The --help option to tar prints out a very brief list of all operations and option available for the current version of tar available on your system.

How to Create Archives
======================

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

One of the basic operations of tar is --create (-c), which you use to create a tar archive.  We will explain --create first because, in order to learn about the other operations, you will find it useful to have an archive available to practice on.

To make this easier, in this section you will first create a directory containing three files.  Then, we will show you how to create an archive (inside the new directory).  Both the directory, and the archive are specifically for you to practice on.  The rest of this chapter and the next chapter will show many examples using this directory and the files you will create: some of those files may be other directories and other archives.

The three files you will archive in this example are called blues, folk, and jazz.  The archive is called collection.tar.

This section will proceed slowly, detailing how to use --create in verbose mode, and showing examples using both short and long forms.  In the rest of the tutorial, and in the examples in the next chapter, we will proceed at a slightly quicker pace.  This section moves more slowly to allow beginning users to understand how tar works.

Preparing a Practice Directory for Examples
-------------------------------------------

To follow along with this and future examples, create a new directory called practice containing files called blues, folk and jazz.  The files can contain any information you like: ideally, they should contain information which relates to their names, and be of different lengths.  Our examples assume that practice is a subdirectory of your home directory.

Now cd to the directory named practice; practice is now your working directory.  (Please note: Although the full path name of this directory is /HOMEDIR/practice, in our examples we will refer to this directory as practice; the HOMEDIR is presumed.

In general, you should check that the files to be archived exist where you think they do (in the working directory) by running ls. Because you just created the directory and the files and have changed to that directory, you probably don't need to do that this time.

It is very important to make sure there isn't already a file in the working directory with the archive name you intend to use (in this case, collection.tar), or that you don't care about its contents. Whenever you use create, tar will erase the current contents of the file named by --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) if it exists.  tar will not tell you if you are about to overwrite a file unless you specify an option which does this xref to the node for
--backup!.  To add files to an existing archive, you need to use a different option, such as --append (-r); see append for information on how to do this.

Creating the Archive
--------------------

To place the files blues, folk, and jazz into an archive named collection.tar, use the following command:

     $ tar --create --file=collection.tar blues folk jazz

The order of the arguments is not very important, when using long option forms.  You could also say:

     $ tar blues --create folk --file=collection.tar jazz

However, you can see that this order is harder to understand; this is why we will list the arguments in the order that makes the commands easiest to understand (and we encourage you to do the same when you use tar, to avoid errors).

Note that the part of the command which says, --file=collection.tar is considered to be one argument. If you substituted any other string of characters for `collection.tar',  then that string would become the name of the archive file you create.

The order of the options becomes more important when you begin to use short forms.  With short forms, if you type commands in the wrong order (even if you type them correctly in all other ways), you may end up with results you don't expect.  For this reason, it is a good idea to get into the habit of typing options in the order that makes inherent sense. See short create for more information on this.

In this example, you type the command as shown above: --create is the operation which creates the new archive (collection.tar), and --file is the option which lets you give it the name you chose.  The files, blues, folk, and jazz, are now members of the archive, collection.tar (they are file name arguments to the --create operation) xref here to the discussion of file name args?.  Now that they are are in the archive, they are called archive members, not files xref to definitions?.

When you create an archive, you must specify which files you want placed in the archive.  If you do not specify any archive members, GNU tar will complain.

If you now list the contents of the working directory (ls), you will find the archive file listed as well as the files you saw previously:

     blues   folk   jazz   collection.tar

Creating the archive collection.tar did not destroy the copies of the files in the directory.

Keep in mind that if you don't indicate an operation, tar will not run and will prompt you for one.  If you don't name any files, tar will complain.  You must have write access to the working directory, or else you will not be able to create an archive in that directory.

Caution: Do not attempt to use --create (-c) to add files to an existing archive; it will delete the archive and write a new one. Use --append (-r) instead.  See append.

Running --create with --verbose
-------------------------------

If you include the --verbose (-v) option on the command line, tar will list the files it is acting on as it is working.  In verbose mode, the create example above would appear as:

     $ tar --create --verbose --file=collection.tar blues folk jazz
     blues
     folk
     jazz

This example is just like the example we showed which did not use --verbose, except that tar generated the remaining lines .

In the rest of the examples in this chapter, we will frequently use verbose mode so we can show actions or tar responses that you would otherwise not see, and which are important for you to understand.

Short Forms with create
-----------------------

As we said before, the --create (-c) operation is one of the most basic uses of tar, and you will use it countless times. Eventually, you will probably want to use abbreviated (or ``short'') forms of options.  A full discussion of the three different forms that options can take appears in Styles; for now, here is what the previous example (including the --verbose (-v) option) looks like using short option forms:

     $ tar -cvf collection.tar blues folk jazz
     blues
     folk
     jazz

As you can see, the system responds the same no matter whether you use long or short option forms.

i don't like how this is worded: One difference between using short and long option forms is that, although the exact placement of arguments following options is no more specific when using short forms, it is easier to become confused and make a mistake when using short forms.  For example, suppose you attempted the above example in the following way:

     $ tar -cfv collection.tar blues folk jazz

In this case, tar will make an archive file called v, containing the files blues, folk, and jazz, because the v is the closest ``file name'' to the -f option, and is thus taken to be the chosen archive file name.  tar will try to add a file called collection.tar to the v archive file; if the file collection.tar did not already exist, tar will report an error indicating that this file does not exist.  If the file collection.tar does already exist (e.g., from a previous command you may have run), then tar will add this file to the archive. Because the -v option did not get registered, tar will not run under verbose mode, and will not report its progress.

The end result is that you may be quite confused about what happened, and possibly overwrite a file.  To illustrate this further, we will show you how an example we showed previously would look using short forms.

This example,

     $ tar blues --create folk --file=collection.tar jazz

is confusing as it is.  When shown using short forms, however, it becomes much more so:

     $ tar blues -c folk -f collection.tar jazz

It would be very easy to put the wrong string of characters immediately following the -f, but doing that could sacrifice valuable data.

For this reason, we recommend that you pay very careful attention to the order of options and placement of file and archive names, especially when using short option forms.  Not having the option name written out mnemonically can affect how well you remember which option does what, and therefore where different names have to be placed. (Placing options in an unusual order can also cause tar to report an error if you have set the shell environment variable, POSIXLY_CORRECT; see posix compliance for more information on this.)

Archiving Directories
---------------------

You can archive a directory by specifying its directory name as a file name argument to tar.  The files in the directory will be archived relative to the working directory, and the directory will be re-created along with its contents when the archive is extracted.

To archive a directory, first move to its superior directory.  If you have followed the previous instructions in this tutorial, you should type:

     $ cd ..
     $

This will put you into the directory which contains practice, i.e. your home directory.  Once in the superior directory, you can specify the subdirectory, practice, as a file name argument.  To store practice in the new archive file music.tar, type:

     $ tar --create --verbose --file=music.tar practice

tar should output:

     practice/
     practice/blues
     practice/folk
     practice/jazz
     practice/collection.tar

Note that the archive thus created is not in the subdirectory practice, but rather in the current working directory---the directory from which tar was invoked.  Before trying to archive a directory from its superior directory, you should make sure you have write access to the superior directory itself, not only the directory you are trying archive with tar.  For example, you will probably not be able to store your home directory in an archive by invoking tar from the root directory; See absolute.  (Note also that collection.tar, the original archive file, has itself been archived.  tar will accept any file as a file to be archived, regardless of its content.  When music.tar is extracted, the archive file collection.tar will be re-written into the file system).

If you give tar a command such as

     $ tar --create --file=foo.tar .

tar will report tar: foo.tar is the archive; not dumped. This happens because tar creates the archive foo.tar in the current directory before putting any files into it.  Then, when tar attempts to add all the files in the directory . to the archive, it notices that the file foo.tar is the same as the archive, and skips it.  (It makes no sense to put an archive into itself.)  GNU tar will continue in this case, and create the archive normally, except for the exclusion of that one file. (Please note: Other versions of tar are not so clever; they will enter an infinite loop when this happens, so you should not depend on this behavior unless you are certain you are running GNU tar.  bob doesn't like this sentence, since he does it
all the time, and we've been doing it in the editing passes for this
manual: In general, make sure that the archive is not inside a
directory being dumped.)

How to List Archives
====================

Frequently, you will find yourself wanting to determine exactly what a particular archive contains.  You can use the --list (-t) operation to get the member names as they currently appear in the archive, as well as various attributes of the files at the time they were archived.  For example, you can examine the archive collection.tar that you created in the last section with the command,

     $ tar --list --file=collection.tar

The output of tar would then be:

     blues
     folk
     jazz

we hope this will change.  if it doesn't, need to show the
creation of bfiles somewhere above!!! :

The archive bfiles.tar would list as follows:

     ./birds
     baboon
     ./box

Be sure to use a --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) option just as with --create (-c) to specify the name of the archive.

If you use the --verbose (-v) option with --list, then tar will print out a listing reminiscent of ls -l, showing owner, file size, and so forth.

If you had used --verbose (-v) mode, the example above would look like:

     $ tar --list --verbose --file=collection.tar folk
     -rw-rw-rw- myself user 62 1990-05-23 10:55 folk

You can specify one or more individual member names as arguments when using list.  In this case, tar will only list the names of members you identify.  For example, tar --list --file=afiles.tar apple would only print apple.

we hope the relevant aspects of this will change:Because tar preserves paths, file names must be specified as they appear in the archive (ie., relative to the directory from which the archive was created).  Therefore, it is essential when specifying member names to tar that you give the exact member names.  For example, tar --list --file=bfiles birds would produce an error message something like tar: birds: Not found in archive, because there is no member named birds, only one named ./birds.  While the names birds and ./birds name the same file, member names are compared using a simplistic name comparison, in which an exact match is necessary.  See absolute.

However, tar --list --file=collection.tar folk would respond with folk, because folk is in the archive file collection.tar.  If you are not sure of the exact file name, try listing all the files in the archive and searching for the one you expect to find; remember that if you use --list with no file names as arguments, tar will print the names of all the members stored in the specified archive.

Listing the Contents of a Stored Directory
------------------------------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

i changed the order of these nodes around and haven't had a
chance to play around with this node's example, yet.  i have to play
with it and see what it actually does for my own satisfaction, even if
what it says *is* correct..

To get information about the contents of an archived directory, use the directory name as a file name argument in conjunction with --list (-t).  To find out file attributes, include the --verbose (-v) option.

For example, to find out about files in the directory practice, in the archive file music.tar, type:

     $ tar --list --verbose --file=music.tar practice

tar responds:

     drwxrwxrwx myself user 0 1990-05-31 21:49 practice/
     -rw-rw-rw- myself user 42 1990-05-21 13:29 practice/blues
     -rw-rw-rw- myself user 62 1990-05-23 10:55 practice/folk
     -rw-rw-rw- myself user 40 1990-05-21 13:30 practice/jazz
     -rw-rw-rw- myself user 10240 1990-05-31 21:49 practice/collection.tar

When you use a directory name as a file name argument, tar acts on all the files (including sub-directories) in that directory.

How to Extract Members from an Archive
======================================

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

Creating an archive is only half the job---there is no point in storing files in an archive if you can't retrieve them.  The act of retrieving members from an archive so they can be used and manipulated as unarchived files again is called extraction.  To extract files from an archive, use the --extract (--get, -x) operation.  As with --create (-c), specify the name of the archive with --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME). Extracting an archive does not modify the archive in any way; you can extract it multiple times if you want or need to.

Using --extract, you can extract an entire archive, or specific files.  The files can be directories containing other files, or not.  As with --create (-c) and --list (-t), you may use the short or the long form of the operation without affecting the performance.

Extracting an Entire Archive
----------------------------

To extract an entire archive, specify the archive file name only, with no individual file names as arguments.  For example,

     $ tar -xvf collection.tar

produces this:

     -rw-rw-rw- me user     28 1996-10-18 16:31 jazz
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     21 1996-09-23 16:44 blues
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 folk

Extracting Specific Files
-------------------------

To extract specific archive members, give their exact member names as arguments, as printed by --list (-t).  If you had mistakenly deleted one of the files you had placed in the archive collection.tar earlier (say, blues), you can extract it from the archive without changing the archive's structure.  It will be identical to the original file blues that you deleted.  check this; will the times,
permissions, owner, etc be the same, also?

First, make sure you are in the practice directory, and list the files in the directory.  Now, delete the file, blues, and list the files in the directory again.

You can now extract the member blues from the archive file collection.tar like this:

     $ tar --extract --file=collection.tar blues

If you list the files in the directory again, you will see that the file blues has been restored, with its original permissions, creation times, and owner.  This is only accidentally true, but not in
general.  In most cases, one has to be root for restoring the owner, and
use a special option for restoring permissions.  Here, it just happens
that the restoring user is also the owner of the archived members, and
that the current umask is compatible with original permissions. (These parameters will be identical to those which the file had when you originally placed it in the archive; any changes you may have made before deleting the file from the file system, however, will not have been made to the archive member.)  The archive file, collection.tar, is the same as it was before you extracted blues.  You can confirm this by running tar with --list (-t).

we hope this will change:Remember that as with other operations, specifying the exact member name is important.  tar --extract --file=bfiles.tar birds will fail, because there is no member named birds.  To extract the member named ./birds, you must specify tar --extract --file=bfiles.tar ./birds.  To find the exact member names of the members of an archive, use --list (-t) (see list).

If you give the --verbose (-v) option, then --extract (--get, -x) will print the names of the archive members as it extracts them.

Extracting Files that are Directories
-------------------------------------

Extracting directories which are members of an archive is similar to extracting other files.  The main difference to be aware of is that if the extracted directory has the same name as any directory already in the working directory, then files in the extracted directory will be placed into the directory of the same name.  Likewise, if there are files in the pre-existing directory with the same names as the members which you extract, the files from the extracted archive will overwrite the files already in the working directory (and possible subdirectories).  This will happen regardless of whether or not the files in the working directory were more recent than those extracted.

However, if a file was stored with a directory name as part of its file name, and that directory does not exist under the working directory when the file is extracted, tar will create the directory.

We can demonstrate how to use --extract to extract a directory file with an example.  Change to the practice directory if you weren't there, and remove the files folk and jazz.  Then, go back to the parent directory and extract the archive music.tar.  You may either extract the entire archive, or you may extract only the files you just deleted.  To extract the entire archive, don't give any file names as arguments after the archive name music.tar.  To extract only the files you deleted, use the following command:

     $ tar -xvf music.tar practice/folk practice/jazz

need to show tar's response; used verbose above.  also, here's a
good place to demonstrate the -v -v thing.  have to write that up
(should be trivial, but i'm too tired!).

Because you created the directory with practice as part of the file names of each of the files by archiving the practice directory as practice, you must give practice as part of the file names when you extract those files from the archive.

IMPORTANT!  show the final structure, here.  figure out what it
will be.

Commands That Will Fail
-----------------------

Here are some sample commands you might try which will not work, and why they won't work.

If you try to use this command,

     $ tar -xvf music.tar folk jazz

you will get the following response:

     tar: folk: Not found in archive
     tar: jazz: Not found in archive
     $

This is because these files were not originally in the parent directory .., where the archive is located; they were in the practice directory, and their file names reflect this:

     $ tar -tvf music.tar
     practice/folk
     practice/jazz
     practice/rock

make sure the above works when going through the examples in
order...

Likewise, if you try to use this command,

     $ tar -tvf music.tar folk jazz

you would get a similar response.  Members with those names are not in the archive.  You must use the correct member names in order to extract the files from the archive.

If you have forgotten the correct names of the files in the archive, use tar --list --verbose to list them correctly.

-recursion -arg

Going Further Ahead in this Manual
==================================

need to write up a node here about the things that are going to
be in the rest of the manual.

Invoking GNU tar
****************

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

This chapter is about how one invokes the GNU tar command, from the command synopsis (see Synopsis).  There are numerous options, and many styles for writing them.  One mandatory option specifies the operation tar should perform (see Operation Summary), other options are meant to detail how this operation should be performed (see Option Summary).  Non-option arguments are not always interpreted the same way, depending on what the operation is.

You will find in this chapter everything about option styles and rules for writing them (see Styles).  On the other hand, operations and options are fully described elsewhere, in other chapters.  Here, you will find only synthetic descriptions for operations and options, together with pointers to other parts of the tar manual.

Some options are so special they are fully described right in this chapter.  They have the effect of inhibiting the normal operation of tar or else, they globally alter the amount of feedback the user receives about what is going on.  These are the --help and --version (see help), --verbose (-v) (see verbose) and --interactive (-w) options (see interactive).

General Synopsis of tar
=======================

The GNU tar program is invoked as either one of:

     tar OPTION... [NAME]...
     tar LETTER... [ARGUMENT]... [OPTION]... [NAME]...

The second form is for when old options are being used.

You can use tar to store files in an archive, to extract them from an archive, and to do other types of archive manipulation.  The primary argument to tar, which is called the operation, specifies which action to take.  The other arguments to tar are either options, which change the way tar performs an operation, or file names or archive members, which specify the files or members tar is to act on.

You can actually type in arguments in any order, even if in this manual the options always precede the other arguments, to make examples easier to understand.  Further, the option stating the main operation mode (the tar main command) is usually given first.

Each NAME in the synopsis above is interpreted as an archive member name when the main command is one of --compare (--diff, -d), --delete, --extract (--get, -x), --list (-t) or --update (-u).  When naming archive members, you must give the exact name of the member in the archive, as it is printed by --list (-t).  For --append (-r) and --create (-c), these NAME arguments specify the names of either files or directory hierarchies to place in the archive. These files or hierarchies should already exist in the file system, prior to the execution of the tar command.

tar interprets relative file names as being relative to the working directory.  tar will make all file names relative (by removing leading slashes when archiving or restoring files), unless you specify otherwise (using the --absolute-names (-P) option).  See absolute, for more information about --absolute-names (-P).

If you give the name of a directory as either a file name or a member name, then tar acts recursively on all the files and directories beneath that directory.  For example, the name / identifies all the files in the filesystem to tar.

The distinction between file names and archive member names is especially important when shell globbing is used, and sometimes a source of confusion for newcomers.  See Wildcards, for more information about globbing. The problem is that shells may only glob using existing files in the file system.  Only tar itself may glob on archive members, so when needed, you must ensure that wildcard characters reach tar without being interpreted by the shell first.  Using a backslash before * or ?, or putting the whole argument between quotes, is usually sufficient for this.

Even if NAMEs are often specified on the command line, they can also be read from a text file in the file system, using the --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) option.

If you don't use any file name arguments, --append (-r), --delete and --concatenate (--catenate, -A) will do nothing, while --create (-c) will usually yield a diagnostic and inhibit tar execution.  The other operations of tar (--list (-t), --extract (--get, -x), --compare (--diff, -d), and --update (-u)) will act on the entire contents of the archive.

Besides successful exits, GNU tar may fail for many reasons. Some reasons correspond to bad usage, that is, when the tar command is improperly written. Errors may be encountered later, while encountering an error processing the archive or the files.  Some errors are recoverable, in which case the failure is delayed until tar has completed all its work.  Some errors are such that it would not meaningful, or at least risky, to continue processing: tar then aborts processing immediately.  All abnormal exits, whether immediate or delayed, should always be clearly diagnosed on stderr, after a line stating the nature of the error.

GNU tar returns only a few exit statuses.  I'm really aiming simplicity in that area, for now.  If you are not using the --compare (--diff, -d) option, zero means that everything went well, besides maybe innocuous warnings.  Nonzero means that something went wrong. Right now, as of today, ``nonzero'' is almost always 2, except for remote operations, where it may be 128.

Using tar Options
=================

GNU tar has a total of eight operating modes which allow you to perform a variety of tasks.  You are required to choose one operating mode each time you employ the tar program by specifying one, and only one operation as an argument to the tar command (two lists of four operations each may be found at frequent operations and Operations).  Depending on circumstances, you may also wish to customize how the chosen operating mode behaves.  For example, you may wish to change the way the output looks, or the format of the files that you wish to archive may require you to do something special in order to make the archive look right.

You can customize and control tar's performance by running tar with one or more options (such as --verbose (-v), which we used in the tutorial).  As we said in the tutorial, options are arguments to tar which are (as their name suggests) optional. Depending on the operating mode, you may specify one or more options. Different options will have different effects, but in general they all change details of the operation, such as archive format, archive name, or level of user interaction.  Some options make sense with all operating modes, while others are meaningful only with particular modes. You will likely use some options frequently, while you will only use others infrequently, or not at all.  (A full list of options is available in see All Options.)

Note that tar options are case sensitive.  For example, the options -T and -t are different; the first requires an argument for stating the name of a file providing a list of NAMEs, while the second does not require an argument and is another way to write --list (-t).

In addition to the eight operations, there are many options to tar, and three different styles for writing both: long (mnemonic) form, short form, and old style.  These styles are discussed below. Both the options and the operations can be written in any of these three styles.

menu at end of this node.  need to think of an actual outline
for this chapter; probably do that after stuff from chap. 4 is
incorporated.

The Three Option Styles
=======================

There are three styles for writing operations and options to the command line invoking tar.  The different styles were developed at different times during the history of tar.  These styles will be presented below, from the most recent to the oldest.

Some options must take an argument.  (For example, --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) takes the name of an archive file as an argument.  If you do not supply an archive file name, tar will use a default, but this can be confusing; thus, we recommend that you always supply a specific archive file name.)  Where you place the arguments generally depends on which style of options you choose.  We will detail specific information relevant to each option style in the sections on the different option styles, below.  The differences are subtle, yet can often be very important; incorrect option placement can cause you to overwrite a number of important files.  We urge you to note these differences, and only use the option style(s) which makes the most sense to you until you feel comfortable with the others.

hag to write a brief paragraph on the option(s) which can
optionally take an argument

Mnemonic Option Style
---------------------

have to decide whether or ot to replace other occurrences of
"mnemonic" with "long", or *ugh* vice versa.

Each option has at least one long (or mnemonic) name starting with two dashes in a row, e.g. list.  The long names are more clear than their corresponding short or old names.  It sometimes happens that a single mnemonic option has many different different names which are synonymous, such as --compare and --diff.  In addition, long option names can be given unique abbreviations.  For example, --cre can be used in place of --create because there is no other mnemonic option which begins with cre.  (One way to find this out is by trying it and seeing what happens; if a particular abbreviation could represent more than one option, tar will tell you that that abbreviation is ambiguous and you'll know that that abbreviation won't work.  You may also choose to run tar --help to see a list of options.  Be aware that if you run tar with a unique abbreviation for the long name of an option you didn't want to use, you are stuck; tar will perform the command as ordered.)

Mnemonic options are meant to be obvious and easy to remember, and their meanings are generally easier to discern than those of their corresponding short options (see below).  For example:

     $ tar --create --verbose --blocking-factor=20 --file=/dev/rmt0

gives a fairly good set of hints about what the command does, even for those not fully acquainted with tar.

Mnemonic options which require arguments take those arguments immediately following the option name; they are introduced by an equal sign.  For example, the --file option (which tells the name of the tar archive) is given a file such as archive.tar as argument by using the notation --file=archive.tar for the mnemonic option.

Short Option Style
------------------

Most options also have a short option name.  Short options start with a single dash, and are followed by a single character, e.g. -t (which is equivalent to --list).  The forms are absolutely identical in function; they are interchangeable.

The short option names are faster to type than long option names.

Short options which require arguments take their arguments immediately following the option, usually separated by white space.  It is also possible to stick the argument right after the short option name, using no intervening space.  For example, you might write -f archive.tar or -farchive.tar instead of using --file=archive.tar.  Both --file=ARCHIVE-NAME and -f ARCHIVE-NAME denote the option which indicates a specific archive, here named archive.tar.

Short options' letters may be clumped together, but you are not required to do this (as compared to old options; see below).  When short options are clumped as a set, use one (single) dash for them all, e.g. tar -cvf.  Only the last option in such a set is allowed to have an argument (Clustering many options, the last of which has an argument, is a rather opaque way to write options.  Some wonder if GNU getopt should not even be made helpful enough for considering such usages as invalid.).

When the options are separated, the argument for each option which requires an argument directly follows that option, as is usual for Unix programs. For example:

     $ tar -c -v -b 20 -f /dev/rmt0

If you reorder short options' locations, be sure to move any arguments that belong to them.  If you do not move the arguments properly, you may end up overwriting files.

Old Option Style
----------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

Like short options, old options are single letters.  However, old options must be written together as a single clumped set, without spaces separating them or dashes preceding them (Beware that if you precede options with a dash, you are announcing the short option style instead of the old option style; short options are decoded differently.).  This set of letters must be the first to appear on the command line, after the tar program name and some whitespace; old options cannot appear anywhere else.  The letter of an old option is exactly the same letter as the corresponding short option.  For example, the old option t is the same as the short option -t, and consequently, the same as the mnemonic option --list.  So for example, the command tar cv specifies the option -v in addition to the operation -c.

-recursion -arg

When options that need arguments are given together with the command, all the associated arguments follow, in the same order as the options. Thus, the example given previously could also be written in the old style as follows:

     $ tar cvbf 20 /dev/rmt0

Here, 20 is the argument of -b and /dev/rmt0 is the argument of -f.

On the other hand, this old style syntax makes it difficult to match option letters with their corresponding arguments, and is often confusing.  In the command tar cvbf 20 /dev/rmt0, for example, 20 is the argument for -b, /dev/rmt0 is the argument for -f, and -v does not have a corresponding argument.  Even using short options like in tar -c -v -b 20 -f /dev/rmt0 is clearer, putting all arguments next to the option they pertain to.

If you want to reorder the letters in the old option argument, be sure to reorder any corresponding argument appropriately.

This old way of writing tar options can surprise even experienced users.  For example, the two commands:

     tar cfz archive.tar.gz file
     tar -cfz archive.tar.gz file

are quite different.  The first example uses archive.tar.gz as the value for option f and recognizes the option z.  The second example, however, uses z as the value for option f---probably not what was intended.

Old options are kept for compatibility with old versions of tar.

This second example could be corrected in many ways, among which the following are equivalent:

     tar -czf archive.tar.gz file
     tar -cf archive.tar.gz -z file
     tar cf archive.tar.gz -z file

-recursion -arg

As far as we know, all tar programs, GNU and non-GNU, support old options.  GNU tar supports them not only for historical reasons, but also because many people are used to them.  For compatibility with Unix tar, the first argument is always treated as containing command and option letters even if it doesn't start with -.  Thus, tar c is equivalent to tar
-c: both of them specify the --create (-c) command to create an archive.

Mixing Option Styles
--------------------

All three styles may be intermixed in a single tar command, so long as the rules for each style are fully respected (Before GNU tar version 1.11.6, a bug prevented intermixing old style options with mnemonic options in some cases.).  Old style options and either of the modern styles of options may be mixed within a single tar command. However, old style options must be introduced as the first arguments only, following the rule for old options (old options must appear directly after the tar command and some whitespace).  Modern options may be given only after all arguments to the old options have been collected. If this rule is not respected, a modern option might be falsely interpreted as the value of the argument to one of the old style options.

For example, all the following commands are wholly equivalent, and illustrate the many combinations and orderings of option styles.

     tar --create --file=archive.tar
     tar --create -f archive.tar
     tar --create -farchive.tar
     tar --file=archive.tar --create
     tar --file=archive.tar -c
     tar -c --file=archive.tar
     tar -c -f archive.tar
     tar -c -farchive.tar
     tar -cf archive.tar
     tar -cfarchive.tar
     tar -f archive.tar --create
     tar -f archive.tar -c
     tar -farchive.tar --create
     tar -farchive.tar -c
     tar c --file=archive.tar
     tar c -f archive.tar
     tar c -farchive.tar
     tar cf archive.tar
     tar f archive.tar --create
     tar f archive.tar -c
     tar fc archive.tar

On the other hand, the following commands are not equivalent to the previous set:

     tar -f -c archive.tar
     tar -fc archive.tar
     tar -fcarchive.tar
     tar -farchive.tarc
     tar cfarchive.tar

These last examples mean something completely different from what the user intended (judging based on the example in the previous set which uses long options, whose intent is therefore very clear).  The first four specify that the tar archive would be a file named -c, c, carchive.tar or archive.tarc, respectively.  The first two examples also specify a single non-option, NAME argument having the value archive.tar.  The last example contains only old style option letters (repeating option c twice), not all of which are meaningful (eg., ., h, or i), with no argument value.  not sure i liked
the first sentence of this paragraph..

All tar Options
===============

The coming manual sections contain an alphabetical listing of all tar operations and options, with brief descriptions and cross references to more in-depth explanations in the body of the manual. They also contain an alphabetically arranged table of the short option forms with their corresponding long option.  You can use this table as a reference for deciphering tar commands in scripts.

Operations
----------

--append
-r

     Appends files to the end of the archive.  See append.

--catenate
-A

     Same as --concatenate.  See concatenate.

--compare
-d

     Compares archive members with their counterparts in the file system, and reports differences in file size, mode, owner, modification date and contents.  See compare.

--concatenate
-A

     Appends other tar archives to the end of the archive. See concatenate.

--create
-c

     Creates a new tar archive.  See create.

--delete

     Deletes members from the archive.  Don't try this on a archive on a tape!  See delete.

--diff
-d

     Same --compare.  See compare.

--extract
-x

     Extracts members from the archive into the file system.  See extract.

--get
-x

     Same as --extract.   See extract.

--list
-t

     Lists the members in an archive.  See list.

--update
-u

     It was: A combination of the --compare and --append operations.
     This is not true and rather misleading, as --compare (--diff, -d)
     does a lot more than --update (-u) for ensuring files are identical. Adds files to the end of the archive, but only if they are newer than their counterparts already in the archive, or if they do not already exist in the archive. See update.

tar Options
-----------

--absolute-names
-P

     Normally when creating an archive, tar strips an initial / from member names.  This option disables that behavior. -xref.

--after-date

     (See --newer; -pxref.)

--atime-preserve

     Tells tar to preserve the access time field in a file's inode when dumping it. -xref.

--backup=BACKUP-TYPE

     Rather than deleting files from the file system, tar will back them up using simple or numbered backups, depending upon BACKUP-TYPE. -xref.

--block-number
-R

     With this option present, tar prints error messages for read errors with the block number in the archive file. -xref.

--blocking-factor=BLOCKING
-b BLOCKING

     Sets the blocking factor tar uses to BLOCKING x 512 bytes per record. -xref.

--checkpoint

     This option directs tar to print periodic checkpoint messages as it reads through the archive.  Its intended for when you want a visual indication that tar is still running, but don't want to see --verbose output. -xref.

--compress
--uncompress
-Z

     tar will use the compress program when reading or writing the archive.  This allows you to directly act on archives while saving space. -xref.

--confirmation

     (See --interactive; -pxref.)

--dereference
-h

     When creating a tar archive, tar will archive the file that a symbolic link points to, rather than archiving the symlink. -xref.

--directory=DIR
-C DIR

     When this option is specified, tar will change its current directory to DIR before performing any operations.  When this option is used during archive creation, it is order sensitive. -xref.

--exclude=PATTERN

     When performing operations, tar will skip files that match PATTERN. -xref.

--exclude-from=FILE
-X FILE

     Similar to --exclude, except tar will use the list of patterns in the file FILE. -xref.

--file=ARCHIVE
-f ARCHIVE

     tar will use the file ARCHIVE as the tar archive it performs operations on, rather than tar's compilation dependent default. -xref.

--files-from=FILE
-T FILE

     tar will use the contents of FILE as a list of archive members or files to operate on, in addition to those specified on the command-line. -xref.

--force-local

     Forces tar to interpret the filename given to --file as a local file, even if it looks like a remote tape drive name. -xref.

--group=GROUP

     Files added to the tar archive will have a group id of GROUP, rather than the group from the source file.  GROUP is first decoded as a group symbolic name, but if this interpretation fails, it has to be a decimal numeric group ID. -xref.

     Also see the comments for the --owner=USER option.

--gunzip

     (See --gzip; -pxref.)

--gzip
--gunzip
--ungzip
-z

     This option tells tar to read or write archives through gzip, allowing tar to directly operate on several kinds of compressed archives transparently. -xref.

--help

     tar will print out a short message summarizing the operations and options to tar and exit. -xref.

--ignore-failed-read

     Instructs tar to exit successfully if it encounters an unreadable file.  See Reading.

--ignore-umask
     -recursion -arg

     (See --preserve-permissions; see Writing.)

--ignore-zeros
-i

     With this option, tar will ignore zeroed blocks in the archive, which normally signals EOF.  See Reading.

--incremental
-G

     Used to inform tar that it is working with an  old GNU-format incremental backup archive.  It is intended primarily for backwards compatibility only. -xref.

--info-script=SCRIPT-FILE
--new-volume-script=SCRIPT-FILE
-F SCRIPT-FILE

     When tar is performing multi-tape backups, SCRIPT-FILE is run at the end of each tape. -xref.

--interactive
--confirmation
-w

     Specifies that tar should ask the user for confirmation before performing potentially destructive options, such as overwriting files. -xref.

--keep-old-files
-k

     When extracting files from an archive, tar will not overwrite existing files if this option is present.  See Writing.

--label=NAME
-V NAME

     When creating an archive, instructs tar to write NAME as a name record in the archive.  When extracting or listing archives, tar will only operate on archives that have a label matching the pattern specified in NAME. -xref.

--listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE
-g SNAPSHOT-FILE

     During a --create operation, specifies that the archive that tar creates is a new GNU-format incremental backup, using SNAPSHOT-FILE to determine which files to backup. With other operations, informs tar that the archive is in incremental format. -xref.

--mode=PERMISSIONS

     When adding files to an archive, tar will use PERMISSIONS for the archive members, rather than the permissions from the files. The program chmod and this tar option share the same syntax for what PERMISSIONS might be.  See File permissions (GNU file utilities).  This reference also has useful information for those not being overly familiar with the Unix permission system.

     Of course, PERMISSIONS might be plainly specified as an octal number. However, by using generic symbolic modifications to mode bits, this allows more flexibility.  For example, the value a+rw adds read and write permissions for everybody, while retaining executable bits on directories or on any other file already marked as executable.

--multi-volume
-M

     Informs tar that it should create or otherwise operate on a multi-volume tar archive. -xref.

--new-volume-script

     (see --info-script)

--newer=DATE
--after-date=DATE
-N

     When creating an archive, tar will only add files that have changed since DATE. -xref.

--newer-mtime

     In conjunction with --newer, tar will only add files whose contents have changed (as opposed to just --newer, which will also back up files for which any status information has changed).

--no-recursion

     With this option, tar will not recurse into directories unless a directory is explicitly named as an argument to tar. -xref.

--null

     When tar is using the --files-from option, this option instructs tar to expect filenames terminated with NUL, so tar can correctly work with file names that contain newlines. -xref.

--numeric-owner

     This option will notify tar that it should use numeric user and group IDs when creating a tar file, rather than names. -xref.

--old-archive

     (See --portability; -pxref.)

--one-file-system
-l

     Used when creating an archive.  Prevents tar from recursing into directories that are on different file systems from the current directory. -xref.

--owner=USER

     Specifies that tar should use USER as the owner of members when creating archives, instead of the user associated with the source file.  USER is first decoded as a user symbolic name, but if this interpretation fails, it has to be a decimal numeric user ID. -xref.

     There is no value indicating a missing number, and 0 usually means root.  Some people like to force 0 as the value to offer in their distributions for the owner of files, because the root user is anonymous anyway, so that might as well be the owner of anonymous archives.

--portability
--old-archive
-o

     Tells tar to create an archive that is compatible with Unix V7 tar. -xref.

--posix

     Instructs tar to create a POSIX compliant tar archive. -xref.

--preserve

     Synonymous with specifying both --preserve-permissions and --same-order. -xref.

--preserve-order

     (See --same-order; see Reading.)

--preserve-permissions
--same-permissions
-p

     When tar is extracting an archive, it normally subtracts the users' umask from the permissions specified in the archive and uses that number as the permissions to create the destination file.  Specifying this option instructs tar that it should use the permissions directly from the archive.  See Writing.

--read-full-records
-B

     Specifies that tar should reblock its input, for reading from pipes on systems with buggy implementations.  See Reading.

--record-size=SIZE

     Instructs tar to use SIZE bytes per record when accessing the archive. -xref.

--recursive-unlink

     Similar to the --unlink-first option, removing existing directory hierarchies before extracting directories of the same name from the archive.  See Writing.

--remove-files

     Directs tar to remove the source file from the file system after appending it to an archive. -xref.

--rsh-command=CMD

     Notifies tar that is should use CMD to communicate with remote devices. -xref.

--same-order
--preserve-order
-s

     This option is an optimization for tar when running on machines with small amounts of memory.  It informs tar that the list of file arguments has already been sorted to match the order of files in the archive.  See Reading.

--same-owner

     When extracting an archive, tar will attempt to preserve the owner specified in the tar archive with this option present. -xref.

--same-permissions

     (See --preserve-permissions; see Writing.)

--show-omitted-dirs

     Instructs tar to mention directories its skipping over when operating on a tar archive. -xref.

--sparse
-S

     Invokes a GNU extension when adding files to an archive that handles sparse files efficiently. -xref.

--starting-file=NAME
-K NAME

     This option affects extraction only; tar will skip extracting files in the archive until it finds one that matches NAME. See Scarce.

--suffix=SUFFIX

     Alters the suffix tar uses when backing up files from the default ~. -xref.

--tape-length=NUM
-L NUM

     Specifies the length of tapes that tar is writing as being NUM x 1024 bytes long. -xref.

--to-stdout
-O

     During extraction, tar will extract files to stdout rather than to the file system.  See Writing.

--totals

     Displays the total number of bytes written after creating an archive. -xref.

--touch
-m

     Sets the modification time of extracted files to the extraction time, rather than the modification time stored in the archive. See Writing.

--uncompress

     (See --compress; -pxref.)

--ungzip

     (See --gzip; -pxref.)

--unlink-first
-U

     Directs tar to remove the corresponding file from the file system before extracting it from the archive.  See Writing.

--use-compress-program=PROG

     Instructs tar to access the archive through PROG, which is presumed to be a compression program of some sort. -xref.

--verbose
-v

     Specifies that tar should be more verbose about the operations its performing.  This option can be specified multiple times for some operations to increase the amount of information displayed. -xref.

--verify
-W

     Verifies that the archive was correctly written when creating an archive. -xref.

--version

     tar will print an informational message about what version it is and a copyright message, some credits, and then exit. -xref.

--volno-file=FILE

     Used in conjunction with --multi-volume.  tar will keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive its working in FILE. -xref.

Short Options Cross Reference
-----------------------------

Here is an alphabetized list of all of the short option forms, matching them with the equivalent long option.

-A

     --concatenate

-B

     --read-full-records

-C

     --directory

-F

     --info-script

-G

     --incremental

-K

     --starting-file

-L

     --tape-length

-M

     --multi-volume

-N

     --newer

-O

     --to-stdout

-P

     --absolute-names

-R

     --block-number

-S

     --sparse

-T

     --files-from

-U

     --unlink-first

-V

     --label

-W

     --verify

-X

     --exclude-from

-Z

     --compress

-b

     --blocking-factor

-c

     --create

-d

     --compare

-f

     --file

-g

     --listed-incremental

-h

     --dereference

-i

     --ignore-zeros

-k

     --keep-old-files

-l

     --one-file-system

-m

     --touch

-o

     --portability

-p

     --preserve-permissions

-r

     --append

-s

     --same-order

-t

     --list

-u

     --update

-v

     --verbose

-w

     --interactive

-x

     --extract

-z

     --gzip

GNU tar documentation
=====================

Being careful, the first thing is really checking that you are using GNU tar, indeed.  The --version option will generate a message giving confirmation that you are using GNU tar, with the precise version of GNU tar you are using.  tar identifies itself and prints the version number to the standard output, then immediately exits successfully, without doing anything else, ignoring all other options.  For example, tar --version might return:

     tar (GNU tar) VERSION

The first occurrence of tar in the result above is the program name in the package (for example, rmt is another program), while the second occurrence of tar is the name of the package itself, containing possibly many programs.  The package is currently named tar, after the name of the main program it contains (There
are plans to merge the cpio and tar packages into a single one
which would be called paxutils.  So, who knows if, one of this days,
the --version would not yield tar (GNU paxutils) 3.2).

Another thing you might want to do is checking the spelling or meaning of some particular tar option, without resorting to this manual, for once you have carefully read it.  GNU tar has a short help feature, triggerable through the --help option.  By using this option, tar will print a usage message listing all available options on standard output, then exit successfully, without doing anything else and ignoring all other options.  Even if this is only a brief summary, it may be several screens long.  So, if you are not using some kind of scrollable window, you might prefer to use something like:

     $ tar --help | less

presuming, here, that you like using less for a pager.  Other popular pagers are more and pg.  If you know about some KEYWORD which interests you and do not want to read all the --help output, another common idiom is doing:

     tar --help | grep KEYWORD

for getting only the pertinent lines.

The perceptive reader would have noticed some contradiction in the previous paragraphs.  It is written that both --version and --help print something, and have all other options ignored.  In fact, they cannot ignore each other, and one of them has to win.  We do not specify which is stronger, here; experiment if you really wonder!

The short help output is quite succint, and you might have to get back to the full documentation for precise points.  If you are reading this paragraph, you already have the tar manual in some form.  This manual is available in printed form, as a kind of small book.  It may printed out of the GNU tar distribution, provided you have TeX already installed somewhere, and a laser printer around.  Just configure the distribution, execute the command make dvi, then print doc/tar.dvi the usual way (contact your local guru to know how). If GNU tar has been conveniently installed at your place, this manual is also available in interactive, hypertextual form as an Info file.  Just call info tar or, if you do not have the info program handy, use the Info reader provided within GNU Emacs, calling tar from the main Info menu.

There is currently no man page for GNU tar.  If you observe such a man page on the system you are running, either it does not long to GNU tar, or it has not been produced by GNU.  Currently, GNU tar documentation is provided in Texinfo format only, if we except, of course, the short result of tar --help.

Checking tar progress
=====================

Typically, tar performs most operations without reporting any information to the user except error messages.  When using tar with many options, particularly ones with complicated or difficult-to-predict behavior, it is possible to make serious mistakes. tar provides several options that make observing tar easier.  These options cause tar to print information as it progresses in its job, and you might want to use them just for being more careful about what is going on, or merely for entertaining yourself.  If you have encountered a problem when operating on an archive, however, you may need more information than just an error message in order to solve the problem.  The following options can be helpful diagnostic tools.

Normally, the --list (-t) command to list an archive prints just the file names (one per line) and the other commands are silent. When used with most operations, the --verbose (-v) option causes tar to print the name of each file or archive member as it is processed.  This and the other options which make tar print status information can be useful in monitoring tar.

With --create (-c) or --extract (--get, -x), --verbose (-v) used once just prints the names of the files or members as they are processed. Using it twice causes tar to print a longer listing (reminiscent of ls -l) for each member.  Since --list (-t) already prints the names of the members, --verbose (-v) used once with --list (-t) causes tar to print an ls -l type listing of the files in the archive.  The following examples both extract members with long list output:

     $ tar --extract --file=archive.tar --verbose --verbose
     $ tar xvv archive.tar

Verbose output appears on the standard output except when an archive is being written to the standard output, as with tar --create --file=- --verbose (tar cfv -, or even tar cv---if the installer let standard output be the default archive).  In that case tar writes verbose output to the standard error stream.

The --totals option---which is only meaningful when used with --create (-c)---causes tar to print the total amount written to the archive, after it has been fully created.

The --checkpoint option prints an occasional message as tar reads or writes the archive.  In fact, it print directory names while reading the archive.  It is designed for those who don't need the more detailed (and voluminous) output of --block-number (-R), but do want visual confirmation that tar is actually making forward progress.

There is some confusion here.  It seems that -R once wrote a
message at every record read or written.

The --show-omitted-dirs option, when reading an archive---with --list (-t) or --extract (--get, -x), for example---causes a message to be printed for each directory in the archive which is skipped. This happens regardless of the reason for skipping: the directory might not have been named on the command line (implicitly or explicitly), it might be excluded by the use of the --exclude=PATTERN option, or some other reason.

If --block-number (-R) is used, tar prints, along with every message it would normally produce, the block number within the archive where the message was triggered.  Also, supplementary messages are triggered when reading blocks full of NULs, or when hitting end of file on the archive.  As of now, if the archive if properly terminated with a NUL block, the reading of the file may stop before end of file is met, so the position of end of file will not usually show when --block-number (-R) is used.  Note that GNU tar drains the archive before exiting when reading the archive from a pipe.

This option is especially useful when reading damaged archives, since it helps pinpoint the damaged sections.  It can also be used with --list (-t) when listing a file-system backup tape, allowing you to choose among several backup tapes when retrieving a file later, in favor of the tape where the file appears earliest (closest to the front of the tape). -xrefwhen the node name is set and the
backup section written.

Asking for Confirmation During Operations
=========================================

Typically, tar carries out a command without stopping for further instructions.  In some situations however, you may want to exclude some files and archive members from the operation (for instance if disk or storage space is tight).  You can do this by excluding certain files automatically (see Choosing), or by performing an operation interactively, using the --interactive (-w) option. tar also accepts --confirmation for this option.

When the --interactive (-w) option is specified, before reading, writing, or deleting files, tar first prints a message for each such file, telling what operation it intends to take, then asks for confirmation on the terminal.  The actions which require confirmation include adding a file to the archive, extracting a file from the archive, deleting a file from the archive, and deleting a file from disk.  To confirm the action, you must type a line of input beginning with y.  If your input line begins with anything other than y, tar skips that file.

If tar is reading the archive from the standard input, tar opens the file /dev/tty to support the interactive communications.

Verbose output is normally sent to standard output, separate from other error messages.  However, if the archive is produced directly on standard output, then verbose output is mixed with errors on stderr.  Producing the archive on standard output may be used as a way to avoid using disk space, when the archive is soon to be consumed by another process reading it, say.  Some people felt the need of producing an archive on stdout, still willing to segregate between verbose output and error output.  A possible approach would be using a named pipe to receive the archive, and having the consumer process to read from that named pipe.  This has the advantage of letting standard output free to receive verbose output, all separate from errors.

GNU tar Operations
******************

Basic GNU tar Operations
========================

The basic tar operations, --create (-c), --list (-t) and --extract (--get, -x), are currently presented and described in the tutorial chapter of this manual.  This section provides some complementary notes for these operations.

--create (-c)

     Creating an empty archive would have some kind of elegance.  One can initialize an empty archive and later use --append (-r) for adding all members.  Some applications would not welcome making an exception in the way of adding the first archive member.  On the other hand, many people reported that it is dangerously too easy for tar to destroy a magnetic tape with an empty archive (This is well described in Unix-haters Handbook, by Simson Garfinkel, Daniel Weise & Steven Strassmann, IDG Books, ISBN 1-56884-203-1.).  The two most common errors are:

      1. Mistakingly using create instead of extract, when the intent was to extract the full contents of an archive.  This error is likely: keys c and x are right next ot each other on the QWERTY keyboard.  Instead of being unpacked, the archive then gets wholly destroyed.  When users speak about exploding an archive, they usually mean something else :-).

      2. Forgetting the argument to file, when the intent was to create an archive with a single file in it.  This error is likely because a tired user can easily add the f key to the cluster of option letters, by the mere force of habit, without realizing the full consequence of doing so.  The usual consequence is that the single file, which was meant to be saved, is rather destroyed.

     So, recognizing the likelihood and the catastrophical nature of these errors, GNU tar now takes some distance from elegance, and cowardly refuses to create an archive when --create (-c) option is given, there are no arguments besides options, and --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) option is not used.  To get around the cautiousness of GNU tar and nevertheless create an archive with nothing in it, one may still use, as the value for the --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) option, a file with no names in it, as shown in the following commands:

          tar --create --file=empty-archive.tar --files-from=/dev/null
          tar cfT empty-archive.tar /dev/null

--extract (--get, -x)

     A socket is stored, within a GNU tar archive, as a pipe.

--list (-t)

     GNU tar now shows dates as 1996-11-09, while it used to show them as Nov 11 1996.  (One can revert to the old behavior by defining USE_OLD_CTIME in src/list.c before reinstalling.) But preferrably, people you should get used to ISO 8601 dates.  Local American dates should be made available again with full date localisation support, once ready.  In the meantime, programs not being localisable for dates should prefer international dates, that's really the way to go.

     Look up http://www.ft.uni-erlangen.de/~mskuhn/iso-time.html if you are curious, it contains a detailed explanation of the ISO 8601 standard.

Advanced GNU tar Operations
===========================

Now that you have learned the basics of using GNU tar, you may want to learn about further ways in which tar can help you.

This chapter presents five, more advanced operations which you probably won't use on a daily basis, but which serve more specialized functions. We also explain the different styles of options and why you might want to use one or another, or a combination of them in your tar commands.  Additionally, this chapter includes options which allow you to define the output from tar more carefully, and provide help and error correction in special circumstances.

check this after the chapter is actually revised to make sure
it still introduces the info in the chapter correctly : ).

The Five Advanced tar Operations
--------------------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

In the last chapter, you learned about the first three operations to tar.  This chapter presents the remaining five operations to tar: --append, --update, --concatenate, --delete, and --compare.

You are not likely to use these operations as frequently as those covered in the last chapter; however, since they perform specialized functions, they are quite useful when you do need to use them.  We will give examples using the same directory and files that you created in the last chapter.  As you may recall, the directory is called practice, the files are jazz, blues, folk, rock, and the two archive files you created are collection.tar and music.tar.

We will also use the archive files afiles.tar and bfiles.tar.  afiles.tar contains the members apple, angst, and aspic.  bfiles.tar contains the members ./birds, baboon, and ./box.

Unless we state otherwise, all practicing you do and examples you follow in this chapter will take place in the practice directory that you created in the previous chapter; see prepare for examples. (Below in this section, we will remind you of the state of the examples where the last chapter left them.)

The five operations that we will cover in this chapter are:

--append
-r
     Add new entries to an archive that already exists.

--update
-r
     Add more recent copies of archive members to the end of an archive, if they exist.

--concatenate
--catenate
-A
     Add one or more pre-existing archives to the end of another archive.

--delete
     Delete items from an archive (does not work on tapes).

--compare
--diff
-d
     Compare archive members to their counterparts in the file system.

The Current State of the Practice Files
---------------------------------------

Currently, the listing of the directory using ls is as follows:

The archive file collection.tar looks like this:

     $ tar -tvf collection.tar

The archive file music.tar looks like this:

     $ tar -tvf music.tar

-recursion -arg

How to Add Files to Existing Archives: --append
-----------------------------------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

If you want to add files to an existing archive, you don't need to create a new archive; you can use --append (-r).  The archive must already exist in order to use --append.  (A related operation is the --update operation; you can use this to add newer versions of archive members to an existing archive.  To learn how to do this with --update, see update.)

Explain in second paragraph whether you can get to the previous
version -- explain whole situation somewhat more clearly.

If you use --append (-r) to add a file that has the same name as an archive member to an archive containing that archive member, then the old member is not deleted.  What does happen, however, is somewhat complex.  tar allows you to have infinite numbers of files with the same name.  Some operations treat these same-named members no differently than any other set of archive members: for example, if you view an archive with --list (-t), you will see all of those members listed, with their modification times, owners, etc.

Other operations don't deal with these members as perfectly as you might prefer; if you were to use --extract (--get, -x) to extract the archive, only the most recently added copy of a member with the same name as four other members would end up in the working directory.  This is because --extract extracts an archive in the order the members appeared in the archive; the most recently archived members will be extracted last.  Additionally, an extracted member will overwrite a file of the same name which existed in the directory already, and tar will not prompt you about this.  Thus, only the most recently archived member will end up being extracted, as it will overwrite the one extracted before it, and so on.

 hag -- you might want to incorporate some of the above into the
MMwtSN node; not sure.  i didn't know how to make it simpler...

There are a few ways to get around this. -xrefMultiple Members
with the Same Name.

If you want to replace an archive member, use --delete to delete the member you want to remove from the archive, , and then use --append to add the member you want to be in the archive.  Note that you can not change the order of the archive; the most recently added member will still appear last.  In this sense, you cannot truely ``replace'' one member with another.  (Replacing one member with another will not work on certain types of media, such as tapes; see delete and Media, for more information.)

Appending Files to an Archive
.............................

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

The simplest way to add a file to an already existing archive is the --append (-r) operation, which writes specified files into the archive whether or not they are already among the archived files. When you use --append, you must specify file name arguments, as there is no default.  If you specify a file that already exists in the archive, another copy of the file will be added to the end of the archive.  As with other operations, the member names of the newly added files will be exactly the same as their names given on the command line.  The --verbose (-v) option will print out the names of the files as they are written into the archive.

--append cannot be performed on some tape drives, unfortunately, due to deficiencies in the formats those tape drives use.  The archive must be a valid tar archive, or else the results of using this operation will be unpredictable.  See Media.

To demonstrate using --append to add a file to an archive, create a file called rock in the practice directory. Make sure you are in the practice directory.  Then, run the following tar command to add rock to collection.tar:

     $ tar --append --file=collection.tar rock

If you now use the --list (-t) operation, you will see that rock has been added to the archive:

     $ tar --list --file=collection.tar
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     28 1996-10-18 16:31 jazz
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     21 1996-09-23 16:44 blues
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 folk
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 rock

in theory, dan will (soon) try to turn this node into what it's
title claims it will become...

Multiple Files with the Same Name
.................................

You can use --append (-r) to add copies of files which have been updated since the archive was created.  (However, we do not recommend doing this since there is another tar option called --update; see update for more information.  We describe this use of --append here for the sake of completeness.)  is
this really a good idea, to give this whole description for something
which i believe is basically a Stupid way of doing something?  certain
aspects of it show ways in which tar is more broken than i'd personally
like to admit to, specifically the last sentence.  On the other hand, i
don't think it's a good idea to be saying that re explicitly don't
recommend using something, but i can't see any better way to deal with
the situation. When you extract the archive, the older version will be effectively lost.  This works because files are extracted from an archive in the order in which they were archived.  Thus, when the archive is extracted, a file archived later in time will overwrite a file of the same name which was archived earlier, even though the older version of the file will remain in the archive unless you delete all versions of the file.

Supposing you change the file blues and then append the changed version to collection.tar.  As you saw above, the original blues is in the archive collection.tar.  If you change the file and append the new version of the file to the archive, there will be two copies in the archive.  When you extract the archive, the older version of the file will be extracted first, and then overwritten by the newer version when it is extracted.

You can append the new, changed copy of the file blues to the archive in this way:

     $ tar --append --verbose --file=collection.tar blues
     blues

Because you specified the --verbose option, tar has printed the name of the file being appended as it was acted on.  Now list the contents of the archive:

     $ tar --list --verbose --file=collection.tar
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     28 1996-10-18 16:31 jazz
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     21 1996-09-23 16:44 blues
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 folk
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 rock
     -rw-rw-rw- me user     58 1996-10-24 18:30 blues

The newest version of blues is now at the end of the archive (note the different creation dates and file sizes).  If you extract the archive, the older version of the file blues will be overwritten by the newer version.  You can confirm this by extracting the archive and running ls on the directory.  See Writing for more information.  (Please note: This is the case unless you employ the --backup option; -refMultiple Members
with the Same Name.)

Updating an Archive
-------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

In the previous section, you learned how to use --append (-r) to add a file to an existing archive.  A related operation is --update (-u).  The --update operation updates a tar archive by comparing the date of the specified archive members against the date of the file with the same name.  If the file has been modified more recently than the archive member, then the newer version of the file is added to the archive (as with --append (-r)).

Unfortunately, you cannot use --update with magnetic tape drives. The operation will fail.

other examples of media on which --update will fail?  need to ask
charles and/or mib/thomas/dave shevett..

Both --update and --append work by adding to the end of the archive.  When you extract a file from the archive, only the version stored last will wind up in the file system, unless you use the --backup option (-refMultiple Members with the
Same Name).

How to Update an Archive Using --update
.......................................

You must use file name arguments with the --update (-u) operation. If you don't specify any files, tar won't act on any files and won't tell you that it didn't do anything (which may end up confusing you).

note: the above parenthetical added because in fact, this
behavior just confused the author. :-)

To see the --update option at work, create a new file, classical, in your practice directory, and some extra text to the file blues, using any text editor.  Then invoke tar with the update operation and the --verbose (-v) option specified, using the names of all the files in the practice directory as file name arguments:

     $ tar --update -v -f collection.tar blues folk rock classical
     blues
     classical
     $

Because we have specified verbose mode, tar prints out the names of the files it is working on, which in this case are the names of the files that needed to be updated.  If you run tar --list and look at the archive, you will see blues and classical at its end.  There will be a total of two versions of the member blues; the one at the end will be newer and larger, since you added text before updating it.

(The reason tar does not overwrite the older file when updating it is because writing to the middle of a section of tape is a difficult process.  Tapes are not designed to go backward.  See Media for more information about tapes.

--update (-u) is not suitable for performing backups for two reasons: it does not change directory content entries, and it lengthens the archive every time it is used.  The GNU tar options intended specifically for backups are more efficient.  If you need to run backups, please consult Backups.

Combining Archives with --concatenate
-------------------------------------

Sometimes it may be convenient to add a second archive onto the end of an archive rather than adding individual files to the archive.  To add one or more archives to the end of another archive, you should use the --concatenate (--catenate, -A) operation.

To use --concatenate, name the archives to be concatenated on the command line.  (Nothing happens if you don't list any.)  The members, and their member names, will be copied verbatim from those archives.  If this causes multiple members to have the same name, it does not delete any members; all the members with the same name coexist.  For information on how this affects reading the archive, -refMultiple
Members with the Same Name.

To demonstrate how --concatenate works, create two small archives called bluesrock.tar and folkjazz.tar, using the relevant files from practice:

     $ tar -cvf bluesrock.tar blues rock
     blues
     classical
     $ tar -cvf folkjazz.tar folk jazz
     folk
     jazz

If you like, You can run tar --list to make sure the archives contain what they are supposed to:

     $ tar -tvf bluesrock.tar
     -rw-rw-rw- melissa user    105 1997-01-21 19:42 blues
     -rw-rw-rw- melissa user     33 1997-01-20 15:34 rock
     $ tar -tvf folkjazz.tar
     -rw-rw-rw- melissa user     20 1996-09-23 16:44 folk
     -rw-rw-rw- melissa user     65 1997-01-30 14:15 jazz

We can concatenate these two archives with tar:

     $ cd ..
     $ tar --concatenate --file=bluesrock.tar jazzfolk.tar

If you now list the contents of the bluesclass.tar, you will see that now it also contains the archive members of jazzfolk.tar:

     $ tar --list --file=bluesrock.tar
     blues
     rock
     jazz
     folk

When you use --concatenate, the source and target archives must already exist and must have been created using compatable format parameters (-pxrefMatching Format Parameters).  The new, concatenated archive will be called by the same name as the first archive listed on the command line. is there a way to specify a
new name?

Like --append (-r), this operation cannot be performed on some tape drives, due to deficiencies in the formats those tape drives use.

It may seem more intuitive to you to want or try to use cat to concatenate two archives instead of using the --concatenate operation; after all, cat is the utility for combining files.

However, tar archives incorporate an end-of-file marker which must be removed if the concatenated archives are to be read properly as one archive.  --concatenate removes the end-of-archive marker from the target archive before each new archive is appended.  If you use cat to combine the archives, the result will not be a valid tar format archive.  If you need to retrieve files from an archive that was added to using the cat utility, use the --ignore-zeros (-i) option.  See Ignore Zeros for further information on dealing with archives improperly combined using the cat shell utility.

this shouldn't go here.  where should it go? You must specify the source archives using --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) (see file).  If you do not specify the target archive, tar uses the value of the environment variable TAPE, or, if this has not been set, the default archive name.

Removing Archive Members Using --delete
---------------------------------------

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You can remove members from an archive by using the --delete option.  Specify the name of the archive with --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) and then specify the names of the members to be deleted; if you list no member names, nothing will be deleted.  The --verbose (-v) option will cause tar to print the names of the members as they are deleted. As with --extract (--get, -x), you must give the exact member names when using tar --delete.  --delete will remove all versions of the named file from the archive.  The --delete operation can run very slowly.

Unlike other operations, --delete has no short form.

This operation will rewrite the archive.  You can only use --delete on an archive if the archive device allows you to write to any point on the media, such as a disk; because of this, it does not work on magnetic tapes.  Do not try to delete an archive member from a magnetic tape; the action will not succeed, and you will be likely to scramble the archive and damage your tape.  There is no safe way (except by completely re-writing the archive) to delete files from most kinds of magnetic tape.  See Media.

To delete all versions of the file blues from the archive collection.tar in the practice directory, make sure you are in that directory, and then,

     $ tar --list --file=collection.tar
     blues
     folk
     jazz
     rock
     practice/blues
     practice/folk
     practice/jazz
     practice/rock
     practice/blues
     $ tar --delete --file=collection.tar blues
     $ tar --list --file=collection.tar
     folk
     jazz
     rock
     $

I changed the order of these nodes around and haven't had a chance
to fix the above example's results, yet.  I have to play with this and
follow it and see what it actually does!

The --delete option has been reported to work properly when tar acts as a filter from stdin to stdout.

Comparing Archive Members with the File System
----------------------------------------------

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The --compare (-d), or --diff operation compares specified archive members against files with the same names, and then reports differences in file size, mode, owner, modification date and contents.  You should only specify archive member names, not file names.  If you do not name any members, then tar will compare the entire archive.  If a file is represented in the archive but does not exist in the file system, tar reports a difference.

You have to specify the record size of the archive when modifying an archive with a non-default record size.

tar ignores files in the file system that do not have corresponding members in the archive.

The following example compares the archive members rock, blues and funk in the archive bluesrock.tar with files of the same name in the file system.  (Note that there is no file, funk; tar will report an error message.)

     $ tar --compare --file=bluesrock.tar rock blues funk
     rock
     blues
     tar: funk not found in archive

what does this actually depend on?  i'm making a guess,
here.Depending on the system where you are running tar and the version you are running, tar may have a different error message, such as:

     funk: does not exist

-xrefsomewhere, for more information about format parameters.
Melissa says: such as "format variations"?  But why?  Clearly I don't
get it yet; I'll deal when I get to that section.

The spirit behind the --compare (--diff, -d) option is to check whether the archive represents the current state of files on disk, more than validating the integrity of the archive media.  For this later goal, see verify.

Options Used by --extract
=========================

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i need to get dan to go over these options with me and see if
there's a better way of organizing them.

The previous chapter showed how to use --extract (--get, -x) to extract an archive into the filesystem.  Various options cause tar to extract more information than just file contents, such as the owner, the permissions, the modification date, and so forth.  This section presents options to be used with --extract when certain special considerations arise.  You may review the information presented in extract for more basic information about the --extract operation.

Options to Help Read Archives
-----------------------------

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Normally, tar will request data in full record increments from an archive storage device.  If the device cannot return a full record, tar will report an error.  However, some devices do not always return full records, or do not require the last record of an archive to be padded out to the next record boundary.  To keep reading until you obtain a full record, or to accept an incomplete record if it contains an end-of-archive marker, specify the --read-full-records (-B) option in conjunction with the --extract (--get, -x) or --list (-t) operations. See Blocking.

The --read-full-records (-B) option is turned on by default when tar reads an archive from standard input, or from a remote machine.  This is because on BSD Unix systems, attempting to read a pipe returns however much happens to be in the pipe, even if it is less than was requested.  If this option were not enabled, tar would fail as soon as it read an incomplete record from the pipe.

If you're not sure of the blocking factor of an archive, you can read the archive by specifying --read-full-records (-B) and --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE), using a blocking factor larger than what the archive uses.  This lets you avoid having to determine the blocking factor of an archive.  See Blocking Factor.

Reading Full Records
....................

-recursion -arg

--read-full-records

-B
     Use in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x) to read an archive which contains incomplete records, or one which has a blocking factor less than the one specified.

Ignoring Blocks of Zeros
........................

Normally, tar stops reading when it encounters a block of zeros between file entries (which usually indicates the end of the archive). --ignore-zeros (-i) allows tar to completely read an archive which contains a block of zeros before the end (i.e. a damaged archive, or one which was created by cat-ing several archives together).

The --ignore-zeros (-i) option is turned off by default because many versions of tar write garbage after the end-of-archive entry, since that part of the media is never supposed to be read.  GNU tar does not write after the end of an archive, but seeks to maintain compatablity among archiving utilities.

--ignore-zeros
-i
     To ignore blocks of zeros (ie. end-of-archive entries) which may be encountered while reading an archive.  Use in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x) or --list (-t).

Ignore Fail Read
................

Is this in the right place?  It doesn't exist anywhere else in
the book (except the appendix), and has no further explanation.  For that
matter, what does it mean?!

--ignore-failed-read
     Do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files or directories.

Changing How tar Writes Files
-----------------------------

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-recursion -arg

Options to Prevent Overwriting Files
....................................

Normally, tar writes extracted files into the file system without regard to the files already on the system; i.e., files with the same names as archive members are overwritten when the archive is extracted. If the name of a corresponding file name is a symbolic link, the file pointed to by the symbolic link will be overwritten instead of the symbolic link itself (if this is possible).  Moreover, special devices, empty directories and even symbolic links are automatically removed if they are found to be on the way of the proper extraction.

To prevent tar from extracting an archive member from an archive if doing so will overwrite a file in the file system, use --keep-old-files (-k) in conjunction with --extract.  When this option is specified, tar will report an error stating the name of the files in conflict instead of overwriting the file with the corresponding extracted archive member.

these two P's have problems.  i don't understand what they're
trying to talk about well enough to fix them; i may have just made them
worse (in particular the first of the two).  waiting to talk with hag.

The --unlink-first (-U) option removes existing files, symbolic links, empty directories, devices, etc., prior to extracting over them. In particular, using this option will prevent replacing an already existing symbolic link by the name of an extracted file, since the link itself is removed prior to the extraction, rather than the file it points to. On some systems, the backing store for the executable is the original program text.  You could use the --unlink-first (-U) option to prevent segmentation violations or other woes when extracting arbitrary executables over currently running copies.  Note that if something goes wrong with the extraction and you did use this option, you might end up with no file at all.  Without this option, if something goes wrong with the extraction, the existing file is not overwritten and preserved.

huh? If you specify the --recursive-unlink option, tar removes anything that keeps you from extracting a file as far as current permissions will allow it.  This could include removal of the contents of a full directory hierarchy.  For example, someone using this feature may be very surprised at the results when extracting a directory entry from the archive.  This option can be dangerous; be very aware of what you are doing if you choose to use it.

Keep Old Files
..............

--keep-old-files
-k
     Do not overwrite existing files from archive.  The --keep-old-files (-k) option prevents tar from over-writing existing files with files with the same name from the archive. The --keep-old-files (-k) option is meaningless with --list (-t). Prevents tar from overwriting files in the file system during extraction.

Unlink First
............

--unlink-first
-U
     Try removing files before extracting over them, instead of trying to overwrite them.

Recursive Unlink
................

--recursive-unlink
     When this option is specified, try removing files and directory hierarchies before extracting over them.  This is a dangerous option!

Some people argue that GNU tar should not hesitate to overwrite files with other files when extracting.  When extracting a tar archive, they expect to see a faithful copy of the state of the filesystem when the archive was created.  It is debatable that this would always be a proper behaviour.  For example, suppose one has an archive in which usr/local is a link to usr/local2.  Since then, maybe the site removed the link and renamed the whole hierarchy from /usr/local2 to /usr/local.  Such things happen all the time. I guess it would not be welcome at all that GNU tar removes the whole hierarchy just to make room for the link to be reinstated (unless it also simultaneously restores the full /usr/local2, of course! GNU tar is indeed able to remove a whole hierarchy to reestablish a symbolic link, for example, but only if --recursive-unlink is specified to allow this behaviour.  In any case, single files are silently removed.

Setting Modification Times
..........................

Normally, tar sets the modification times of extracted files to the modification times recorded for the files in the archive, but limits the permissions of extracted files by the current umask setting.

To set the modification times of extracted files to the time when the files were extracted, use the --touch (-m) option in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x).

--touch
-m
     Sets the modification time of extracted archive members to the time they were extracted, not the time recorded for them in the archive. Use in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x).

Setting Access Permissions
..........................

To set the modes (access permissions) of extracted files to those recorded for those files in the archive, use --same-persmissions in conjunction with the --extract (--get, -x) operation.  Should be
aliased to ignore-umask.

--preserve-permission
--same-permission
--ignore-umask
-p
     Set modes of extracted archive members to those recorded in the archive, instead of current umask settings.  Use in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x).

Following paragraph needs to be rewritten: why doesnt' this cat
files together, why is this useful.  is it really useful with
more than one file?

Writing to Standard Output
..........................

To write the extracted files to the standard output, instead of creating the files on the file system, use --to-stdout (-O) in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x).  This option is useful if you are extracting files to send them through a pipe, and do not need to preserve them in the file system.  If you extract multiple members, they appear on standard output concatenated, in the order they are found in the archive.

--to-stdout
-O
     Writes files to the standard output.  Used in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x).  Extract files to standard output.  When this option is used, instead of creating the files specified, tar writes the contents of the files extracted to its standard output.  This may be useful if you are only extracting the files in order to send them through a pipe.  This option is meaningless with --list (-t).

Why would you want to do such a thing, how are files separated on
the standard output? is this useful with more that one file?  Are
pipes the real reason?

Removing Files
..............

the various macros in the front of the manual think that this
option goes in this section.  i have no idea; i only know it's nowhere
else in the book...

--remove-files
     Remove files after adding them to the archive.

Coping with Scarce Resources
----------------------------

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Starting File
.............

--starting-file=NAME
-K NAME
     Starts an operation in the middle of an archive.  Use in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x) or --list (-t).

If a previous attempt to extract files failed due to lack of disk space, you can use --starting-file=NAME (-K NAME) to start extracting only after member NAME of the archive.  This assumes, of course, that there is now free space, or that you are now extracting into a different file system.  (You could also choose to suspend tar, remove unnecessary files from the file system, and then restart the same tar operation.  In this case, --starting-file=NAME (-K NAME) is not necessary.  See Inc Dumps, See interactive, and exclude.)

Same Order
..........

--same-order
--preserve-order
-s
     To process large lists of file names on machines with small amounts of memory.  Use in conjunction with --compare (--diff, -d), --list (-t) or --extract (--get, -x).

we don't need/want --preserve to exist any more (from melissa:
ie, don't want that *version* of the option to exist, or don't want
the option to exist in either version?

-recursion -arg

The --same-order (--preserve-order, -s) option tells tar that the list of file names to be listed or extracted is sorted in the same order as the files in the archive.  This allows a large list of names to be used, even on a small machine that would not otherwise be able to hold all the names in memory at the same time.  Such a sorted list can easily be created by running tar -t on the archive and editing its output.

This option is probably never needed on modern computer systems.

Backup options
==============

GNU tar offers options for making backups of files before writing new versions.  These options control the details of these backups. They may apply to the archive itself before it is created or rewritten, as well as individual extracted members.  Other GNU programs (cp, install, ln, and mv, for example) offer similar options.

Backup options may prove unexpectedly useful when extracting archives containing many members having identical name, or when extracting archives on systems having file name limitations, making different members appear has having similar names through the side-effect of name truncation. (This is true only if we have a good scheme for truncated backup names, which I'm not sure at all: I suspect work is needed in this area.) When any existing file is backed up before being overwritten by extraction, then clashing files are automatically be renamed to be unique, and the true name is kept for only the last file of a series of clashing files. By using verbose mode, users may track exactly what happens.

At the detail level, some decisions are still experimental, and may change in the future, we are waiting comments from our users.  So, please do not learn to depend blindly on the details of the backup features. For example, currently, directories themselves are never renamed through using these options, so, extracting a file over a directory still has good chances to fail.  Also, backup options apply to created archives, not only to extracted members.  For created archives, backups will not be attempted when the archive is a block or character device, or when it refers to a remote file.

For the sake of simplicity and efficiency, backups are made by renaming old files prior to creation or extraction, and not by copying.  The original name is restored if the file creation fails.  If a failure occurs after a partial extraction of a file, both the backup and the partially extracted file are kept.

--backup
     Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed.

--suffix=SUFFIX
     Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with -b.  If this option is not specified, the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable is used.  And if SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX is not set, the default is ~, just as in Emacs.

--version-control=METHOD
     Use METHOD to determine the type of backups made with --backup. If this option is not specified, the value of the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable is used.  And if VERSION_CONTROL is not set, the default backup type is existing.

     This option corresponds to the Emacs variable version-control; the same values for METHOD are accepted as in Emacs.  This options also more descriptive name.  The valid METHODs (unique abbreviations are accepted):

     t
     numbered
          Always make numbered backups.

     nil
     existing
          Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others.

     never
     simple
          Always make simple backups.

Some people express the desire to always use the OP-BACKUP option, by defining some kind of alias or script.  This is not as easy as one may thing, due to the fact old style options should appear first and consume arguments a bit inpredictably for an alias or script.  But, if you are ready to give up using old style options, you may resort to using something like (a Bourne shell function here):

     tar () { /usr/local/bin/tar --backup $*; }

Notable tar Usages
==================

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Using Unix file linking capability to recreate directory
structures---linking files into one subdirectory and then
tarring that directory.

-recursion -arg

You can easily use archive files to transport a group of files from one system to another: put all relevant files into an archive on one computer system, transfer the archive to another system, and extract the contents there.  The basic transfer medium might be magnetic tape, Internet FTP, or even electronic mail (though you must encode the archive with uuencode in order to transport it properly by mail).  Both machines do not have to use the same operating system, as long as they both support the tar program.

For example, here is how you might copy a directory's contents from one disk to another, while preserving the dates, modes, owners and link-structure of all the files therein.  In this case, the transfer medium is a pipe, which is one a Unix redirection mechanism:

     $ cd sourcedir; tar -cf - . | (cd targetdir; tar -xf -)

The command also works using short option forms:

-recursion -arg

     $ cd sourcedir; tar --create --file=- . | (cd targetdir; tar --extract --file=-)

This is one of the easiest methods to transfer a tar archive.

Looking Ahead: The Rest of this Manual
======================================

You have now seen how to use all eight of the operations available to tar, and a number of the possible options.  The next chapter explains how to choose and change file and archive names, how to use files to store names of other files which you can then call as arguments to tar (this can help you save time if you expect to archive the same list of files a number of times), and how to in case it's not obvious, i'm making this up in some sense
based on my imited memory of what the next chapter *really* does.  i
just wanted to flesh out this final section a little bit so i'd
remember to sitck it in here. :-)

If there are too many files to conveniently list on the command line, you can list the names in a file, and tar will read that file. See files.

There are various ways of causing tar to skip over some files, and not archive them.  See Choosing.

Performing Backups and Restoring Files
**************************************

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GNU tar is distributed along with the scripts which the Free Software Foundation uses for performing backups.  There is no corresponding scripts available yet for doing restoration of files.  Even if there is a good chance those scripts may be satisfying to you, they are not the only scripts or methods available for doing backups and restore.  You may well create your own, or use more sophisticated packages dedicated to that purpose.

Some users are enthusiastic about Amanda (The Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver), a backup system developed by James da Silva jds@cs.umd.edu and available on many Unix systems. This is free software, and it is available at these places:

     http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/amanda/amanda.html
     ftp://ftp.cs.umd.edu/pub/amanda

Here is a possible plan for a future documentation about the backuping scripts which are provided within the GNU tar distribution.

     .* dumps
     . + what are dumps

     . + different levels of dumps
     .  - full dump = dump everything
     .  - level 1, level 2 dumps etc, -
     	A level n dump dumps everything changed since the last level
     	n-1 dump (?)

     . + how to use scripts for dumps  (ie, the concept)
     .  - scripts to run after editing backup specs (details)

     . + Backup Specs, what is it.
     .  - how to customize
     .  - actual text of script  [/sp/dump/backup-specs]

     . + Problems
     .  - rsh doesn't work
     .  - rtape isn't installed
     .  - (others?)

     . + the --incremental option of tar

     . + tapes
     .  - write protection
     .  - types of media
     .   : different sizes and types, useful for different things
     .  - files and tape marks
          one tape mark between files, two at end.
     .  - positioning the tape
          MT writes two at end of write,
            backspaces over one when writing again.

This chapter documents both the provided FSF scripts and tar options which are more specific to usage as a backup tool.

To back up a file system means to create archives that contain all the files in that file system.  Those archives can then be used to restore any or all of those files (for instance if a disk crashes or a file is accidently deleted).  File system backups are also called dumps.

Using tar to Perform Full Dumps
===============================

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Full dumps should only be made when no other people or programs are modifying files in the filesystem.  If files are modified while tar is making the backup, they may not be stored properly in the archive, in which case you won't be able to restore them if you have to.  (Files not being modified are written with no trouble, and do not corrupt the entire archive.)

You will want to use the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option to give the archive a volume label, so you can tell what this archive is even if the label falls off the tape, or anything like that.

Unless the filesystem you are dumping is guaranteed to fit on one volume, you will need to use the --multi-volume (-M) option. Make sure you have enough tapes on hand to complete the backup.

If you want to dump each filesystem separately you will need to use the --one-file-system (-l) option to prevent tar from crossing filesystem boundaries when storing (sub)directories.

The --incremental (-G) option is not needed, since this is a complete copy of everything in the filesystem, and a full restore from this backup would only be done onto a completely empty disk.

Unless you are in a hurry, and trust the tar program (and your tapes), it is a good idea to use the --verify (-W) option, to make sure your files really made it onto the dump properly.  This will also detect cases where the file was modified while (or just after) it was being archived.  Not all media (notably cartridge tapes) are capable of being verified, unfortunately.

--listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE (-g SNAPSHOT-FILE) take a file name argument always.  If the file doesn't exist, run a level zero dump, creating the file.  If the file exists, uses that file to see what has changed.

--incremental (-G) look it up

--incremental (-G) handle old GNU-format incremental backup.

This option should only be used when creating an incremental backup of a filesystem.  When the --incremental (-G) option is used, tar writes, at the beginning of the archive, an entry for each of the directories that will be operated on.  The entry for a directory includes a list of all the files in the directory at the time the dump was done, and a flag for each file indicating whether the file is going to be put in the archive.  This information is used when doing a complete incremental restore.

Note that this option causes tar to create a non-standard archive that may not be readable by non-GNU versions of the tar program.

The --incremental (-G) option means the archive is an incremental backup.  Its meaning depends on the command that it modifies.

If the --incremental (-G) option is used with --list (-t), tar will list, for each directory in the archive, the list of files in that directory at the time the archive was created.  This information is put out in a format that is not easy for humans to read, but which is unambiguous for a program: each file name is preceded by either a Y if the file is present in the archive, an N if the file is not included in the archive, or a D if the file is a directory (and is included in the archive).  Each file name is terminated by a null character.  The last file is followed by an additional null and a newline to indicate the end of the data.

If the --incremental (-G) option is used with --extract (--get, -x), then when the entry for a directory is found, all files that currently exist in that directory but are not listed in the archive are deleted from the directory.

This behavior is convenient when you are restoring a damaged file system from a succession of incremental backups: it restores the entire state of the file system to that which obtained when the backup was made.  If you don't use --incremental (-G), the file system will probably fill up with files that shouldn't exist any more.

--listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE (-g SNAPSHOT-FILE) handle new GNU-format incremental backup. This option handles new GNU-format incremental backup.  It has much the same effect as --incremental (-G), but also the time when the dump is done and the list of directories dumped is written to the given FILE. When restoring, only files newer than the saved time are restored, and the direcotyr list is used to speed up operations.

--listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE (-g SNAPSHOT-FILE) acts like --incremental (-G), but when used in conjunction with --create (-c) will also cause tar to use the file FILE, which contains information about the state of the filesystem at the time of the last backup, to decide which files to include in the archive being created.  That file will then be updated by tar.  If the file FILE does not exist when this option is specified, tar will create it, and include all appropriate files in the archive.

The file, which is archive independent, contains the date it was last modified and a list of devices, inode numbers and directory names. tar will archive files with newer mod dates or inode change times, and directories with an unchanged inode number and device but a changed directory name.  The file is updated after the files to be archived are determined, but before the new archive is actually created.

GNU tar actually writes the file twice: once before the data and written, and once after.

Using tar to Perform Incremental Dumps
======================================

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Performing incremental dumps is similar to performing full dumps, although a few more options will usually be needed.

You will need to use the -N DATE option to tell tar to only store files that have been modified since DATE. DATE should be the date and time of the last full/incremental dump.

A standard scheme is to do a monthly (full) dump once a month, a weekly dump once a week of everything since the last monthly and a daily every day of everything since the last (weekly or monthly) dump.

Here is a copy of the script used to dump the filesystems of the machines here at the Free Software Foundation.  This script is run via cron late at night when people are least likely to be using the machines.  This script dumps several filesystems from several machines at once (via NFS).  The operator is responsible for ensuring that all the machines will be up at the time the dump happens.  If a machine is not running, its files will not be dumped, and the next day's incremental dump will not store files that would have gone onto that dump.

     #!/bin/csh
     # Dump thingie
     set now = `date`
     set then = `cat date.nfs.dump`
     /u/hack/bin/tar -c -G -v\
      -f /dev/rtu20\
      -b 126\
      -N "$then"\
      -V "Dump from $then to $now"\
      /alpha-bits/gp\
      /gnu/hack\
      /hobbes/u\
      /spiff/u\
      /sugar-bombs/u
     echo $now > date.nfs.dump
     mt -f /dev/rtu20 rew

Output from this script is stored in a file, for the operator to read later.

This script uses the file date.nfs.dump to store the date/time of the last dump.

Since this is a streaming tape drive, no attempt to verify the archive is done.  This is also why the high blocking factor (126) is used. The tape drive must also be rewound by the mt command after the dump is made.

The Incremental Options
=======================

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--incremental (-G) is used in conjunction with --create (-c), --extract (--get, -x) or --list (-t) when backing up and restoring file systems.  An archive cannot be extracted or listed with the --incremental (-G) option specified unless it was created with the option specified.  This option should only be used by a script, not by the user, and is usually disregarded in favor of --listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE (-g SNAPSHOT-FILE), which is described below.

--incremental (-G) in conjunction with --create (-c) causes tar to write, at the beginning of the archive, an entry for each of the directories that will be archived.  The entry for a directory includes a list of all the files in the directory at the time the archive was created and a flag for each file indicating whether or not the file is going to be put in the archive.

Note that this option causes tar to create a non-standard archive that may not be readable by non-GNU versions of the tar program.

--incremental (-G) in conjunction with --extract (--get, -x) causes tar to read the lists of directory contents previously stored in the archive, delete files in the file system that did not exist in their directories when the archive was created, and then extract the files in the archive.

This behavior is convenient when restoring a damaged file system from a succession of incremental backups: it restores the entire state of the file system to that which obtained when the backup was made.  If --incremental (-G) isn't specified, the file system will probably fill up with files that shouldn't exist any more.

--incremental (-G) in conjunction with --list (-t), causes tar to print, for each directory in the archive, the list of files in that directory at the time the archive was created.  This information is put out in a format that is not easy for humans to read, but which is unambiguous for a program: each file name is preceded by either a Y if the file is present in the archive, an N if the file is not included in the archive, or a D if the file is a directory (and is included in the archive).  Each file name is terminated by a null character.  The last file is followed by an additional null and a newline to indicate the end of the data.

--listed-incremental=SNAPSHOT-FILE (-g SNAPSHOT-FILE) acts like --incremental (-G), but when used in conjunction with --create (-c) will also cause tar to use the file SNAPSHOT-FILE, which contains information about the state of the file system at the time of the last backup, to decide which files to include in the archive being created.  That file will then be updated by tar.  If the file FILE does not exist when this option is specified, tar will create it, and include all appropriate files in the archive.

The file FILE, which is archive independent, contains the date it was last modified and a list of devices, inode numbers and directory names.  tar will archive files with newer mod dates or inode change times, and directories with an unchanged inode number and device but a changed directory name.  The file is updated after the files to be archived are determined, but before the new archive is actually created.

Despite it should be obvious that a device has a non-volatile value, NFS devices have non-dependable values when an automounter gets in the picture. This led to a great deal of spurious redumping in incremental dumps, so it is somewhat useless to compare two NFS devices numbers over time. So tar now considers all NFS devices as being equal when it comes to comparing directories; this is fairly gross, but there does not seem to be a better way to go.

-recursion -arg

Levels of Backups
=================

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An archive containing all the files in the file system is called a full backup or full dump.  You could insure your data by creating a full dump every day.  This strategy, however, would waste a substantial amount of archive media and user time, as unchanged files are daily re-archived.

It is more efficient to do a full dump only occasionally.  To back up files between full dumps, you can a incremental dump.  A level one dump archives all the files that have changed since the last full dump.

A typical dump strategy would be to perform a full dump once a week, and a level one dump once a day.  This means some versions of files will in fact be archived more than once, but this dump strategy makes it possible to restore a file system to within one day of accuracy by only extracting two archives---the last weekly (full) dump and the last daily (level one) dump.  The only information lost would be in files changed or created since the last daily backup.  (Doing dumps more than once a day is usually not worth the trouble).

GNU tar comes with scripts you can use to do full and level-one dumps.  Using scripts (shell programs) to perform backups and restoration is a convenient and reliable alternative to typing out file name lists and tar commands by hand.

Before you use these scripts, you need to edit the file backup-specs, which specifies parameters used by the backup scripts and by the restore script.  There is no such restore
script!. -xrefScript Syntax.  Once the backup parameters are set, you can perform backups or restoration by running the appropriate script.

The name of the restore script is restore.  There is
no such restore script!.  The names of the level one and full backup scripts are, respectively, level-1 and level-0. The level-0 script also exists under the name weekly, and the level-1 under the name daily---these additional names can be changed according to your backup schedule. -xrefScripted
Restoration, for more information on running the restoration script. -xrefScripted Backups, for more information on running the backup scripts.

Please Note: The backup scripts and the restoration scripts are designed to be used together.  While it is possible to restore files by hand from an archive which was created using a backup script, and to create an archive by hand which could then be extracted using the restore script, it is easier to use the scripts.  There is no such restore script!. See Inc Dumps, and See Inc Dumps, before making such an attempt.

-recursion -arg

Setting Parameters for Backups and Restoration
==============================================

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The file backup-specs specifies backup parameters for the backup and restoration scripts provided with tar.  You must edit backup-specs to fit your system configuration and schedule before using these scripts.

This about backup scripts needs to be written: BS is a shell
script ....  thus ... backup-specs is in shell script syntax.

-xrefScript Syntax, for an explanation of this syntax.

Whats a parameter ....  looked at by the backup scripts
... which will be expecting to find ... now syntax ... value is linked
to lame ...  backup-specs specifies the following parameters:

ADMINISTRATOR
     The user name of the backup administrator.

BACKUP_HOUR
     The hour at which the backups are done.  This can be a number from 0 to 23, or the string now.

TAPE_FILE
     The device tar writes the archive to.  This device should be attached to the host on which the dump scripts are run.

     -recursion -arg

TAPE_STATUS
     The command to use to obtain the status of the archive device, including error count.  On some tape drives there may not be such a command; in that case, simply use `TAPE_STATUS=false'.

BLOCKING
     The blocking factor tar will use when writing the dump archive. See Blocking Factor.

BACKUP_DIRS
     A list of file systems to be dumped.  You can include any directory name in the list---subdirectories on that file system will be included, regardless of how they may look to other networked machines. Subdirectories on other file systems will be ignored.

     The host name specifies which host to run tar on, and should normally be the host that actually contains the file system.  However, the host machine must have GNU tar installed, and must be able to access the directory containing the backup scripts and their support files using the same file name that is used on the machine where the scripts are run (ie. what pwd will print when in that directory on that machine).  If the host that contains the file system does not have this capability, you can specify another host as long as it can access the file system through NFS.

BACKUP_FILES
     A list of individual files to be dumped.  These should be accessible from the machine on which the backup script is run.

     -recursion -arg

An Example Text of Backup-specs
-------------------------------

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The following is the text of backup-specs as it appears at FSF:

     # site-specific parameters for file system backup.

     ADMINISTRATOR=friedman
     BACKUP_HOUR=1
     TAPE_FILE=/dev/nrsmt0
     TAPE_STATUS="mts -t $TAPE_FILE"
     BLOCKING=124
     BACKUP_DIRS="
     	albert:/fs/fsf
     	apple-gunkies:/gd
     	albert:/fs/gd2
     	albert:/fs/gp
     	geech:/usr/jla
     	churchy:/usr/roland
     	albert:/
     	albert:/usr
     	apple-gunkies:/
     	apple-gunkies:/usr
     	gnu:/hack
     	gnu:/u
     	apple-gunkies:/com/mailer/gnu
     	apple-gunkies:/com/archive/gnu"

     BACKUP_FILES="/com/mailer/aliases /com/mailer/league*[a-z]"

Syntax for Backup-specs
-----------------------

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backup-specs is in shell script syntax.  The following conventions should be considered when editing the script: -recursion -arg

A quoted string is considered to be contiguous, even if it is on more than one line.  Therefore, you cannot include commented-out lines within a multi-line quoted string.  BACKUP_FILES and BACKUP_DIRS are the two most likely parameters to be multi-line.

A quoted string typically cannot contain wildcards.  In backup-specs, however, the parameters BACKUP_DIRS and BACKUP_FILES can contain wildcards.

Using the Backup Scripts
========================

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The syntax for running a backup script is:

     script-name [TIME-TO-BE-RUN]

where TIME-TO-BE-RUN can be a specific system time, or can be now.  If you do not specify a time, the script runs at the time specified in backup-specs (-pxrefScript Syntax).

You should start a script with a tape or disk mounted.  Once you start a script, it prompts you for new tapes or disks as it needs them.  Media volumes don't have to correspond to archive files---a multi-volume archive can be started in the middle of a tape that already contains the end of another multi-volume archive. The restore script prompts for media by its archive volume, so to avoid an error message you should keep track of which tape (or disk) contains which volume of the archive.  There is
no such restore script!. -xrefScripted Restoration. -recursion -arg

The backup scripts write two files on the file system.  The first is a record file in /etc/tar-backup/, which is used by the scripts to store and retrieve information about which files were dumped.  This file is not meant to be read by humans, and should not be deleted by them. -xrefincremental and listed-incremental, for a more detailed explanation of this file.

The second file is a log file containing the names of the file systems and files dumped, what time the backup was made, and any error messages that were generated, as well as how much space was left in the media volume after the last volume of the archive was written. You should check this log file after every backup.  The file name is log-MMM-DDD-YYYY-level-1 or log-MMM-DDD-YYYY-full.

The script also prints the name of each system being dumped to the standard output.

Using the Restore Script
========================

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     Warning: The GNU tar distribution does not provide any such restore script yet.  This section is only listed here for documentation maintenance purposes.  In any case, all contents is subject to change as things develop.

-recursion -arg

To restore files that were archived using a scripted backup, use the restore script.  The syntax for the script is:

where ***** are the file systems to restore from, and
***** is a regular expression which specifies which files to
restore.  If you specify --all, the script restores all the files
in the file system.

You should start the restore script with the media containing the first volume of the archive mounted.  The script will prompt for other volumes as they are needed.  If the archive is on tape, you don't need to rewind the tape to to its beginning---if the tape head is positioned past the beginning of the archive, the script will rewind the tape as needed. -xrefMedia, for a discussion of tape positioning.

If you specify --all as the FILES argument, the restore script extracts all the files in the archived file system into the active file system.

     Warning: The script will delete files from the active file system if they were not in the file system when the archive was made.

See Inc Dumps, and Inc Dumps, for an explanation of how the script makes that determination.

-recursion -arg

Choosing Files and Names for tar
********************************

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-recursion -arg

Certain options to tar enable you to specify a name for your archive.  Other options let you decide which files to include or exclude from the archive, based on when or whether files were modified, whether the file names do or don't match specified patterns, or whether files are in specified directories.

Choosing and Naming Archive Files
=================================

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should the title of this section actually be, "naming an
archive"?

By default, tar uses an archive file name that was compiled when it was built on the system; usually this name refers to some physical tape drive on the machine.  However, the person who installed tar on the system may not set the default to a meaningful value as far as most users are concerned.  As a result, you will usually want to tell tar where to find (or create) the archive.  The --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) option allows you to either specify or name a file to use as the archive instead of the default archive file location.

--file=ARCHIVE-NAME
-f ARCHIVE-NAME
     Name the archive to create or operate on.  Use in conjunction with any operation.

For example, in this tar command,

     $ tar -cvf collection.tar blues folk jazz

collection.tar is the name of the archive.  It must directly follow the -f option, since whatever directly follows -f will end up naming the archive.  If you neglect to specify an archive name, you may end up overwriting a file in the working directory with the archive you create since tar will use this file's name for the archive name.

An archive can be saved as a file in the file system, sent through a pipe or over a network, or written to an I/O device such as a tape, floppy disk, or CD write drive.

If you do not name the archive, tar uses the value of the environment variable TAPE as the file name for the archive.  If that is not available, tar uses a default, compiled-in archive name, usually that for tape unit zero (ie. /dev/tu00). tar always needs an archive name.

If you use - as an ARCHIVE-NAME, tar reads the archive from standard input (when listing or extracting files), or writes it to standard output (when creating an archive).  If you use - as an ARCHIVE-NAME when modifying an archive, tar reads the original archive from its standard input and writes the entire new archive to its standard output.

might want a different example here; this is already used in
"notable tar usages".

     $ cd sourcedir; tar -cf - . | (cd targetdir; tar -xf -)

-recursion -arg

To specify an archive file on a device attached to a remote machine, use the following:

     --file=HOSTNAME:/DEV/FILE NAME

tar will complete the remote connection, if possible, and prompt you for a username and password.  If you use --file=@HOSTNAME:/DEV/FILE NAME, tar will complete the remote connection, if possible, using your username as the username on the remote machine.

If the archive file name includes a colon (:), then it is assumed to be a file on another machine.  If the archive file is USER@HOST:FILE, then FILE is used on the host HOST.  The remote host is accessed using the rsh program, with a username of USER.  If the username is omitted (along with the @ sign), then your user name will be used. (This is the normal rsh behavior.)  It is necessary for the remote machine, in addition to permitting your rsh access, to have the /usr/ucb/rmt program installed.  If you need to use a file whose name includes a colon, then the remote tape drive behavior can be inhibited by using the --force-local option.

i know we went over this yesterday, but bob (and now i do again,
too) thinks it's out of the middle of nowhere.  it doesn't seem to tie
into what came before it well enough <<i moved it now, is it better
here?>>.  bob also comments that if Amanda isn't free software, we
shouldn't mention it..

When the archive is being created to /dev/null, GNU tar tries to minimize input and output operations.  The Amanda backup system, when used with GNU tar, has an initial sizing pass which uses this feature.

Selecting Archive Members
=========================

File Name arguments specify which files in the file system tar operates on, when creating or adding to an archive, or which archive members tar operates on, when reading or deleting from an archive.  See Operations.

To specify file names, you can include them as the last arguments on the command line, as follows:

     tar OPERATION [OPTION1 OPTION2 ...] [FILE NAME-1 FILE NAME-2 ...]

If you specify a directory name as a file name argument, all the files in that directory are operated on by tar.

If you do not specify files when tar is invoked with --create (-c), tar operates on all the non-directory files in the working directory.  If you specify either --list (-t) or --extract (--get, -x), tar operates on all the archive members in the archive.  If you specify any operation other than one of these three, tar does nothing.

By default, tar takes file names from the command line.  However, there are other ways to specify file or member names, or to modify the manner in which tar selects the files or members upon which to operate; add xref here.  In general, these methods work both for specifying the names of files and archive members.

Reading Names from a File
=========================

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Instead of giving the names of files or archive members on the command line, you can put the names into a file, and then use the --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) option to tar.  Give the name of the file which contains the list of files to include as the argument to --files-from.  In the list, the file names should be separated by newlines.  You will frequently use this option when you have generated the list of files to archive with the find utility.

--files-from=FILE NAME
-T FILE NAME
     Get names to extract or create from file FILE NAME.

If you give a single dash as a file name for --files-from, (i.e., you specify either --files-from=- or -T -), then the file names are read from standard input.

Unless you are running tar with --create, you can not use both --files-from=- and --file=- (-f -) in the same command.

-recursion -arg

The following example shows how to use find to generate a list of files smaller than 400K in length and put that list into a file called small-files.  You can then use the -T option to tar to specify the files from that file, small-files, to create the archive little.tgz.  (The -z option to tar compresses the archive with gzip; see gzip for more information.)

     $ find . -size -400 -print > small-files
     $ tar -c -v -z -T small-files -f little.tgz

-recursion -arg

NUL Terminated File Names
-------------------------

The --null option causes --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) to read file names terminated by a NUL instead of a newline, so files whose names contain newlines can be archived using --files-from.

--null
     Only consider NUL terminated file names, instead of files that terminate in a newline.

The --null option is just like the one in GNU xargs and cpio, and is useful with the -print0 predicate of GNU find.  In tar, --null also causes --directory=DIRECTORY (-C DIRECTORY) options to be treated as file names to archive, in case there are any files out there called -C.

This example shows how to use find to generate a list of files larger than 800K in length and put that list into a file called long-files.  The -print0 option to find just just like -print, except that it separates files with a NUL rather than with a newline.  You can then run tar with both the --null and -T options to specify that tar get the files from that file, long-files, to create the archive big.tgz.  The --null option to tar will cause tar to recognize the NUL separator between files.

     $ find . -size +800 -print0 > long-files
     $ tar -c -v --null --files-from=long-files --file=big.tar

-recursion -arg

Excluding Some Files
====================

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To avoid operating on files whose names match a particular pattern, use the --exclude=PATTERN or --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS (-X FILE-OF-PATTERNS) options.

--exclude=PATTERN
     Causes tar to ignore files that match the PATTERN.

The --exclude=PATTERN option will prevent any file or member which matches the shell wildcards (PATTERN) from being operated on (PATTERN can be a single file name or a more complex expression). For example, if you want to create an archive with all the contents of /tmp except the file /tmp/foo, you can use the command tar --create --file=arch.tar --exclude=foo.  You may give multiple --exclude options.

--exclude-from=FILE
-X FILE
     Causes tar to ignore files that match the patterns listed in FILE.

Use the --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS option to read a list of shell wildcards, one per line, from FILE; tar will ignore files matching those regular expressions.  Thus if tar is called as tar -c -X foo . and the file foo contains a single line *.o, no files whose names end in .o will be added to the archive.

do the exclude options files need to have stuff separated by
newlines the same as the files-from option does?

Problems with Using the exclude Options
---------------------------------------

put in for the editor's/editors' amusement, but should be taken
out in the final draft, just in case! :

Some users find exclude options confusing.  Here are some common pitfalls:

  * The main operating mode of tar will always act on file names listed on the command line, no matter whether or not there is an exclusion which would otherwise affect them.  In the example above, if you create an archive and exclude files that end with *.o, but explicitly name the file catc.o after all the options have been listed, catc.o will be included in the archive.

  * You can sometimes confuse the meanings of --exclude=PATTERN and --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS (-X FILE-OF-PATTERNS).  Be careful: use --exclude=PATTERN when files to be excluded are given as a pattern on the command line.  Use --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS to introduce the name of a file which contains a list of patterns, one per line; each of these patterns can exclude zero, one, or many files.

  * When you use --exclude=PATTERN, be sure to quote the PATTERN parameter, so GNU tar sees wildcard characters like *. If you do not do this, the shell might expand the * itself using files at hand, so tar might receive a list of files instead of one pattern, or none at all, making the command somewhat illegal.  This might not correspond to what you want.

     For example, write:

          $ tar -c -f ARCHIVE.TAR -X '*/tmp/*' DIRECTORY

     rather than:

          $ tar -c -f ARCHIVE.TAR -X */tmp/* DIRECTORY

  * You must use use shell syntax, or globbing, rather than regexp syntax, when using exclude options in tar.  If you try to use regexp syntax to describe files to be excluded, your command might fail.

  * In earlier versions of tar, what is now the --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS option was called --exclude-PATTERN instead.  Now, --exclude=PATTERN applies to patterns listed on the command line and --exclude-from=FILE-OF-PATTERNS applies to patterns listed in a file.

Wildcards Patterns and Matching
===============================

Globbing is the operation by which wildcard characters, * or ? for example, are replaced and expanded into all existing files matching the given pattern.  However, tar often uses wildcard patterns for matching (or globbing) archive members instead of actual files in the filesystem.  Wildcard patterns are also used for verifying volume labels of tar archives.  This section has the purpose of explaining wildcard syntax for tar.

-recursion -arg

A PATTERN should be written according to shell syntax, using wildcard characters to effect globbing.  Most characters in the pattern stand for themselves in the matched string, and case is significant: a will match only a, and not A.  The character ? in the pattern matches any single character in the matched string.  The character * in the pattern matches zero, one, or more single characters in the matched string.  The character \ says to take the following character of the pattern literally; it is useful when one needs to match the ?, *, [ or \ characters, themselves.

The character [, up to the matching ], introduces a character class.  A character class is a list of acceptable characters for the next single character of the matched string.  For example, [abcde] would match any of the first five letters of the alphabet. Note that within a character class, all of the ``special characters'' listed above other than \ lose their special meaning; for example, [-\\[*?]] would match any of the characters, -, \, [, *, ?, or ].  (Due to parsing constraints, the characters - and ] must either come first or last in a character class.)

If the first character of the class after the opening [ is ! or ^, then the meaning of the class is reversed. Rather than listing character to match, it lists those characters which are forbidden as the next single character of the matched string.

Other characters of the class stand for themselves.  The special construction [A-E], using an hyphen between two letters, is meant to represent all characters between A and E, inclusive.

need to add a sentence or so here to make this clear for those
who don't have dan around.

Periods (.) or forward slashes (/) are not considered special for wildcard matches.  However, if a pattern completely matches a directory prefix of a matched string, then it matches the full matched string: excluding a directory also excludes all the files beneath it.

There are some discussions floating in the air and asking for modifications in the way GNU tar accomplishes wildcard matches.  We perceive any change of semantics in this area as a delicate thing to impose on GNU tar users.  On the other hand, the GNU project should be progressive enough to correct any ill design: compatibility at all price is not always a good attitude.  In conclusion, it is possible that slight amendments be later brought to the previous description. Your opinions on the matter are welcome.

Operating Only on New Files
===========================

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The --after-date=DATE (--newer=DATE, -N DATE) option causes tar to only work on files whose modification or inode-changed times are newer than the DATE given.  If you use this option when creating or appending to an archive, the archive will only include new files.  If you use --after-date when extracting an archive, tar will only extract files newer than the DATE you specify.

If you only want tar to make the date comparison based on modification of the actual contents of the file (rather than inode changes), then use the --newer-mtime=DATE option.

You may use these options with any operation.  Note that these options differ from the --update (-u) operation in that they allow you to specify a particular date against which tar can compare when deciding whether or not to archive the files.

--after-date=DATE
--newer=DATE
-N DATE
     Only store files newer than DATE.

     Acts on files only if their modification or inode-changed times are later than DATE.  Use in conjunction with any operation.

--newer-mtime=DATE
     Acts like --after-date=DATE (--newer=DATE, -N DATE), but only looks at modification times.

These options limit tar to only operating on files which have been modified after the date specified.  A file is considered to have changed if the contents have been modified, or if the owner, permissions, and so forth, have been changed.  (For more information on how to specify a date, see Date input formats; remember that the entire date argument must be quoted if it contains any spaces.)

Gurus would say that --after-date=DATE (--newer=DATE, -N DATE) tests both the mtime (time the contents of the file were last modified) and ctime (time the file's status was last changed: owner, permissions, etc) fields, while --newer-mtime=DATE tests only mtime field.

To be precise, --after-date=DATE (--newer=DATE, -N DATE) checks both mtime and ctime and processes the file if either one is more recent than DATE, while --newer-mtime=DATE only checks mtime and disregards ctime.  Neither uses atime (the last time the contents of the file were looked at).

Date specifiers can have embedded spaces.  Because of this, you may need to quote date arguments to keep the shell from parsing them as separate arguments.

-recursion -arg

     Please Note: --after-date=DATE (--newer=DATE, -N DATE) and --newer-mtime=DATE should not be used for incremental backups.  Some files (such as those in renamed directories) are not selected properly by these options. See incremental and listed-incremental.

To select files newer than the modification time of a file that already exists, you can use the --reference (-r) option of GNU date, available in GNU shell utilities 1.13 or later.  It returns the timestamp of that already existing file; this timestamp expands to become the referent date which --newer uses to determine which files to archive.  For example, you could say,

     $ tar -cf ARCHIVE.TAR --newer="`date -r FILE`" /home

which tells need to fill this in!.

Descending into Directories
===========================

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-recursion -arg

-recursion -arg

Usually, tar will recursively explore all directories (either those given on the command line or through the --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES) option) for the various files they contain.  However, you may not always want tar to act this way.

The --no-recursion option inhibits tar's recursive descent into specified directories.  If you specify --no-recursion, you can use the find utility for hunting through levels of directories to construct a list of file names which you could then pass to tar. find allows you to be more selective when choosing which files to archive; see files for more information on using find with tar, or look.

--no-recursion
     Prevents tar from recursively descending directories.

When you use --no-recursion, GNU tar grabs directory entries themselves, but does not descend on them recursively.  Many people use find for locating files they want to back up, and since tar usually recursively descends on directories, they have to use the ! -d option to find needs more
explanation or a cite to another info file as they usually do not want all the files in a directory.  They then use the op-file-from option to archive the files located via find.

The problem when restoring files archived in this manner is that the directories themselves are not in the archive; so the --same-permissions (--preserve-permissions, -p) option does not affect them---while users might really like it to.  Specifying --no-recursion is a way to tell tar to grab only the directory entries given to it, adding no new files on its own.

-recursion -arg

Crossing Filesystem Boundaries
==============================

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tar will normally automatically cross file system boundaries in order to archive files which are part of a directory tree.  You can change this behavior by running tar and specifying --one-file-system (-l).  This option only affects files that are archived because they are in a directory that is being archived; tar will still archive files explicitly named on the command line or through --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES), regardless of where they reside.

--one-file-system
-l
     Prevents tar from crossing file system boundaries when archiving.  Use in conjunction with any write operation.

The --one-file-system option causes tar to modify its normal behavior in archiving the contents of directories.  If a file in a directory is not on the same filesystem as the directory itself, then tar will not archive that file.  If the file is a directory itself, tar will not archive anything beneath it; in other words, tar will not cross mount points.

It is reported that using this option, the mount point is is archived, but nothing under it.

This option is useful for making full or incremental archival backups of a file system.  If this option is used in conjunction with --verbose (-v), files that are excluded are mentioned by name on the standard error.

Changing the Working Directory
------------------------------

need to read over this node now for continuity; i've switched
things around some.

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

To change the working directory in the middle of a list of file names, either on the command line or in a file specified using --files-from=FILE-OF-NAMES (-T FILE-OF-NAMES), use --directory=DIRECTORY (-C DIRECTORY).  This will change the working directory to the directory DIRECTORY after that point in the list.

--directory=DIRECTORY
-C DIRECTORY
     Changes the working directory in the middle of a command line.

For example,

     $ tar -c -f jams.tar grape prune -C food cherry

will place the files grape and prune from the current directory into the archive jams.tar, followed by the file cherry from the directory food.  This option is especially useful when you have several widely separated files that you want to store in the same archive.

Note that the file cherry is recorded in the archive under the precise name cherry, not food/cherry.  Thus, the archive will contain three files that all appear to have come from the same directory; if the archive is extracted with plain tar --extract, all three files will be written in the current directory.

Contrast this with the command,

     $ tar -c -f jams.tar grape prune -C food red/cherry

which records the third file in the archive under the name red/cherry so that, if the archive is extracted using tar --extract, the third file will be written in a subdirectory named orange-colored.

You can use the --directory option to make the archive independent of the original name of the directory holding the files. The following command places the files /etc/passwd, /etc/hosts, and /lib/libc.a into the archive foo.tar:

     $ tar -c -f foo.tar -C /etc passwd hosts -C /lib libc.a

However, the names of the archive members will be exactly what they were on the command line: passwd, hosts, and libc.a. They will not appear to be related by file name to the original directories where those files were located.

Note that --directory options are interpreted consecutively.  If --directory specifies a relative file name, it is interpreted relative to the then current directory, which might not be the same as the original current working directory of tar, due to a previous --directory option.

dan: does this mean that you *can* use the short option form, but
you can *not* use the long option form with --files-from?  or is this
totally screwed?

When using --files-from (see files), you can put -C options in the file list.  Unfortunately, you cannot put --directory options in the file list.  (This interpretation can be disabled by using the --null option.)

Absolute File Names
-------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

-P
--absolute-names
     Do not strip leading slashes from file names.

By default, GNU tar drops a leading / on input or output. This option turns off this behavior; it is equivalent to changing to the root directory before running tar (except it also turns off the usual warning message).

When tar extracts archive members from an archive, it strips any leading slashes (/) from the member name.  This causes absolute member names in the archive to be treated as relative file names.  This allows you to have such members extracted wherever you want, instead of being restricted to extracting the member in the exact directory named in the archive.  For example, if the archive member has the name /etc/passwd, tar will extract it as if the name were really etc/passwd.

Other tar programs do not do this.  As a result, if you create an archive whose member names start with a slash, they will be difficult for other people with a non-GNU tar program to use.  Therefore, GNU tar also strips leading slashes from member names when putting members into the archive.  For example, if you ask tar to add the file /bin/ls to an archive, it will do so, but the member name will be bin/ls.

If you use the --absolute-names (-P) option, tar will do neither of these transformations.

To archive or extract files relative to the root directory, specify the --absolute-names (-P) option.

Normally, tar acts on files relative to the working directory---ignoring superior directory names when archiving, and ignoring leading slashes when extracting.

When you specify --absolute-names (-P), tar stores file names including all superior directory names, and preserves leading slashes. If you only invoked tar from the root directory you would never need the --absolute-names (-P) option, but using this option may be more convenient than switching to root.

Should be an example in the tutorial/wizardry section using this
to transfer files between systems.

-recursion -arg

--absolute-names
     Preserves full file names (inclusing superior dirctory names) when archiving files.  Preserves leading slash when extracting files.

-recursion -arg

tar prints out a message about removing the / from file names.  This message appears once per GNU tar invocation.  It represents something which ought to be told; ignoring what it means can cause very serious surprises, later.

Some people, nevertheless, do not want to see this message.  Wanting to play really dangerously, one may of course redirect tar standard error to the sink.  For example, under sh:

     $ tar -c -f archive.tar /home 2> /dev/null

Another solution, both nicer and simpler, would be to change to the / directory first, and then avoid absolute notation. For example:

     $ (cd / && tar -c -f archive.tar home)
     $ tar -c -f archive.tar -C  / home

Date input formats
******************

     Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental reckoning in time all but impossible.  Indeed, had some tyrannical god contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy circumlocutions.  Unlike the more successful patterns of language and science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and persistently encourages our terror of time.

     ...  It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals demanded a knowledge of five different languages.  It is no wonder then that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion.  ...

     --- Robert Grudin, Time and the Art of Living.

This section describes the textual date representations that GNU programs accept.  These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as arguments to the various programs.  The C interface (via the getdate function) is not described here.

Although the date syntax here can represent any possible time since zero A.D., computer integers are not big enough for such a (comparatively) long time.  The earliest date semantically allowed on Unix systems is midnight, 1 January 1970 UCT.

General date syntax
===================

A date is a string, possibly empty, containing many items separated by whitespace.  The whitespace may be omitted when no ambiguity arises.  The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., midnight).  Order of the items is immaterial.  A date string may contain many flavors of items:

  * calendar date items

  * time of the day items

  * time zone items

  * day of the week items

  * relative items

  * pure numbers.

We describe each of these item types in turn, below.

A few numbers may be written out in words in most contexts.  This is most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see below).  Here is the list: first for 1, next for 2, third for 3, fourth for 4, fifth for 5, sixth for 6, seventh for 7, eighth for 8, ninth for 9, tenth for 10, eleventh for 11 and twelfth for 12.  Also, last means exactly -1.

When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written numerically, instead of being ``spelled in full''; this changes the allowed strings.

Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates.  Comments may be introduced between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly nested.  Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored.  Leading zeros on numbers are ignored.

Calendar date item
==================

A calendar date item specifies a day of the year.  It is specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified numerically or literally.  All these strings specify the same calendar date:

     1970-09-17           # ISO 8601.
     70-9-17              # This century assumed by default.
     70-09-17             # Leading zeros are ignored.
     9/17/72              # Common U.S. writing.
     24 September 1972
     24 Sept 72           # September has a special abbreviation.
     24 Sep 72            # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed.
     Sep 24, 1972
     24-sep-72
     24sep72

The year can also be omitted.  In this case, the last specified year is used, or the current year if none.  For example:

     9/17
     sep 17

Here are the rules.

For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format YEAR-MONTH-DAY is allowed, where YEAR is any positive number, MONTH is a number between 01 and 12, and DAY is a number between 01 and 31.  A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.  If YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it to force a date in this century.  The construct MONTH/DAY/YEAR, popular in the United States, is accepted.  Also MONTH/DAY, omitting the year.

Literal months may be spelled out in full: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November or December.  Literal months may be abbreviated to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. It is also permitted to write Sept instead of September.

When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any of the following:

     DAY MONTH YEAR
     DAY MONTH
     MONTH DAY YEAR
     DAY-MONTH-YEAR

Or, omitting the year:

     MONTH DAY

Time of day item
================

A time of day item in date strings specifies the time on a given day.  Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time:

     20:02:0
     20:02
     8:02pm
     20:02-0500      # In EST (Eastern U.S. Standard Time).

More generally, the time of the day may be given as HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND, where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59.  Alternatively, :SECOND can be omitted, in which case it is taken to be zero.

If the time is followed by am or pm (or a.m. or p.m.), HOUR is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and :MINUTE may be omitted (taken to be zero).  am indicates the first half of the day, pm indicates the second half of the day.  In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: midnight is 12am while noon is 12pm.

The time may alternatively be followed by a timezone correction, expressed as SHHMM, where S is + or -, HH is a number of zone hours and MM is a number of zone minutes.  When a timezone correction is given this way, it forces interpretation of the time in UTC, overriding any previous specification for the timezone or the local timezone.  The MINUTE part of the time of the day may not be elided when a timezone correction is used.  This is the only way to specify a timezone correction by fractional parts of an hour.

Either am/pm or a timezone correction may be specified, but not both.

Timezone item
=============

A timezone item specifies an international timezone, indicated by a small set of letters.  Any included period is ignored.  Military timezone designations use a single letter.  Currently, only integral zone hours may be represented in a timezone item.  See the previous section for a finer control over the timezone correction.

Here are many non-daylight-savings-time timezones, indexed by the zone hour value.

+000
     GMT for Greenwich Mean, UT or UTC for Universal (Coordinated), WET for Western European and Z for militaries.

+100
     WAT for West Africa and A for militaries.

+200
     AT for Azores and B for militaries.

+300
     C for militaries.

+400
     AST for Atlantic Standard and D for militaries.

+500
     E for militaries and EST for Eastern Standard.

+600
     CST for Central Standard and F for militaries.

+700
     G for militaries and MST for Mountain Standard.

+800
     H for militaries and PST for Pacific Standard.

+900
     I for militaries and YST for Yukon Standard.

+1000
     AHST for Alaska-Hawaii Standard, CAT for Central Alaska, HST for Hawaii Standard and K for militaries.

+1100
     L for militaries and NT for Nome.

+1200
     IDLW for International Date Line West and M for militaries.

-100
     CET for Central European, FWT for French Winter, MET for Middle European, MEWT for Middle European Winter, N for militaries and SWT for Swedish Winter.

-200
     EET for Eastern European, USSR Zone 1 and O for militaries.

-300
     BT for Baghdad, USSR Zone 2 and P for militaries.

-400
     Q for militaries and ZP4 for USSR Zone 3.

-500
     R for militaries and ZP5 for USSR Zone 4.

-600
     S for militaries and ZP6 for USSR Zone 5.

-700
     T for militaries and WAST for West Australian Standard.

-800
     CCT for China Coast, USSR Zone 7 and U for militaries.

-900
     JST for Japan Standard, USSR Zone 8 and V for militaries.

-1000
     EAST for East Australian Standard, GST for Guam Standard, USSR Zone 9 and W for militaries.

-1100
     X for militaries.

-1200
     IDLE for International Date Line East, NZST for New Zealand Standard, NZT for New Zealand and Y for militaries.

Here are many DST timezones, indexed by the zone hour value.  Also, by following a non-DST timezone by the string DST in a separate word (that is, separated by some whitespace), the corresponding DST timezone may be specified.

0
     BST for British Summer.

+400
     ADT for Atlantic Daylight.

+500
     EDT for Eastern Daylight.

+600
     CDT for Central Daylight.

+700
     MDT for Mountain Daylight.

+800
     PDT for Pacific Daylight.

+900
     YDT for Yukon Daylight.

+1000
     HDT for Hawaii Daylight.

-100
     MEST for Middle European Summer, MESZ for Middle European Summer, SST for Swedish Summer and FST for French Summer.

-700
     WADT for West Australian Daylight.

-1000
     EADT for Eastern Australian Daylight.

-1200
     NZDT for New Zealand Daylight.

Day of week item
================

The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future.

Days of the week may be spelled out in full: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday or Saturday.  Days may be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a period.  The special abbreviations Tues for Tuesday, Wednes for Wednesday and Thur or Thurs for Thursday are also allowed.

A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward supplementary weeks.  It is best used in expression like third monday.  In this context, last DAY or next DAY is also acceptable; they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would represent.

A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.

Relative item in date strings
=============================

Relative items adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward or backward.  The effects of relative items accumulate.  Here are some examples:

     1 year
     1 year ago
     3 years
     2 days

The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string year or month for moving by whole years or months.  These are fuzzy units, as years and months are not all of equal duration.  More precise units are fortnight which is worth 14 days, week worth 7 days, day worth 24 hours, hour worth 60 minutes, minute or min worth 60 seconds, and second or sec worth one second.  An s suffix on these units is accepted and ignored.

The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally signed number.  Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed.  No number at all implies 1 for a multiplier.  Following a relative item by the string ago is equivalent to preceding the unit by a multiplicator with value -1.

The string tomorrow is worth one day in the future (equivalent to day), the string yesterday is worth one day in the past (equivalent to day ago).

The strings now or today are relative items corresponding to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not otherwise change by previous items.  They may be used to stress other items, like in 12:00 today.  The string this also has the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in date strings like this thursday.

When a relative item makes the resulting date to cross the boundary between DST and non-DST (or vice-versa), the hour is adjusted according to the local time.

Pure numbers in date strings
============================

The precise intepretation of a pure decimal number is dependent of the context in the date string.

If the decimal number is of the form YYYYMMDD and no other calendar date item (see Calendar date item) appears before it in the date string, then YYYY is read as the year, MM as the month number and DD as the day of the month, for the specified calendar date.

If the decimal number is of the form HHMM and no other time of day item appears before it in the date string, then HH is read as the hour of the day and MM as the minute of the hour, for the specified time of the day.  MM can also be omitted.

If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the year.

Authors of getdate
==================

getdate was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin (smb@research.att.com) while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz (rsalz@bbn.com) and Jim Berets (jberets@bbn.com) in August, 1990.  Various revisions for the GNU system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, and others.

This chapter was originally produced by François Pinard (pinard@iro.umontreal.ca) from the getdate.y source code, and then edited by K. Berry (kb@cs.umb.edu).

Controlling the Archive Format
******************************

-recursion -arg

Making tar Archives More Portable
=================================

Creating a tar archive on a particular system that is meant to be useful later on many other machines and with other versions of tar is more challenging than you might think.  tar archive formats have been evolving since the first versions of Unix.  Many such formats are around, and are not always comptible with each other.  This section discusses a few problems, and gives some advice about making tar archives more portable.

One golden rule is simplicity.  For example, limit your tar archives to contain only regular files and directories, avoiding other kind of special files.  Do not attempt to save sparse files or contiguous files as such.  Let's discuss a few more problems, in turn.

Portable Names
--------------

Use straight file and directory names, made up of printable ASCII characters, avoiding colons, slashes, backslashes, spaces, and other dangerous characters.  Avoid deep directory nesting. Accounting for oldish System V machines, limit your file and directory names to 14 characters or less.

If you intend to have your tar archives to be read under MSDOS, you should not rely on case distinction for file names, and you might use the GNU doschk program for helping you further diagnosing illegal MSDOS names, which are even more limited than System V's.

Symbolic Links
--------------

Normally, when tar archives a symbolic link, it writes a block to the archive naming the target of the link.  In that way, the tar archive is a faithful record of the filesystem contents. --dereference (-h) is used with --create (-c), and causes tar to archive the files symbolic links point to, instead of the links themselves.  When this option is used, when tar encounters a symbolic link, it will archive the linked-to file, instead of simply recording the presence of a symbolic link.

The name under which the file is stored in the file system is not recorded in the archive.  To record both the symbolic link name and the file name in the system, archive the file under both names.  If all links were recorded automatically by tar, an extracted file might be linked to a file name that no longer exists in the file system.

If a linked-to file is encountered again by tar while creating the same archive, an entire second copy of it will be stored.  (This might be considered a bug.)

So, for portable archives, do not archive symbolic links as such, and use --dereference (-h): many systems do not support symbolic links, and moreover, your distribution might be unusable if it contains unresolved symbolic links.

Old V7 Archives
---------------

Certain old versions of tar cannot handle additional information recorded by newer tar programs.  To create an archive in V7 format (not ANSI), which can be read by these old versions, specify the --old-archive (-o) option in conjunction with the --create (-c).  tar also accepts --portability for this option.  When you specify it, tar leaves out information about directories, pipes, fifos, contiguous files, and device files, and specifies file ownership by group and user IDs instead of group and user names.

When updating an archive, do not use --old-archive (-o) unless the archive was created with using this option.

In most cases, a new format archive can be read by an old tar program without serious trouble, so this option should seldom be needed.  On the other hand, most modern tars are able to read old format archives, so it might be safer for you to always use --old-archive (-o) for your distributions.

GNU tar and POSIX tar
---------------------

GNU tar was based on an early draft of the POSIX 1003.1 ustar standard.  GNU extensions to tar, such as the support for file names longer than 100 characters, use portions of the tar header record which were specified in that POSIX draft as unused.  Subsequent changes in POSIX have allocated the same parts of the header record for other purposes.  As a result, GNU tar is incompatible with the current POSIX spec, and with tar programs that follow it.

We plan to reimplement these GNU extensions in a new way which is upward compatible with the latest POSIX tar format, but we don't know when this will be done.

In the mean time, there is simply no telling what might happen if you read a GNU tar archive, which uses the GNU extensions, using some other tar program.  So if you want to read the archive with another tar program, be sure to write it using the --old-archive option (-o).

is there a way to tell which flavor of tar was used to write a
particular archive before you try to read it?

Traditionally, old tars have a limit of 100 characters.  GNU tar attempted two different approaches to overcome this limit, using and extending a format specified by a draft of some P1003.1. The first way was not that successful, and involved @MaNgLeD@ file names, or such; while a second approach used ././@LongLink and other tricks, yielding better success.  In theory, GNU tar should be able to handle file names of practically unlimited length. So, if GNU tar fails to dump and retrieve files having more than 100 characters, then there is a bug in GNU tar, indeed.

But, being strictly POSIX, the limit was still 100 characters. For various other purposes, GNU tar used areas left unassigned in the POSIX draft.  POSIX later revised P1003.1 ustar format by assigning previously unused header fields, in such a way that the upper limit for file name length was raised to 256 characters.  However, the actual POSIX limit oscillates between 100 and 256, depending on the precise location of slashes in full file name (this is rather ugly). Since GNU tar use the same fields for quite other purposes, it became incompatible with the latest POSIX standards.

For longer or non-fitting file names, we plan to use yet another set of GNU extensions, but this time, complying with the provisions POSIX offers for extending the format, rather than conflicting with it. Whenever an archive uses old GNU tar extension format or POSIX extensions, would it be for very long file names or other specialities, this archive becomes non-portable to other tar implementations. In fact, anything can happen.  The most forgiving tars will merely unpack the file using a wrong name, and maybe create another file named something like @LongName, with the true file name in it.  tars not protecting themselves may segment violate!

Compatibility concerns make all this thing more difficult, as we will have to support all these things together, for a while. GNU tar should be able to produce and read true POSIX format files, while being able to detect old GNU tar formats, besides old V7 format, and process them conveniently.  It would take years before this whole area stabilizes...

There are plans to raise this 100 limit to 256, and yet produce POSIX conformant archives.  Past 256, I do not know yet if GNU tar will go non-POSIX again, or merely refuse to archive the file.

There are plans so GNU tar support more fully the latest POSIX format, while being able to read old V7 format, GNU (semi-POSIX plus extension), as well as full POSIX.  One may ask if there is part of the POSIX format that we still cannot support.  This simple question has a complex answer.  Maybe that, on intimate look, some strong limitations will pop up, but until now, nothing sounds too difficult (but see below).  I only have these few pages of POSIX telling about `Extended tar Format' (P1003.1-1990 -- section 10.1.1), and there are references to other parts of the standard I do not have, which should normally enforce limitations on stored file names (I suspect things like fixing what / and NUL means).  There are also some points which the standard does not make clear, Existing practice will then drive what I should do.

POSIX mandates that, when a file name cannot fit within 100 to 256 characters (the variance comes from the fact a / is ideally needed as the 156'th character), or a link name cannot fit within 100 characters, a warning should be issued and the file not be stored.  Unless some --posix option is given (or POSIXLY_CORRECT is set), I suspect that GNU tar should disobey this specification, and automatically switch to using GNU extensions to overcome file name or link name length limitations.

There is a problem, however, which I did not intimately studied yet. Given a truly POSIX archive with names having more than 100 characters, I guess that GNU tar up to 1.11.8 will process it as if it were an old V7 archive, and be fooled by some fields which are coded differently. So, the question is to decide if the next generation of GNU tar should produce POSIX format by default, whenever possible, producing archives older versions of GNU tar might not be able to read correctly.  I fear that we will have to suffer such a choice one of these days, if we want GNU tar to go closer to POSIX.  We can rush it. Another possibility is to produce the current GNU tar format by default for a few years, but have GNU tar versions from some 1.POSIX and up able to recognize all three formats, and let older GNU tar fade out slowly.  Then, we could switch to producing POSIX format by default, with not much harm to those still having (very old at that time) GNU tar versions prior to 1.POSIX.

POSIX format cannot represent very long names, volume headers, splitting of files in multi-volumes, sparse files, and incremental dumps; these would be all disallowed if --posix or POSIXLY_CORRECT.  Otherwise, if tar is given long names, or -[VMSgG], then it should automatically go non-POSIX. I think this is easily granted without much discussion.

Another point is that only mtime is stored in POSIX archives, while GNU tar currently also store atime and ctime.  If we want GNU tar to go closer to POSIX, my choice would be to drop atime and ctime support on average.  On the other hand, I perceive that full dumps or incremental dumps need atime and ctime support, so for those special applications, POSIX has to be avoided altogether.

A few users requested that --sparse (-S) be always active by default, I think that before replying to them, we have to decide if we want GNU tar to go closer to POSIX on average, while producing files.  My choice would be to go closer to POSIX in the long run.  Besides possible double reading, I do not see any point of not trying to save files as sparse when creating archives which are neither POSIX nor old-V7, so the actual --sparse (-S) would become selected by default when producing such archives, whatever the reason is.  So, --sparse (-S) alone might be redefined to force GNU-format archives, and recover its previous meaning from this fact.

GNU-format as it exists now can easily fool other POSIX tar, as it uses fields which POSIX considers to be part of the file name prefix.  I wonder if it would not be a good idea, in the long run, to try changing GNU-format so any added field (like ctime, atime, file offset in subsequent volumes, or sparse file descriptions) be wholly and always pushed into an extension block, instead of using space in the POSIX header block.  I could manage to do that portably between future GNU tars.  So other POSIX tars might be at least able to provide kind of correct listings for the archives produced by GNU tar, if not able to process them otherwise.

Using these projected extensions might induce older tars to fail. We would use the same approach as for POSIX.  I'll put out a tar capable of reading POSIXier, yet extended archives, but will not produce this format by default, in GNU mode.  In a few years, when newer GNU tars will have flooded out tar 1.11.X and previous, we could switch to producing POSIXier extended archives, with no real harm to users, as almost all existing GNU tars will be ready to read POSIXier format.  In fact, I'll do both changes at the same time, in a few years, and just prepare tar for both changes, without effecting them, from 1.POSIX.  (Both changes: 1---using POSIX convention for getting over 100 characters; 2---avoiding mangling POSIX headers for GNU extensions, using only POSIX mandated extension techniques).

So, a future tar will have a --posix flag forcing the usage of truly POSIX headers, and so, producing archives previous GNU tar will not be able to read. So, once pretest will announce that feature, it would be particularly useful that users test how exchangeable will be archives between GNU tar with --posix and other POSIX tar.

In a few years, when GNU tar will produce POSIX headers by default, --posix will have a strong meaning and will disallow GNU extensions.  But in the meantime, for a long while, --posix in GNU tar will not disallow GNU extensions like --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL), --multi-volume (-M), --sparse (-S), or very long file or link names. However, --posix with GNU extensions will use POSIX headers with reserved-for-users extensions to headers, and I will be curious to know how well or bad POSIX tars will react to these.

GNU tar prior to 1.POSIX, and after 1.POSIX without --posix, generates and checks ustar  , with two suffixed spaces.  This is sufficient for older GNU tar not to recognize POSIX archives, and consequently, wrongly decide those archives are in old V7 format.  It is a useful bug for me, because GNU tar has other POSIX incompatibilities, and I need to segregate GNU tar semi-POSIX archives from truly POSIX archives, for GNU tar should be somewhat compatible with itself, while migrating closer to latest POSIX standards.  So, I'll be very careful about how and when I will do the correction.

Checksumming Problems
---------------------

SunOS and HP-UX tar fail to accept archives created using GNU tar and containing non-ASCII file names, that is, file names having characters with the eight bit set, because they use signed checksums, while GNU tar uses unsigned checksums while creating archives, as per POSIX standards.  On reading, GNU tar computes both checksums and accept any.  It is somewhat worrying that a lot of people may go around doing backup of their files using faulty (or at least non-standard) software, not learning about it until it's time to restore their missing files with an incompatible file extractor, or vice versa.

GNU tar compute checksums both ways, and accept any on read, so GNU tar can read Sun tapes even with their wrong checksums. GNU tar produces the standard checksum, however, raising incompatibilities with Sun.  That is to say, GNU tar has not been modified to produce incorrect archives to be read by buggy tar's.  I've been told that more recent Sun tar now read standard archives, so maybe Sun did a similar patch, after all?

The story seems to be that when Sun first imported tar sources on their system, they recompiled it without realizing that the checksums were computed differently, because of a change in the default signing of char's in their compiler.  So they started computing checksums wrongly.  When they later realized their mistake, they merely decided to stay compatible with it, and with themselves afterwards.  Presumably, but I do not really know, HP-UX has chosen that their tar archives to be compatible with Sun's. The current standards do not favor Sun tar format.  In any case, it now falls on the shoulders of SunOS and HP-UX users to get a tar able to read the good archives they receive.

Using Less Space through Compression
====================================

Creating and Reading Compressed Archives
----------------------------------------

     (This message will disappear, once this node revised.)

-z
--gzip
--ungzip
     Filter the archive through gzip.

ach; these two bits orig from "compare" (?).  where to put? Some format parameters must be taken into consideration when modifying an archive: ???.  Compressed archives cannot be modified.

You can use --gzip and --gunzip on physical devices (tape drives, etc.) and remote files as well as on normal files; data to or from such devices or remote files is reblocked by another copy of the tar program to enforce the specified (or default) record size.  The default compression parameters are used; if you need to override them, avoid the --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z) option and run gzip explicitly.  (Or set the GZIP environment variable.)

The --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z) option does not work with the --multi-volume (-M) option, or with the --update (-u), --append (-r), --concatenate (--catenate, -A), or --delete operations.

It is not exact to say that GNU tar is to work in concert with gzip in a way similar to zip, say.  Surely, it is possible that tar and gzip be done with a single call, like in:

     $ tar cfz archive.tar.gz subdir

to save all of subdir into a gzip'ed archive.  Later you can do:

     $ tar xfz archive.tar.gz

to explode and unpack.

The difference is that the whole archive is compressed.  With zip, archive members are archived individually.  tar's method yields better compression.  On the other hand, one can view the contents of a zip archive without having to decompress it.  As for the tar and gzip tandem, you need to decompress the archive to see its contents.  However, this may be done without needing disk space, by using pipes internally:

     $ tar tfz archive.tar.gz

About corrupted compressed archives: gzip'ed files have no redundancy, for maximum compression.  The adaptive nature of the compression scheme means that the compression tables are implicitly spread all over the archive.  If you lose a few blocks, the dynamic construction of the compression tables becomes unsychronized, and there is little chance that you could recover later in the archive.

There are pending suggestions for having a per-volume or per-file compression in GNU tar.  This would allow for viewing the contents without decompression, and for resynchronizing decompression at every volume or file, in case of corrupted archives.  Doing so, we might loose some compressibility.  But this would have make recovering easier. So, there are pros and cons.  We'll see!

-Z
--compress
--uncompress
     Filter the archive through compress.  Otherwise like --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z).

--use-compress-program=PROG
     Filter through PROG (must accept -d).

--compress (--uncompress, -Z) stores an archive in compressed format.  This option is useful in saving time over networks and space in pipes, and when storage space is at a premium.  --compress (--uncompress, -Z) causes tar to compress when writing the archive, or to uncompress when reading the archive.

To perform compression and uncompression on the archive, tar runs the compress utility.  tar uses the default compression parameters; if you need to override them, avoid the --compress (--uncompress, -Z) option and run the compress utility explicitly.  It is useful to be able to call the compress utility from within tar because the compress utility by itself cannot access remote tape drives.

The --compress (--uncompress, -Z) option will not work in conjunction with the --multi-volume (-M) option or the --append (-r), --update (-u), --append (-r) and --delete operations.  See Operations, for more information on these operations.

If there is no compress utility available, tar will report an error. Please note that the compress program may be covered by a patent, and therefore we recommend you stop using it.

--compress
--uncompress
-z
-Z
     When this option is specified, tar will compress (when writing an archive), or uncompress (when reading an archive).  Used in conjunction with the --create (-c), --extract (--get, -x), --list (-t) and --compare (--diff, -d) operations.

You can have archives be compressed by using the --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z) option. This will arrange for tar to use the gzip program to be used to compress or uncompress the archive wren writing or reading it.

To use the older, obsolete, compress program, use the --compress (--uncompress, -Z) option.  The GNU Project recommends you not use compress, because there is a patent covering the algorithm it uses.  You could be sued for patent infringment merely by running compress.

I have one question, or maybe it's a suggestion if there isn't a way to do it now. I would like to use --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z), but I'd also like the output to be fed through a program like GNU ecc (actually, right now that's exactly what I'd like to use :-)), basically adding ECC protection on top of compression.  It seems as if this should be quite easy to do, but I can't work out exactly how to go about it. Of course, I can pipe the standard output of tar through ecc, but then I lose (though I haven't started using it yet, I confess) the ability to have tar use rmt for it's I/O (I think).

I think the most straightforward thing would be to let me specify a general set of filters outboard of compression (preferably ordered, so the order can be automatically reversed on input operations, and with the options they require specifiable), but beggars shouldn't be choosers and anything you decide on would be fine with me.

By the way, I like ecc but if (as the comments say) it can't deal with loss of block sync, I'm tempted to throw some time at adding that capability.  Supposing I were to actually do such a thing and get it (apparantly) working, do you accept contributed changes to utilities like that?  (Leigh Clayton loc@soliton.com, May 1995).

Isn't that exactly the role of the --use-compress-prog=PROGRAM option? I never tried it myself, but I suspect you may want to write a PROG script or program able to filter stdin to stdout to way you want.  It should recognize the -d option, for when extraction is needed rather than creation.

It has been reported that if one writes compressed data (through the --gzip (--gunzip, --ungzip, -z) or --compress (--uncompress, -Z) options) to a DLT and tries to use the DLT compression mode, the data will actually get bigger and one will end up with less space on the tape.

Archiving Sparse Files
----------------------

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-S
--sparse
     Handle sparse files efficiently.

This option causes all files to be put in the archive to be tested for sparseness, and handled specially if they are.  The --sparse (-S) option is useful when many dbm files, for example, are being backed up.  Using this option dramatically decreases the amount of space needed to store such a file.

In later versions, this option may be removed, and the testing and treatment of sparse files may be done automatically with any special GNU options.  For now, it is an option needing to be specified on the command line with the creation or updating of an archive.

Files in the filesystem occasionally have ``holes.''  A hole in a file is a section of the file's contents which was never written.  The contents of a hole read as all zeros.  On many operating systems, actual disk storage is not allocated for holes, but they are counted in the length of the file.  If you archive such a file, tar could create an archive longer than the original.  To have tar attempt to recognize the holes in a file, use --sparse (-S).  When you use the --sparse (-S) option, then, for any file using less disk space than would be expected from its length, tar searches the file for consecutive stretches of zeros.  It then records in the archive for the file where the consecutive stretches of zeros are, and only archives the ``real contents'' of the file.  On extraction (using --sparse (-S) is not needed on extraction) any such files have hols created wherever the continuous stretches of zeros were found. Thus, if you use --sparse (-S), tar archives won't take more space than the original.

A file is sparse if it contains blocks of zeros whose existence is recorded, but that have no space allocated on disk.  When you specify the --sparse (-S) option in conjunction with the --create (-c) operation, tar tests all files for sparseness while archiving. If tar finds a file to be sparse, it uses a sparse representation of the file in the archive.  See create, for more information about creating archives.

--sparse (-S) is useful when archiving files, such as dbm files, likely to contain many nulls.  This option dramatically decreases the amount of space needed to store such an archive.

     Please Note: Always use --sparse (-S) when performing file system backups, to avoid archiving the expanded forms of files stored sparsely in the system.

     Even if your system has no sparse files currently, some may be created in the future.  If you use --sparse (-S) while making file system backups as a matter of course, you can be assured the archive will never take more space on the media than the files take on disk (otherwise, archiving a disk filled with sparse files might take hundreds of tapes). -xrefincremental when node name is set.

tar ignores the --sparse (-S) option when reading an archive.

--sparse
-S
     Files stored sparsely in the file system are represented sparsely in the archive.  Use in conjunction with write operations.

However, users should be well aware that at archive creation time, GNU tar still has to read whole disk file to locate the holes, and so, even if sparse files use little space on disk and in the archive, they may sometimes require inordinate amount of time for reading and examining all-zero blocks of a file.  Although it works, it's painfully slow for a large (sparse) file, even though the resulting tar archive may be small. (One user reports that dumping a core file of over 400 megabytes, but with only about 3 megabytes of actual data, took about 9 minutes on a Sun Sparstation ELC, with full CPU utilisation.)

This reading is required in all cases and is not related to the fact the --sparse (-S) option is used or not, so by merely not using the option, you are not saving time (Well!  We should say
the whole truth, here.  When --sparse (-S) is selected while creating
an archive, the current tar algorithm requires sparse files to be
read twice, not once.  We hope to develop a new archive format for saving
sparse files in which one pass will be sufficient.).

Programs like dump do not have to read the entire file; by examining the file system directly, they can determine in advance exactly where the holes are and thus avoid reading through them.  The only data it need read are the actual allocated data blocks.  GNU tar uses a more portable and straightforward archiving approach, it would be fairly difficult that it does otherwise.  Elizabeth Zwicky writes to comp.unix.internals, on 1990-12-10:

     What I did say is that you cannot tell the difference between a hole and an equivalent number of nulls without reading raw blocks.  st_blocks at best tells you how many holes there are; it doesn't tell you where. Just as programs may, conceivably, care what st_blocks is (care to name one that does?), they may also care where the holes are (I have no examples of this one either, but it's equally imaginable).

     I conclude from this that good archivers are not portable.  One can arguably conclude that if you want a portable program, you can in good conscience restore files with as many holes as possible, since you can't get it right.

Handling File Attributes
========================

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When tar reads files, this causes them to have the access times updated.  To have tar attempt to set the access times back to what they were before they were read, use the --atime-preserve option.  This doesn't work for files that you don't own, unless you're root, and it doesn't interact with incremental dumps nicely (see Backups), but it is good enough for some purposes.

Handling of file attributes

--atime-preserve
     Do not change access times on dumped files.

-m
--touch
     Do not extract file modified time.

     When this option is used, tar leaves the modification times of the files it extracts as the time when the files were extracted, instead of setting it to the time recorded in the archive.

     This option is meaningless with --list (-t).

--same-owner
     Create extracted files with the same ownership they have in the archive.

     When using super-user at extraction time, ownership is always restored. So, this option is meaningful only for non-root users, when tar is executed on those systems able to give files away.  This is considered as a security flaw by many people, at least because it makes quite difficult to correctly account users for the disk space they occupy.  Also, the suid or sgid attributes of files are easily and silently lost when files are given away.

     When writing an archive, tar writes the user id and user name separately.  If it can't find a user name (because the user id is not in /etc/passwd), then it does not write one.  When restoring, and doing a chmod like when you use --same-permissions (--preserve-permissions, -p) (same-owner?), it tries to look the name (if one was written) up in /etc/passwd.  If it fails, then it uses the user id stored in the archive instead.

--numeric-owner
     The --numeric-owner option allows (ANSI) archives to be written without user/group name information or such information to be ignored when extracting.  It effectively disables the generation and/or use of user/group name information.  This option forces extraction using the numeric ids from the archive, ignoring the names.

     This is useful in certain circumstances, when restoring a backup from an emergency floppy with different passwd/group files for example. It is otherwise impossible to extract files with the right ownerships if the password file in use during the extraction does not match the one belonging to the filesystem(s) being extracted.  This occurs, for example, if you are restoring your files after a major crash and had booted from an emergency floppy with no password file or put your disk into another machine to do the restore.

     The numeric ids are always saved into tar archives. The identifying names are added at create time when provided by the system, unless --old-archive (-o) is used.  Numeric ids could be used when moving archives between a collection of machines using a centralized management for attribution of numeric ids to users and groups.  This is often made through using the NIS capabilities.

     When making a tar file for distribution to other sites, it is sometimes cleaner to use a single owner for all files in the distribution, and nicer to specify the write permission bits of the files as stored in the archive independently of their actual value on the file system.  The way to prepare a clean distribution is usually to have some Makefile rule creating a directory, copying all needed files in that directory, then setting ownership and permissions as wanted (there are a lot of possible schemes), and only then making a tar archive out of this directory, before cleaning everything out.  Of course, we could add a lot of options to GNU tar for fine tuning permissions and ownership.  This is not the good way, I think.  GNU tar is already crowded with options and moreover, the approach just explained gives you a great deal of control already.

-p
--same-permissions
--preserve-permissions
     Extract all protection information.

     This option causes tar to set the modes (access permissions) of extracted files exactly as recorded in the archive.  If this option is not used, the current umask setting limits the permissions on extracted files.

     This option is meaningless with --list (-t).

--preserve
     Same as both --same-permissions (--preserve-permissions, -p) and --same-order (--preserve-order, -s).

     The --preserve option has no equivalent short option name. It is equivalent to --same-permissions (--preserve-permissions, -p) plus --same-order (--preserve-order, -s).

     -recursion -arg

The Standard Format
===================

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While an archive may contain many files, the archive itself is a single ordinary file.  Like any other file, an archive file can be written to a storage device such as a tape or disk, sent through a pipe or over a network, saved on the active file system, or even stored in another archive.  An archive file is not easy to read or manipulate without using the tar utility or Tar mode in GNU Emacs.

Physically, an archive consists of a series of file entries terminated by an end-of-archive entry, which consists of 512 zero bytes.  A file entry usually describes one of the files in the archive (an archive member), and consists of a file header and the contents of the file.  File headers contain file names and statistics, checksum information which tar uses to detect file corruption, and information about file types.

Archives are permitted to have more than one member with the same member name.  One way this situation can occur is if more than one version of a file has been stored in the archive.  For information about adding new versions of a file to an archive, see update, and to learn more about having more than one archive member with the same name, see -xref-backup node, when it's written.

In addition to entries describing archive members, an archive may contain entries which tar itself uses to store information. See label, for an example of such an archive entry.

A tar archive file contains a series of blocks.  Each block contains BLOCKSIZE bytes.  Although this format may be thought of as being on magnetic tape, other media are often used.

Each file archived is represented by a header block which describes the file, followed by zero or more blocks which give the contents of the file.  At the end of the archive file there may be a block filled with binary zeros as an end-of-file marker.  A reasonable system should write a block of zeros at the end, but must not assume that such a block exists when reading an archive.

The blocks may be blocked for physical I/O operations. Each record of N blocks (where N is set by the --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) option to tar) is written with a single write () operation.  On magnetic tapes, the result of such a write is a single record.  When writing an archive, the last record of blocks should be written at the full size, with blocks after the zero block containing all zeros.  When reading an archive, a reasonable system should properly handle an archive whose last record is shorter than the rest, or which contains garbage records after a zero block.

The header block is defined in C as follows.  In the GNU tar distribution, this is part of file src/tar.h:

          [file header.texi not included]

All characters in header blocks are represented by using 8-bit characters in the local variant of ASCII.  Each field within the structure is contiguous; that is, there is no padding used within the structure.  Each character on the archive medium is stored contiguously.

Bytes representing the contents of files (after the header block of each file) are not translated in any way and are not constrained to represent characters in any character set.  The tar format does not distinguish text files from binary files, and no translation of file contents is performed.

The name, linkname, magic, uname, and gname are null-terminated character strings.  All other fileds are zero-filled octal numbers in ASCII.  Each numeric field of width W contains W minus 2 digits, a space, and a null, except size, and mtime, which do not contain the trailing null.

The name field is the file name of the file, with directory names (if any) preceding the file name, separated by slashes.

-recursion -arg

The mode field provides nine bits specifying file permissions and three bits to specify the Set UID, Set GID, and Save Text (sticky) modes.  Values for these bits are defined above. When special permissions are required to create a file with a given mode, and the user restoring files from the archive does not hold such permissions, the mode bit(s) specifying those special permissions are ignored.  Modes which are not supported by the operating system restoring files from the archive will be ignored.  Unsupported modes should be faked up when creating or updating an archive; e.g. the group permission could be copied from the other permission.

The uid and gid fields are the numeric user and group ID of the file owners, respectively.  If the operating system does not support numeric user or group IDs, these fields should be ignored.

The size field is the size of the file in bytes; linked files are archived with this field specified as zero. -xrefModifiers, in particular the --incremental (-G) option.

The mtime field is the modification time of the file at the time it was archived.  It is the ASCII representation of the octal value of the last time the file was modified, represented as an integer number of seconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00 Coordinated Universal Time.

The chksum field is the ASCII representation of the octal value of the simple sum of all bytes in the header block.  Each 8-bit byte in the header is added to an unsigned integer, initialized to zero, the precision of which shall be no less than seventeen bits. When calculating the checksum, the chksum field is treated as if it were all blanks.

The typeflag field specifies the type of file archived.  If a particular implementation does not recognize or permit the specified type, the file will be extracted as if it were a regular file.  As this action occurs, tar issues a warning to the standard error.

The atime and ctime fields are used in making incremental backups; they store, respectively, the particular file's access time and last inode-change time.

The offset is used by the --multi-volume (-M) option, when making a multi-volume archive.  The offset is number of bytes into the file that we need to restart at to continue the file on the next tape, i.e., where we store the location that a continued file is continued at.

The following fields were added to deal with sparse files.  A file is sparse if it takes in unallocated blocks which end up being represented as zeros, i.e., no useful data.  A test to see if a file is sparse is to look at the number blocks allocated for it versus the number of characters in the file; if there are fewer blocks allocated for the file than would normally be allocated for a file of that size, then the file is sparse.  This is the method tar uses to detect a sparse file, and once such a file is detected, it is treated differently from non-sparse files.

Sparse files are often dbm files, or other database-type files which have data at some points and emptiness in the greater part of the file.  Such files can appear to be very large when an ls -l is done on them, when in truth, there may be a very small amount of important data contained in the file.  It is thus undesirable to have tar think that it must back up this entire file, as great quantities of room are wasted on empty blocks, which can lead to running out of room on a tape far earlier than is necessary. Thus, sparse files are dealt with so that these empty blocks are not written to the tape.  Instead, what is written to the tape is a description, of sorts, of the sparse file: where the holes are, how big the holes are, and how much data is found at the end of the hole. This way, the file takes up potentially far less room on the tape, and when the file is extracted later on, it will look exactly the way it looked beforehand.  The following is a description of the fields used to handle a sparse file:

The sp is an array of struct sparse.  Each struct sparse contains two 12-character strings which represent an offset into the file and a number of bytes to be written at that offset. The offset is absolute, and not relative to the offset in preceding array element.

The header can hold four of these struct sparse at the moment; if more are needed, they are not stored in the header.

The isextended flag is set when an extended_header is needed to deal with a file.  Note that this means that this flag can only be set when dealing with a sparse file, and it is only set in the event that the description of the file will not fit in the alloted room for sparse structures in the header.  In other words, an extended_header is needed.

The extended_header structure is used for sparse files which need more sparse structures than can fit in the header.  The header can fit 4 such structures; if more are needed, the flag isextended gets set and the next block is an extended_header.

Each extended_header structure contains an array of 21 sparse structures, along with a similar isextended flag that the header had.  There can be an indeterminate number of such extended_headers to describe a sparse file.

REGTYPE
AREGTYPE
     These flags represent a regular file.  In order to be compatible with older versions of tar, a typeflag value of AREGTYPE should be silently recognized as a regular file. New archives should be created using REGTYPE.  Also, for backward compatibility, tar treats a regular file whose name ends with a slash as a directory.

LNKTYPE
     This flag represents a file linked to another file, of any type, previously archived.  Such files are identified in Unix by each file having the same device and inode number.  The linked-to name is specified in the linkname field with a trailing null.

SYMTYPE
     This represents a symbolic link to another file.  The linked-to name is specified in the linkname field with a trailing null.

CHRTYPE
BLKTYPE
     These represent character special files and block special files respectively.  In this case the devmajor and devminor fields will contain the major and minor device numbers respectively. Operating systems may map the device specifications to their own local specification, or may ignore the entry.

DIRTYPE
     This flag specifies a directory or sub-directory.  The directory name in the name field should end with a slash.  On systems where disk allocation is performed on a directory basis, the size field will contain the maximum number of bytes (which may be rounded to the nearest disk block allocation unit) which the directory may hold.  A size field of zero indicates no such limiting.  Systems which do not support limiting in this manner should ignore the size field.

FIFOTYPE
     This specifies a FIFO special file.  Note that the archiving of a FIFO file archives the existence of this file and not its contents.

CONTTYPE
     This specifies a contiguous file, which is the same as a normal file except that, in operating systems which support it, all its space is allocated contiguously on the disk.  Operating systems which do not allow contiguous allocation should silently treat this type as a normal file.

A ... Z
     These are reserved for custom implementations.  Some of these are used in the GNU modified format, as described below.

Other values are reserved for specification in future revisions of the P1003 standard, and should not be used by any tar program.

The magic field indicates that this archive was output in the P1003 archive format.  If this field contains TMAGIC, the uname and gname fields will contain the ASCII representation of the owner and group of the file respectively. If found, the user and group IDs are used rather than the values in the uid and gid fields.

For references, see ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 or IEEE Std 1003.1-1990, pages 169-173 (section 10.1) for Archive/Interchange File Format; and IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, pages 380-388 (section 4.48) and pages 936-940 (section E.4.48) for pax - Portable archive interchange.

GNU Extensions to the Archive Format
====================================

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The GNU format uses additional file types to describe new types of files in an archive.  These are listed below.

GNUTYPE_DUMPDIR
'D'
     This represents a directory and a list of files created by the --incremental (-G) option.  The size field gives the total size of the associated list of files.  Each file name is preceded by either a Y (the file should be in this archive) or an N. (The file is a directory, or is not stored in the archive.)  Each file name is terminated by a null.  There is an additional null after the last file name.

GNUTYPE_MULTIVOL
'M'
     This represents a file continued from another volume of a multi-volume archive created with the --multi-volume (-M) option.  The original type of the file is not given here.  The size field gives the maximum size of this piece of the file (assuming the volume does not end before the file is written out).  The offset field gives the offset from the beginning of the file where this part of the file begins.  Thus size plus offset should equal the original size of the file.

GNUTYPE_SPARSE
'S'
     This flag indicates that we are dealing with a sparse file.  Note that archiving a sparse file requires special operations to find holes in the file, which mark the positions of these holes, along with the number of bytes of data to be found after the hole.

GNUTYPE_VOLHDR
'V'
     This file type is used to mark the volume header that was given with the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option when the archive was created.  The name field contains the name given after the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option. The size field is zero.  Only the first file in each volume of an archive should have this type.

You may have trouble reading a GNU format archive on a non-GNU system if the options --incremental (-G), --multi-volume (-M), --sparse (-S), or --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) were used when writing the archive. In general, if tar does not use the GNU-added fields of the header, other versions of tar should be able to read the archive.  Otherwise, the tar program will give an error, the most likely one being a checksum error.

Comparison of tar and cpio
==========================

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-recursion -arg

The cpio archive formats, like tar, do have maximum pathname lengths.  The binary and old ASCII formats have a max path length of 256, and the new ASCII and CRC ASCII formats have a max path length of 1024.  GNU cpio can read and write archives with arbitrary pathname lengths, but other cpio implementations may crash unexplainedly trying to read them.

tar handles symbolic links in the form in which it comes in BSD; cpio doesn't handle symbolic links in the form in which it comes in System V prior to SVR4, and some vendors may have added symlinks to their system without enhancing cpio to know about them. Others may have enhanced it in a way other than the way I did it at Sun, and which was adopted by AT&T (and which is, I think, also present in the cpio that Berkeley picked up from AT&T and put into a later BSD release---I think I gave them my changes).

(SVR4 does some funny stuff with tar; basically, its cpio can handle tar format input, and write it on output, and it probably handles symbolic links.  They may not have bothered doing anything to enhance tar as a result.)

cpio handles special files; traditional tar doesn't.

tar comes with V7, System III, System V, and BSD source; cpio comes only with System III, System V, and later BSD (4.3-tahoe and later).

tar's way of handling multiple hard links to a file can handle file systems that support 32-bit inumbers (e.g., the BSD file system); cpios way requires you to play some games (in its "binary" format, i-numbers are only 16 bits, and in its "portable ASCII" format, they're 18 bits---it would have to play games with the "file system ID" field of the header to make sure that the file system ID/i-number pairs of different files were always different), and I don't know which cpios, if any, play those games.  Those that don't might get confused and think two files are the same file when they're not, and make hard links between them.

tars way of handling multiple hard links to a file places only one copy of the link on the tape, but the name attached to that copy is the only one you can use to retrieve the file; cpios way puts one copy for every link, but you can retrieve it using any of the names.

     What type of check sum (if any) is used, and how is this calculated.

See the attached manual pages for tar and cpio format. tar uses a checksum which is the sum of all the bytes in the tar header for a file; cpio uses no checksum.

     If anyone knows why cpio was made when tar was present at the unix scene,

It wasn't.  cpio first showed up in PWB/UNIX 1.0; no generally-available version of UNIX had tar at the time.  I don't know whether any version that was generally available within AT&T had tar, or, if so, whether the people within AT&T who did cpio knew about it.

On restore, if there is a corruption on a tape tar will stop at that point, while cpio will skip over it and try to restore the rest of the files.

The main difference is just in the command syntax and header format.

tar is a little more tape-oriented in that everything is blocked to start on a record boundary.

     Is there any differences between the ability to recover crashed archives between the two of them. (Is there any chance of recovering crashed archives at all.)

Theoretically it should be easier under tar since the blocking lets you find a header with some variation of dd skip=NN. However, modern cpio's and variations have an option to just search for the next file header after an error with a reasonable chance of re-syncing.  However, lots of tape driver software won't allow you to continue past a media error which should be the only reason for getting out of sync unless a file changed sizes while you were writing the archive.

     If anyone knows why cpio was made when tar was present at the unix scene, please tell me about this too.

Probably because it is more media efficient (by not blocking everything and using only the space needed for the headers where tar always uses 512 bytes per file header) and it knows how to archive special files.

You might want to look at the freely available alternatives.  The major ones are afio, GNU tar, and pax, each of which have their own extensions with some backwards compatibility.

Sparse files were tarred as sparse files (which you can easily test, because the resulting archive gets smaller, and GNU cpio can no longer read it).

Tapes and Other Archive Media
*****************************

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A few special cases about tape handling warrant more detailed description.  These special cases are discussed below.

Many complexities surround the use of tar on tape drives.  Since the creation and manipulation of archives located on magnetic tape was the original purpose of tar, it contains many features making such manipulation easier.

Archives are usually written on dismountable media---tape cartridges, mag tapes, or floppy disks.

The amount of data a tape or disk holds depends not only on its size, but also on how it is formatted.  A 2400 foot long reel of mag tape holds 40 megabytes of data when formated at 1600 bits per inch.  The physically smaller EXABYTE tape cartridge holds 2.3 gigabytes.

Magnetic media are re-usable---once the archive on a tape is no longer needed, the archive can be erased and the tape or disk used over. Media quality does deteriorate with use, however.  Most tapes or disks should be disgarded when they begin to produce data errors.  EXABYTE tape cartridges should be disgarded when they generate an error count (number of non-usable bits) of more than 10k.

Magnetic media are written and erased using magnetic fields, and should be protected from such fields to avoid damage to stored data. Sticking a floppy disk to a filing cabinet using a magnet is probably not a good idea.

Device Selection and Switching
==============================

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-f [HOSTNAME:]FILE
--file=[HOSTNAME:]FILE
     Use archive file or device FILE on HOSTNAME.

This option is used to specify the file name of the archive tar works on.

If the file name is -, tar reads the archive from standard input (when listing or extracting), or writes it to standard output (when creating).  If the - file name is given when updating an archive, tar will read the original archive from its standard input, and will write the entire new archive to its standard output.

If the file name contains a :, it is interpreted as hostname:file name.  If the HOSTNAME contains an at sign (@), it is treated as user@hostname:file name.  In either case, tar will invoke the command rsh (or remsh) to start up an /etc/rmt on the remote machine.  If you give an alternate login name, it will be given to the rsh. Naturally, the remote machine must have an executable /etc/rmt. This program is free software from the University of California, and a copy of the source code can be found with the sources for tar; it's compiled and installed by default.

If this option is not given, but the environment variable TAPE is set, its value is used; otherwise, old versions of tar used a default archive name (which was picked when tar was compiled).  The default is normally set up to be the first tape drive or other transportable I/O medium on the system.

Starting with version 1.11.5, GNU tar uses standard input and standard output as the default device, and I will not try anymore supporting automatic device detection at installation time.  This was failing really in too many cases, it was hopeless.  This is now completely left to the installer to override standard input and standard output for default device, if this seems preferrable to him/her. Further, I think most actual usages of tar are done with pipes or disks, not really tapes, cartridges or diskettes.

Some users think that using standard input and output is running after trouble.  This could lead to a nasty surprise on your screen if you forget to specify an output file name---especially if you are going through a network or terminal server capable of buffering large amounts of output.  We had so many bug reports in that area of configuring default tapes automatically, and so many contradicting requests, that we finally consider the problem to be portably intractable.  We could of course use something like /dev/tape as a default, but this is also running after various kind of trouble, going from hung processes to accidental destruction of real tapes.  After having seen all this mess, using standard input and output as a default really sounds like the only clean choice left, and a very useful one too.

GNU tar reads and writes archive in records, I suspect this is the main reason why block devices are preferred over character devices. Most probably, block devices are more efficient too.  The installer could also check for DEFTAPE in <sys/mtio.h>.

--force-local
     Archive file is local even if it contains a colon.

--rsh-command=COMMAND
     Use remote COMMAND instead of rsh.  This option exists so that people who use something other than the standard rsh (e.g., a Kerberized rsh) can access a remote device.

     When this command is not used, the shell command found when the tar program was installed is used instead.  This is the first found of /usr/ucb/rsh, /usr/bin/remsh, /usr/bin/rsh, /usr/bsd/rsh or /usr/bin/nsh. The installer may have overriden this by defining the environment variable RSH at installation time.

-[0-7][lmh]
     Specify drive and density.

-M
--multi-volume
     Create/list/extract multi-volume archive.

     This option causes tar to write a multi-volume archive---one that may be larger than will fit on the medium used to hold it. See Multi-Volume Archives.

-L NUM
--tape-length=NUM
     Change tape after writing NUM x 1024 bytes.

     This option might be useful when your tape drivers do not properly detect end of physical tapes.  By being slightly conservative on the maximum tape length, you might avoid the problem entirely.

-F FILE
--info-script=FILE
--new-volume-script=FILE
     Execute file at end of each tape.  This implies --multi-volume (-M).

The Remote Tape Server
======================

In order to access the tape drive on a remote machine, tar uses the remote tape server written at the University of California at Berkeley.  The remote tape server must be installed as /etc/rmt on any machine whose tape drive you want to use.  tar calls /etc/rmt by running an rsh or remsh to the remote machine, optionally using a different login name if one is supplied.

A copy of the source for the remote tape server is provided.  It is Copyright © 1983 by the Regents of the University of California, but can be freely distributed.  Instructions for compiling and installing it are included in the Makefile.

Unless you use the --absolute-names (-P) option, GNU tar will not allow you to create an archive that contains absolute file names (a file name beginning with /.) If you try, tar will automatically remove the leading / from the file names it stores in the archive.  It will also type a warning message telling you what it is doing.

When reading an archive that was created with a different tar program, GNU tar automatically extracts entries in the archive which have absolute file names as if the file names were not absolute. This is an important feature.  A visitor here once gave a tar tape to an operator to restore; the operator used Sun tar instead of GNU tar, and the result was that it replaced large portions of our /bin and friends with versions from the tape; needless to say, we were unhappy about having to recover the file system from backup tapes.

For example, if the archive contained a file /usr/bin/computoy, GNU tar would extract the file to usr/bin/computoy, relative to the current directory.  If you want to extract the files in an archive to the same absolute names that they had when the archive was created, you should do a cd / before extracting the files from the archive, or you should either use the --absolute-names (-P) option, or use the command tar -C / ....

Some versions of Unix (Ultrix 3.1 is know to have this problem), can claim that a short write near the end of a tape succeeded, when it actually failed.  This will result in the -M option not working correctly.  The best workaround at the moment is to use a significantly larger blocking factor than the default 20.

In order to update an archive, tar must be able to backspace the archive in order to reread or rewrite a record that was just read (or written).  This is currently possible only on two kinds of files: normal disk files (or any other file that can be backspaced with lseek), and industry-standard 9-track magnetic tape (or any other kind of tape that can be backspaced with the MTIOCTOP ioctl.

This means that the --append (-r), --update (-u), --concatenate (--catenate, -A), and --delete commands will not work on any other kind of file.  Some media simply cannot be backspaced, which means these commands and options will never be able to work on them. These non-backspacing media include pipes and cartridge tape drives.

Some other media can be backspaced, and tar will work on them once tar is modified to do so.

Archives created with the --multi-volume (-M), --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL), and --incremental (-G) options may not be readable by other version of tar.  In particular, restoring a file that was split over a volume boundary will require some careful work with dd, if it can be done at all.  Other versions of tar may also create an empty file whose name is that of the volume header.  Some versions of tar may create normal files instead of directories archived with the --incremental (-G) option.

Some Common Problems and their Solutions
========================================

     errors from system:
     permission denied
     no such file or directory
     not owner

     errors from tar:
     directory checksum error
     header format error

     errors from media/system:
     i/o error
     device busy

Blocking
========

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Block and record terminology is rather confused, and it is also confusing to the expert reader.  On the other hand, readers who are new to the field have a fresh mind, and they may safely skip the next two paragraphs, as the remainder of this manual uses those two terms in a quite consistent way.

John Gilmore, the writer of the public domain tar from which GNU tar was originally derived, wrote (June 1995):

     The nomenclature of tape drives comes from IBM, where I believe they were invented for the IBM 650 or so.  On IBM mainframes, what is recorded on tape are tape blocks.  The logical organization of data is into records.  There are various ways of putting records into blocks, including F (fixed sized records), V (variable sized records), FB (fixed blocked: fixed size records, N to a block), VB (variable size records, N to a block), VSB (variable spanned blocked: variable sized records that can occupy more than one block), etc.  The JCL DD RECFORM= parameter specified this to the operating system.

     The Unix man page on tar was totally confused about this. When I wrote PD TAR, I used the historically correct terminology (tar writes data records, which are grouped into blocks). It appears that the bogus terminology made it into POSIX (no surprise here), and now François has migrated that terminology back into the source code too.

The term physical block means the basic transfer chunk from or to a device, after which reading or writing may stop without anything being lost.  In this manual, the term block usually refers to a disk physical block, assuming that each disk block is 512 bytes in length.  It is true that some disk devices have different physical blocks, but tar ignore these differences in its own format, which is meant to be portable, so a tar block is always 512 bytes in length, and block always mean a tar block. The term logical block often represents the basic chunk of allocation of many disk blocks as a single entity, which the operating system treats somewhat atomically; this concept is only barely used in GNU tar.

The term physical record is another way to speak of a physical block, those two terms are somewhat interchangeable.  In this manual, the term record usually refers to a tape physical block, assuming that the tar archive is kept on magnetic tape. It is true that archives may be put on disk or used with pipes, but nevertheless, tar tries to read and write the archive one record at a time, whatever the medium in use.  One record is made up of an integral number of blocks, and this operation of putting many disk blocks into a single tape block is called reblocking, or more simply, blocking.  The term logical record refers to the logical organization of many characters into something meaningful to the application.  The term unit record describes a small set of characters which are transmitted whole to or by the application, and often refers to a line of text.  Those two last terms are unrelated to what we call a record in GNU tar.

When writing to tapes, tar writes the contents of the archive in chunks known as records.  To change the default blocking factor, use the --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) option.  Each record will then be composed of 512-SIZE blocks.  (Each tar block is 512 bytes.  See Standard.)  Each file written to the archive uses at least one full record.  As a result, using a larger record size can result in more wasted space for small files.  On the other hand, a larger record size can often be read and written much more efficiently.

Further complicating the problem is that some tape drives ignore the blocking entirely.  For these, a larger record size can still improve performance (because the software layers above the tape drive still honor the blocking), but not as dramatically as on tape drives that honor blocking.

When reading an archive, tar can usually figure out the record size on itself.  When this is the case, and a non-standard record size was used when the archive was created, tar will print a message about a non-standard blocking factor, and then operate normally.  On some tape devices, however, tar cannot figure out the record size itself.  On most of those, you can specify a blocking factor (with --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE)) larger than the actual blocking factor, and then use the --read-full-records (-B) option.  (If you specify a blocking factor with --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) and don't use the --read-full-records (-B) option, then tar will not attempt to figure out the recording size itself.)  On some devices, you must always specify the record size exactly with --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) when reading, because tar cannot figure it out.  In any case, use --list (-t) before doing any extractions to see whether tar is reading the archive correctly.

tar blocks are all fixed size (512 bytes), and its scheme for putting them into records is to put a whole number of them (one or more) into each record.  tar records are all the same size; at the end of the file there's a block containing all zeros, which is how you tell that the remainder of the last record(s) are garbage.

In a standard tar file (no options), the block size is 512 and the record size is 10240, for a blocking factor of 20.  What the --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) option does is sets the blocking factor, changing the record size while leaving the block size at 512 bytes. 20 was fine for ancient 800 or 1600 bpi reel-to-reel tape drives; most tape drives these days prefer much bigger records in order to stream and not waste tape.  When writing tapes for myself, some tend to use a factor of the order of 2048, say, giving a record size of around one megabyte.

If you use a blocking factor larger than 20, older tar programs might not be able to read the archive, so we recommend this as a limit to use in practice.  GNU tar, however, will support arbitrarily large record sizes, limited only by the amount of virtual memory or the physical characteristics of the tape device.

Format Variations
-----------------

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Format parameters specify how an archive is written on the archive media.  The best choice of format parameters will vary depending on the type and number of files being archived, and on the media used to store the archive.

To specify format parameters when accessing or creating an archive, you can use the options described in the following sections. If you do not specify any format parameters, tar uses default parameters.  You cannot modify a compressed archive. If you create an archive with the --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) option specified (see Blocking Factor), you must specify that blocking-factor when operating on the archive.  See Formats, for other examples of format parameter considerations.

The Blocking Factor of an Archive
---------------------------------

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The data in an archive is grouped into blocks, which are 512 bytes. Blocks are read and written in whole number multiples called records.  The number of blocks in a record (ie. the size of a record in units of 512 bytes) is called the blocking factor. The --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) option specifies the blocking factor of an archive.  The default blocking factor is typically 20 (ie. 10240 bytes), but can be specified at installation.  To find out the blocking factor of an existing archive, use tar --list --file=ARCHIVE-NAME.  This may not work on some devices.

Records are separated by gaps, which waste space on the archive media. If you are archiving on magnetic tape, using a larger blocking factor (and therefore larger records) provides faster throughput and allows you to fit more data on a tape (because there are fewer gaps). If you are archiving on cartridge, a very large blocking factor (say 126 or more) greatly increases performance. A smaller blocking factor, on the other hand, may be usefull when archiving small files, to avoid archiving lots of nulls as tar fills out the archive to the end of the record. In general, the ideal record size depends on the size of the inter-record gaps on the tape you are using, and the average size of the files you are archiving.  See create, for information on writing archives.

-recursion -arg

Archives with blocking factors larger than 20 cannot be read by very old versions of tar, or by some newer versions of tar running on old machines with small address spaces. With GNU tar, the blocking factor of an archive is limited only by the maximum record size of the device containing the archive, or by the amount of available virtual memory.

Also, on some systems, not using adequate blocking factors, as sometimes imposed by the device drivers, may yield unexpected diagnostics.  For example, this has been reported:

     Cannot write to /dev/dlt: Invalid argument

In such cases, it sometimes happen that the tar bundled by the system is aware of block size idiosyncrasies, while GNU tar requires an explicit specification for the block size, which it cannot guess. This yields some people to consider GNU tar is misbehaving, because by comparison, the bundle tar works OK.  Adding -b 256, for example, might resolve the problem.

If you use a non-default blocking factor when you create an archive, you must specify the same blocking factor when you modify that archive.  Some archive devices will also require you to specify the blocking factor when reading that archive, however this is not typically the case.  Usually, you can use --list (-t) without specifying a blocking factor---tar reports a non-default record size and then lists the archive members as it would normally.  To extract files from an archive with a non-standard blocking factor (particularly if you're not sure what the blocking factor is), you can usually use the --read-full-records (-B) option while specifying a blocking factor larger then the blocking factor of the archive (ie. tar --extract --read-full-records --blocking-factor=300. See list, for more information on the --list (-t) operation.  See Reading, for a more detailed explanation of that option.

--blocking-factor=NUMBER
-b NUMBER
     Specifies the blocking factor of an archive.  Can be used with any operation, but is usually not necessary with --list (-t).

Device blocking

-b BLOCKS
--blocking-factor=BLOCKS
     Set record size to BLOCKS * 512 bytes.

     This option is used to specify a blocking factor for the archive. When reading or writing the archive, tar, will do reads and writes of the archive in records of BLOCK*512 bytes.  This is true even when the archive is compressed.  Some devices requires that all write operations be a multiple of a certain size, and so, tar pads the archive out to the next record boundary.

     The default blocking factor is set when tar is compiled, and is typically 20.  Blocking factors larger than 20 cannot be read by very old versions of tar, or by some newer versions of tar running on old machines with small address spaces.

     With a magnetic tape, larger records give faster throughput and fit more data on a tape (because there are fewer inter-record gaps). If the archive is in a disk file or a pipe, you may want to specify a smaller blocking factor, since a large one will result in a large number of null bytes at the end of the archive.

     When writing cartridge or other streaming tapes, a much larger blocking factor (say 126 or more) will greatly increase performance. However, you must specify the same blocking factor when reading or updating the archive.

     Apparently, Exabyte drives have a physical block size of 8K bytes. If we choose our blocksize as a multiple of 8k bytes, then the problem seems to dissapper.  Id est, we are using block size of 112 right now, and we haven't had the problem since we switched...

     With GNU tar the blocking factor is limited only by the maximum record size of the device containing the archive, or by the amount of available virtual memory.

     However, deblocking or reblocking is virtually avoided in a special case which often occurs in practice, but which requires all the following conditions to be simultaneously true:

       * the archive is subject to a compression option,

       * the archive is not handled through standard input or output, nor redirected nor piped,

       * the archive is directly handled to a local disk, instead of any special device,

       * --blocking-factor=512-SIZE (-b 512-SIZE) is not explicitely specified on the tar invocation.

     In previous versions of GNU tar, the --compress-block option (or even older: --block-compress) was necessary to reblock compressed archives.  It is now a dummy option just asking not to be used, and otherwise ignored.  If the output goes directly to a local disk, and not through stdout, then the last write is not extended to a full record size.  Otherwise, reblocking occurs. Here are a few other remarks on this topic:

       * gzip will complain about trailing garbage if asked to uncompress a compressed archive on tape, there is an option to turn the message off, but it breaks the regularity of simply having to use PROG -d for decompression.  It would be nice if gzip was silently ignoring any number of trailing zeros.  I'll ask Jean-loup Gailly, by sending a copy of this message to him.

       * compress does not show this problem, but as Jean-loup pointed out to Michael, compress -d silently adds garbage after the result of decompression, which tar ignores because it already recognized its end-of-file indicator.  So this bug may be safely ignored.

       * gzip -d -q will be silent about the trailing zeros indeed, but will still return an exit status of 2 which tar reports in turn. tar might ignore the exit status returned, but I hate doing that, as it weakens the protection tar offers users against other possible problems at decompression time.  If gzip was silently skipping trailing zeros and also avoiding setting the exit status in this innocuous case, that would solve this situation.

       * tar should become more solid at not stopping to read a pipe at the first null block encountered.  This inelegantly breaks the pipe. tar should rather drain the pipe out before exiting itself.

-i
--ignore-zeros
     Ignore blocks of zeros in archive (means EOF).

     The --ignore-zeros (-i) option causes tar to ignore blocks of zeros in the archive.  Normally a block of zeros indicates the end of the archive, but when reading a damaged archive, or one which was created by cat-ing several archives together, this option allows tar to read the entire archive.  This option is not on by default because many versions of tar write garbage after the zeroed blocks.

     Note that this option causes tar to read to the end of the archive file, which may sometimes avoid problems when multiple files are stored on a single physical tape.

-B
--read-full-records
     Reblock as we read (for reading 4.2BSD pipes).

     If --read-full-records (-B) is used, tar will not panic if an attempt to read a record from the archive does not return a full record. Instead, tar will keep reading until it has obtained a full record.

     This option is turned on by default when tar is reading an archive from standard input, or from a remote machine.  This is because on BSD Unix systems, a read of a pipe will return however much happens to be in the pipe, even if it is less than tar requested.  If this option was not used, tar would fail as soon as it read an incomplete record from the pipe.

     This option is also useful with the commands for updating an archive.

Tape blocking

-recursion -arg

When handling various tapes or cartridges, you have to take care of selecting a proper blocking, that is, the number of disk blocks you put together as a single tape block on the tape, without intervening tape gaps.  A tape gap is a small landing area on the tape with no information on it, used for decelerating the tape to a full stop, and for later regaining the reading or writing speed. When the tape driver starts reading a record, the record has to be read whole without stopping, as a tape gap is needed to stop the tape motion without loosing information.

Using higher blocking (putting more disk blocks per tape block) will use the tape more efficiently as there will be less tape gaps.  But reading such tapes may be more difficult for the system, as more memory will be required to receive at once the whole record.  Further, if there is a reading error on a huge record, this is less likely that the system will succeed in recovering the information.  So, blocking should not be too low, nor it should be too high.  tar uses by default a blocking of 20 for historical reasons, and it does not really matter when reading or writing to disk.  Current tape technology would easily accomodate higher blockings.  Sun recommends a blocking of 126 for Exabytes and 96 for DATs. We were told that for some DLT drives, the blocking should be a multiple of 4Kb, preferably 64Kb (-b 128) or 256 for decent performance. Other manufacturers may use different recommendations for the same tapes. This might also depends of the buffering techniques used inside modern tape controllers.  Some imposes a minimum blocking, or a maximum blocking. Others request blocking to be some exponent of two.

So, there is no fixed rule for blocking.  But blocking at read time should ideally be the same as blocking used at write time.  At one place I know, with a wide variety of equipment, they found it best to use a blocking of 32 to guarantee that their tapes are fully interchangeable.

I was also told that, for recycled tapes, prior erasure (by the same drive unit that will be used to create the archives) sometimes lowers the error rates observed at rewriting time.

I might also use --number-blocks instead of --block-number, so --block will then expand to --blocking-factor unambiguously.

Many Archives on One Tape
=========================

-recursion -arg

Most tape devices have two entries in the /dev directory, or entries that come in pairs, which differ only in the minor number for this device.  Let's take for example /dev/tape, which often points to the only or usual tape device of a given system.  There might be a corresponding /dev/nrtape or /dev/ntape.  The simpler name is the rewinding version of the device, while the name having nr in it is the no rewinding version of the same device.

A rewinding tape device will bring back the tape to its beginning point automatically when this device is opened or closed.  Since tar opens the archive file before using it and closes it afterwards, this means that a simple:

     $ tar cf /dev/tape DIRECTORY

will reposition the tape to its beginning both prior and after saving DIRECTORY contents to it, thus erasing prior tape contents and making it so that any subsequent write operation will destroy what has just been saved.

So, a rewinding device is normally meant to hold one and only one file. If you want to put more than one tar archive on a given tape, you will need to avoid using the rewinding version of the tape device.  You will also have to pay special attention to tape positioning.  Errors in positionning may overwrite the valuable data already on your tape.  Many people, burnt by past experiences, will only use rewinding devices and limit themselves to one file per tape, precisely to avoid the risk of such errors.  Be fully aware that writing at the wrong position on a tape loses all information past this point and most probably until the end of the tape, and this destroyed information cannot be recovered.

To save DIRECTORY-1 as a first archive at the beginning of a tape, and leave that tape ready for a second archive, you should use:

     $ mt -f /dev/nrtape rewind
     $ tar cf /dev/nrtape DIRECTORY-1

Tape marks are special magnetic patterns written on the tape media, which are later recognizable by the reading hardware.  These marks are used after each file, when there are many on a single tape. An empty file (that is to say, two tape marks in a row) signal the logical end of the tape, after which no file exist.  Usually, non-rewinding tape device drivers will react to the close request issued by tar by first writing two tape marks after your archive, and by backspacing over one of these.  So, if you remove the tape at that time from the tape drive, it is properly terminated.  But if you write another file at the current position, the second tape mark will be erased by the new information, leaving only one tape mark between files.

So, you may now save DIRECTORY-2 as a second archive after the first on the same tape by issuing the command:

     $ tar cf /dev/nrtape DIRECTORY-2

and so on for all the archives you want to put on the same tape.

Another usual case is that you do not write all the archives the same day, and you need to remove and store the tape between two archive sessions.  In general, you must remember how many files are already saved on your tape.  Suppose your tape already has 16 files on it, and that you are ready to write the 17th.  You have to take care of skipping the first 16 tape marks before saving DIRECTORY-17, say, by using these commands:

     $ mt -f /dev/nrtape rewind
     $ mt -f /dev/nrtape fsf 16
     $ tar cf /dev/nrtape DIRECTORY-17

In all the previous examples, we put aside blocking considerations, but you should do the proper things for that as well.  See Blocking.

Tape Positions and Tape Marks
-----------------------------

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Just as archives can store more than one file from the file system, tapes can store more than one archive file.  To keep track of where archive files (or any other type of file stored on tape) begin and end, tape archive devices write magnetic tape marks on the archive media.  Tape drives write one tape mark between files, two at the end of all the file entries.

If you think of data as a series of records "rrrr"'s, and tape marks as "*"'s, a tape might look like the following:

     rrrr*rrrrrr*rrrrr*rr*rrrrr**-------------------------

Tape devices read and write tapes using a read/write tape head---a physical part of the device which can only access one point on the tape at a time.  When you use tar to read or write archive data from a tape device, the device will begin reading or writing from wherever on the tape the tape head happens to be, regardless of which archive or what part of the archive the tape head is on.  Before writing an archive, you should make sure that no data on the tape will be overwritten (unless it is no longer needed). Before reading an archive, you should make sure the tape head is at the beginning of the archive you want to read.  (The restore script will find the archive automatically.  There is no such
restore script!. -xrefScripted Restoration).  See mt, for an explanation of the tape moving utility.

If you want to add new archive file entries to a tape, you should advance the tape to the end of the existing file entries, backspace over the last tape mark, and write the new archive file.  If you were to add two archives to the example above, the tape might look like the following:

     rrrr*rrrrrr*rrrrr*rr*rrrrr*rrr*rrrr**----------------

The mt Utility
--------------

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Is it true that this only works on non-block devices?
should explain the difference, (fixed or variable). See Blocking Factor.

You can use the mt utility to advance or rewind a tape past a specified number of archive files on the tape.  This will allow you to move to the beginning of an archive before extracting or reading it, or to the end of all the archives before writing a new one. Why isn't there an "advance 'til you find two tape marks
together"?

The syntax of the mt command is:

     mt [-f TAPENAME] OPERATION [NUMBER]

where TAPENAME is the name of the tape device, NUMBER is the number of times an operation is performed (with a default of one), and OPERATION is one of the following:

-recursion -arg

eof
weof
     Writes NUMBER tape marks at the current position on the tape.

fsf
     Moves tape position forward NUMBER files.

bsf
     Moves tape position back NUMBER files.

rewind
     Rewinds the tape. (Ignores NUMBER).

offline
rewoff1
     Rewinds the tape and takes the tape device off-line. (Ignores NUMBER).

status
     Prints status information about the tape unit.

-recursion -arg

If you don't specify a TAPENAME, mt uses the environment variable TAPE; if TAPE does not exist, mt uses the device /dev/rmt12.

mt returns a 0 exit status when the operation(s) were successful, 1 if the command was unrecognized, and 2 if an operation failed.

-recursion -arg

If you use --extract (--get, -x) with the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option specified, tar will read an archive label (the tape head has to be positioned on it) and print an error if the archive label doesn't match the ARCHIVE-NAME specified.  ARCHIVE-NAME can be any regular expression.  If the labels match, tar extracts the archive. See label. -xrefMatching Format Parameters. fix cross references tar --list --label will cause tar to print the label.

-recursion -arg

Using Multiple Tapes
====================

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Often you might want to write a large archive, one larger than will fit on the actual tape you are using.  In such a case, you can run multiple tar commands, but this can be inconvenient, particularly if you are using options like --exclude=PATTERN or dumping entire filesystems. Therefore, tar supports multiple tapes automatically.

Use --multi-volume (-M) on the command line, and then tar will, when it reaches the end of the tape, prompt for another tape, and continue the archive.  Each tape will have an independent archive, and can be read without needing the other.  (As an exception to this, the file that tar was archiving when it ran out of tape will usually be split between the two archives; in this case you need to extract from the first archive, using --multi-volume (-M), and then put in the second tape when prompted, so tar can restore both halves of the file.)

GNU tar multi-volume archives do not use a truly portable format. You need GNU tar at both end to process them properly.

When prompting for a new tape, tar accepts any of the following responses:

?
     Request tar to explain possible responses

q
     Request tar to exit immediately.

n FILE NAME
     Request tar to write the next volume on the file FILE NAME.

!
     Request tar to run a subshell.

y
     Request tar to begin writing the next volume.

(You should only type y after you have changed the tape; otherwise tar will write over the volume it just finished.)

If you want more elaborate behavior than this, give tar the --info-script=SCRIPT-NAME (--new-volume-script=SCRIPT-NAME, -F SCRIPT-NAME) option.  The file SCRIPT-NAME is expected to be a program (or shell script) to be run instead of the normal prompting procedure.  When the program finishes, tar will immediately begin writing the next volume.  The behavior of the n response to the normal tape-change prompt is not available if you use --info-script=SCRIPT-NAME (--new-volume-script=SCRIPT-NAME, -F SCRIPT-NAME).

The method tar uses to detect end of tape is not perfect, and fails on some operating systems or on some devices.  You can use the --tape-length=1024-SIZE (-L 1024-SIZE) option if tar can't detect the end of the tape itself.  This option selects --multi-volume (-M) automatically. The SIZE argument should then be the usable size of the tape. But for many devices, and floppy disks in particular, this option is never required for real, as far as we know.

The volume number used by tar in its tape-change prompt can be changed; if you give the --volno-file=FILE-OF-NUMBER option, then FILE-OF-NUMBER should be an unexisting file to be created, or else, a file already containing a decimal number.  That number will be used as the volume number of the first volume written.  When tar is finished, it will rewrite the file with the now-current volume number. (This does not change the volume number written on a tape label, as per label, it only affects the number used in the prompt.)

If you want tar to cycle through a series of tape drives, then you can use the n response to the tape-change prompt.  This is error prone, however, and doesn't work at all with --info-script=SCRIPT-NAME (--new-volume-script=SCRIPT-NAME, -F SCRIPT-NAME). Therefore, if you give tar multiple --file=ARCHIVE-NAME (-f ARCHIVE-NAME) options, then the specified files will be used, in sequence, as the successive volumes of the archive.  Only when the first one in the sequence needs to be used again will tar prompt for a tape change (or run the info script).

Multi-volume archives

With --multi-volume (-M), tar will not abort when it cannot read or write any more data.  Instead, it will ask you to prepare a new volume.  If the archive is on a magnetic tape, you should change tapes now; if the archive is on a floppy disk, you should change disks, etc.

Each volume of a multi-volume archive is an independent tar archive, complete in itself.  For example, you can list or extract any volume alone; just don't specify --multi-volume (-M).  However, if one file in the archive is split across volumes, the only way to extract it successfully is with a multi-volume extract command --extract --multi-volume (-xM) starting on or before the volume where the file begins.

For example, let's presume someone has two tape drives on a system named /dev/tape0 and /dev/tape1.  For having GNU tar to switch to the second drive when it needs to write the second tape, and then back to the first tape, etc., just do either of:

     $ tar --create --multi-volume --file=/dev/tape0 --file=/dev/tape1 FILES
     $ tar cMff /dev/tape0 /dev/tape1 FILES

Archives Longer than One Tape or Disk
-------------------------------------

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To create an archive that is larger than will fit on a single unit of the media, use the --multi-volume (-M) option in conjunction with the --create (-c) option (see create).  A multi-volume archive can be manipulated like any other archive (provided the --multi-volume (-M) option is specified), but is stored on more than one tape or disk.

When you specify --multi-volume (-M), tar does not report an error when it comes to the end of an archive volume (when reading), or the end of the media (when writing).  Instead, it prompts you to load a new storage volume.  If the archive is on a magnetic tape, you should change tapes when you see the prompt; if the archive is on a floppy disk, you should change disks; etc.

You can read each individual volume of a multi-volume archive as if it were an archive by itself.  For example, to list the contents of one volume, use --list (-t), without --multi-volume (-M) specified. To extract an archive member from one volume (assuming it is described that volume), use --extract (--get, -x), again without --multi-volume (-M).

If an archive member is split across volumes (ie. its entry begins on one volume of the media and ends on another), you need to specify --multi-volume (-M) to extract it successfully.  In this case, you should load the volume where the archive member starts, and use tar --extract --multi-volume---tar will prompt for later volumes as it needs them.  See extracting archives, for more information about extracting archives.

--info-script=SCRIPT-NAME (--new-volume-script=SCRIPT-NAME, -F SCRIPT-NAME) is like --multi-volume (-M), except that tar does not prompt you directly to change media volumes when a volume is full---instead, tar runs commands you have stored in SCRIPT-NAME.  For example, this option can be used to eject cassettes, or to broadcast messages such as Someone please come change my tape when performing unattended backups.  When SCRIPT-NAME is done, tar will assume that the media has been changed.

Multi-volume archives can be modified like any other archive.  To add files to a multi-volume archive, you need to only mount the last volume of the archive media (and new volumes, if needed).  For all other operations, you need to use the entire archive.

If a multi-volume archive was labeled using --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) (see label) when it was created, tar will not automatically label volumes which are added later.  To label subsequent volumes, specify --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) again in conjunction with the --append (-r), --update (-u) or --concatenate (--catenate, -A) operation.

-recursion -arg

There should be a sample program here, including an exit
before end.  Is the exit status even checked in tar? :-(

--multi-volume
-M
     Creates a multi-volume archive, when used in conjunction with --create (-c).  To perform any other operation on a multi-volume archive, specify --multi-volume (-M) in conjunction with that operation.

--info-script=PROGRAM-FILE
-F PROGRAM-FILE
     Creates a multi-volume archive via a script.  Used in conjunction with --create (-c).

Beware that there is no real standard about the proper way, for a tar archive, to span volume boundaries.  If you have a multi-volume created by some vendor's tar, there is almost no chance you could read all the volumes with GNU tar.  The converse is also true: you may not expect multi-volume archives created by GNU tar to be fully recovered by vendor's tar.  Since there is little chance that, in mixed system configurations, some vendor's tar will work on another vendor's machine, and there is a great chance that GNU tar will work on most of them, your best bet is to install GNU tar on all machines between which you know exchange of files is possible.

Tape Files
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To give the archive a name which will be recorded in it, use the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option.  This will write a special block identifying VOLUME-LABEL as the name of the archive to the front of the archive which will be displayed when the archive is listed with --list (-t). If you are creating a multi-volume archive with --multi-volume (-M) (-pxrefUsing Multiple Tapes), then the volume label will have Volume NNN appended to the name you give, where NNN is the number of the volume of the archive.  (If you use the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option when reading an archive, it checks to make sure the label on the tape matches the one you give.  See label.

When tar writes an archive to tape, it creates a single tape file.  If multiple archives are written to the same tape, one after the other, they each get written as separate tape files.  When extracting, it is necessary to position the tape at the right place before running tar.  To do this, use the mt command. For more information on the mt command and on the organization of tapes into a sequence of tape files, see mt.

People seem to often do:

     --label="SOME-PREFIX `date +SOME-FORMAT`"

or such, for pushing a common date in all volumes or an archive set.

Including a Label in the Archive
================================

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-V NAME
--label=NAME
     Create archive with volume name NAME.

This option causes tar to write out a volume header at the beginning of the archive.  If --multi-volume (-M) is used, each volume of the archive will have a volume header of NAME Volume N, where N is 1 for the first volume, 2 for the next, and so on.

-recursion -arg

To avoid problems caused by misplaced paper labels on the archive media, you can include a label entry---an archive member which contains the name of the archive---in the archive itself.  Use the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option in conjunction with the --create (-c) operation to include a label entry in the archive as it is being created.

If you create an archive using both --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) and --multi-volume (-M), each volume of the archive will have an archive label of the form ARCHIVE-LABEL Volume N, where N is 1 for the first volume, 2 for the next, and so on. -xrefMulti-Volume Archives, for information on creating multiple volume archives.

If you list or extract an archive using --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL), tar will print an error if the archive label doesn't match the ARCHIVE-LABEL specified, and will then not list nor extract the archive.  In those cases, ARCHIVE-LABEL argument is interpreted as a globbing-style pattern which must match the actual magnetic volume label.  See exclude, for a precise description of how match is attempted (Previous versions of tar used full regular expression matching, or before that, only exact string matching, instead of wildcard matchers.  We decided for the sake of simplicity to use a uniform matching device through tar.). If the switch --multi-volume (-M) is being used, the volume label matcher will also suffix ARCHIVE-LABEL by  Volume [1-9]* if the initial match fails, before giving up.  Since the volume numbering is automatically added in labels at creation time, it sounded logical to equally help the user taking care of it when the archive is being read.

The --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) was once called --volume, but is not available under that name anymore.

To find out an archive's label entry (or to find out if an archive has a label at all), use tar --list --verbose.  tar will print the label first, and then print archive member information, as in the example below:

     $ tar --verbose --list --file=iamanarchive
     V--------- 0 0        0 1992-03-07 12:01 iamalabel--Volume Header--
     -rw-rw-rw- ringo user 40 1990-05-21 13:30 iamafilename

--label=ARCHIVE-LABEL
-V ARCHIVE-LABEL
     Includes an archive-label at the beginning of the archive when the archive is being created, when used in conjunction with the --create (-c) option.  Checks to make sure the archive label matches the one specified (when used in conjunction with the --extract (--get, -x) option.

To get a common information on all tapes of a series, use the --label=ARCHIVE-LABEL (-V ARCHIVE-LABEL) option.  For having this information different in each series created through a single script used on a regular basis, just manage to get some date string as part of the label.  For example:

     $ tar cfMV /dev/tape "Daily backup for `date +%Y-%m-%d`"
     $ tar --create --file=/dev/tape --multi-volume \
          --volume="Daily backup for `date +%Y-%m-%d`"

Also note that each label has its own date and time, which corresponds to when GNU tar initially attempted to write it, often soon after the operator launches tar or types the carriage return telling that the next tape is ready.  Comparing date labels does give an idea of tape throughput only if the delays for rewinding tapes and the operator switching them were negligible, which is ususally not the case.

-recursion -arg

Verifying Data as It is Stored
==============================

-W
--verify
     Attempt to verify the archive after writing.

This option causes tar to verify the archive after writing it. Each volume is checked after it is written, and any discrepancies are recorded on the standard error output.

Verification requires that the archive be on a back-space-able medium. This means pipes, some cartridge tape drives, and some other devices cannot be verified.

You can insure the accuracy of an archive by comparing files in the system with archive members.  tar can compare an archive to the file system as the archive is being written, to verify a write operation, or can compare a previously written archive, to insure that it is up to date.

To check for discrepancies in an archive immediately after it is written, use the --verify (-W) option in conjunction with the --create (-c) operation.  When this option is specified, tar checks archive members against their counterparts in the file system, and reports discrepancies on the standard error.  In multi-volume archives, each volume is verified after it is written, before the next volume is written.

To verify an archive, you must be able to read it from before the end of the last written entry.  This option is useful for detecting data errors on some tapes.  Archives written to pipes, some cartridge tape drives, and some other devices cannot be verified.

One can explicitely compare an already made archive with the file system by using the --compare (--diff, -d) option, instead of using the more automatic --verify (-W) option.  See compare.

Note that these two options have a slightly different intent.  The --compare (--diff, -d) option how identical are the logical contents of some archive with what is on your disks, while the --verify (-W) option is really for checking if the physical contents agree and if the recording media itself is of dependable quality.  So, for the --verify (-W) operation, tar tries to defeat all in-memory cache pertaining to the archive, while it lets the speed optimization undisturbed for the --compare (--diff, -d) option.  If you nevertheless use --compare (--diff, -d) for media verification, you may have to defeat the in-memory cache yourself, maybe by opening and reclosing the door latch of your recording unit, forcing some doubt in your operating system about the fact this is really the same volume as the one just written or read.

The --verify (-W) option would not be necessary if drivers were indeed able to detect dependably all write failures.  This sometimes require many magnetic heads, some able to read after the writes occurred.  One would not say that drivers unable to detect all cases are necessarily flawed, as long as programming is concerned.

Write Protection
================

Almost all tapes and diskettes, and in a few rare cases, even disks can be write protected, to protect data on them from being changed. Once an archive is written, you should write protect the media to prevent the archive from being accidently overwritten or deleted.  (This will protect the archive from being changed with a tape or floppy drive---it will not protect it from magnet fields or other physical hazards).

The write protection device itself is usually an integral part of the physical media, and can be a two position (write enabled/write disabled) switch, a notch which can be popped out or covered, a ring which can be removed from the center of a tape reel, or some other changeable feature.