% source(93/12/03): ftp helmholtz.sdsc.edu:/pub/nowlan/soft-share/{master,thesis}.bib
%
% Bibliography relating to neural networks
%
% Bibliography of the following paper
%
% {\Large{\bf Simplifying Neural networks\\
% by Soft Weight-Sharing}}\\[0.2 in]
% Steven J.~Nowlan \\
% Computational Neurobiology Laboratory \\
% The Salk Institute \\
% P.O. Box 85800 \\
% San Diego, CA 92186-5800 \\[0.15 in]
% Geoffrey E.~Hinton \\
% Department of Computer Science \\
% University of Toronto \\
% Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4
% \end{center} }
% \end{center}
%
% \begin{abstract}
% One way of simplifying neural networks so they generalize better is to add an
% extra term to the error function that will penalize complexity.  Simple
% versions of this approach include penalizing the sum of the squares of the
% weights or penalizing the number of non-zero weights.  We propose a more
% complicated penalty term in which the distribution of weight values is
% modelled as a mixture of multiple gaussians.  A set of weights is simple if
% the weights have high probability densities under the mixture model.  This can
% be achieved by clustering the weights into subsets with the weights in each
% cluster having very similar values.  Since we do not know the appropriate
% means or variances of the clusters in advance, we allow the parameters of the
% mixture model to adapt at the same time as the network learns.  Simulations on
% two different problems demonstrate that this complexity term is more effective
% than previous complexity terms.
% \end{abstract}
%
%
@String{AAAI =   "American Association for Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{ACL =    "Association for Computational Linguistics"}

@String{CSS =    "Cognitive Science Society"}

@String{UMass =  "Department of Computer and Information Science,
                 University of Massachusetts at Amherst"}

@String{LEA =    "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"}

@String{IEEE =   "IEEE"}

@String{AAAI-85 = "Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{AAAI-86 = "Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{AAAI-87 = "Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{AAAI-88 = "Proceedings of the Eigth National Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{ACL-84 = "Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the ACL"}

@String{ACL-85 = "Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the ACL"}

@String{ACL-86 = "Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the ACL"}

@String{ACL-87 = "Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL"}

@String{COGSCI-84 = "Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Cognitive Science
                 Society Conference"}

@String{COGSCI-85 = "Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Cognitive Science
                 Society Conference"}

@String{COGSCI-86 = "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Cognitive Science
                 Society Conference"}

@String{COGSCI-87 = "Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Cognitive Science
                 Society Conference"}

@String{COGSCI-88 = "Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Cognitive Science
                 Society Conference"}

@String{ICNN-87 = "Proceedings of the IEEE First International
                 Conference on Neural Networks"}

@String{ICNN-88 = "Proceedings of the IEEE Second International
                 Conference on Neural Networks"}

@String{IJCNN-91 = "Proceedings of the INNS/IEEE International Joint
                 Conference on Neural Networks"}

@String{IJCAI-85 = "Proceedings of the 9th International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{IJCAI-87 = "Proceedings of the 10th International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{IJCAI-89 = "Proceedings of the 11th International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{IJCAI-91 = "Proceedings of the 12th International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}

@String{TINLAP-1 = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Theoretical
                 Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP-1)"}

% ?
@String{TINLAP-2 = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Theoretical
                 Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP-2)"}

% 78
@String{TINLAP-3 = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Theoretical
                 Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP-3)"}

% 87
@String{WATERLOO-85 = "Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of the
                 University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford
                 English Dictionary: Information in Data"}

@String{WATERLOO-86 = "Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of
                 the University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford
                 English Dictionary: Advances in Lexicology"}

@String{WATERLOO-87 = "Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the
                 University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford
                 English Dictionary: The Uses of Large Text Databases"}

@TechReport{ackley-84,
  key =          "Ackley",
  author =       "D.~H. Ackley",
  title =        "Learning evaluation functions in stochastic parallel
                 networks",
  type =         "Thesis proposal",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{ackley-hinton-sejnowski-85,
  key =          "Ackley",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ackley and G. ~E. Hinton and T. ~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "A learning algorithm for {B}oltzmann machines",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "147--169",
}

@PhdThesis{ackley-87,
  key =          "Ackley",
  author =       "D.~H. Ackley",
  title =        "Stochastic Iterated Genetic Hill-climbing",
  year =         "1987",
  school =       "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
}

@Article{adams-79,
  key =          "Adams",
  author =       "M. ~J. Adams",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "Models of word recognition",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "133--176",
}

@TechReport{admoaitis-farber-hudson-kevrekidis-kube-lapedes-90,
  key =          "admoaitis",
  author =       "R. Admoaitis and R. Farber and J. Hudson and I.
                 Kevrekidis and M. Kube and A. Lapedes",
  title =        "Application of neural nets to system identification
                 and bifurcation analysis of real world experimental
                 data",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{LA}-{UR}-90-515",
  institution =  "Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{agre-chapman-87,
  author =       "P. Agre and D. Chapman",
  title =        "Pengi: {A}n Implementation of a Theory of Activity",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings AAAI-87",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "The classical model of Activity (using planning,
                 theorem proving, variable instantiation) is too
                 inflexible, combinatorial, offline, and hard for PDP.
                 In contrast, the program PENGI (an agent in an
                 arcade-game world) demonstrates how Plans can be
                 reduced to a set of simple \& independent Rules, by
                 representing salient objects SUBJECTIVELY (via
                 'indexical-functional aspects'). Like Simon's ant on
                 the beach, Pengi's behavior is emergent.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 15:28:19 1988",
  keywords =     "emergent behavior, planning, production systems",
}

@InProceedings{ahlswede-evens-rossi-86,
  title =        "Building a Lexical Database by Parsing {Webster's
                 Seventh Collegiate Dictionary}",
  author =       "T. Ahlswede and M. Evens and K. Rossi",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    WATERLOO-86,
  organization = WATERLOO-ORG,
  publisher =    WATERLOO-PUB,
  address =      WATERLOO-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@TechReport{ahmad-88,
  key =          "Ahmad",
  author =       "S. Ahmad",
  title =        "A study of scaling and generalization in neural
                 networks",
  type =         "{UIUCDCS}-{R}-88-1454",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois
                 at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois",
  month =        sep,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{aiyer-niranjan-fallside-89,
  key =          "Aiyer",
  author =       "S. ~V. Aiyer and M. Niranjan and F. Fallside",
  title =        "A theoretical investigation into the performance of
                 the hopfield model",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CUED/F-INFENG/TR36",
  institution =  "Cambridge University Engineering Department",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{akaike-86,
  author =       "H. Akaike",
  title =        "Use of Statistical Models for Time Series Analysis",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings ICASSP 86",
  year =         "1986",
  pages =        "3147--3155",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  address =      "Tokyo",
  annote =       "The paper discusses statistical methods of performing
                 time series analysis. Methods for modeling stochastic
                 processes are discussed, and in particular methods for
                 estimating parameters. For complex symbols, higher
                 order models with more parameters give continuously
                 better fit, so additional criteria are needed to select
                 a model. The AIC criterion discussed is one method,
                 which weights the complexity of the model as well as
                 how well it fits. The other key idea is that rather
                 than try to estimate a single value for a parameter
                 i.e. max likelihood value, better use of the available
                 data can be used by taking a Bayesian approach,
                 assuming some prior distribution for the parameter, and
                 then calculating the distribution for that parameter
                 given the actual data.",
}

@Book{alexander-86,
  author =       "S. ~T. Alexander",
  title =        "Adaptive Signal Processing",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{alfonso-81,
  key =          "Alfonso",
  author =       "P. ~J. Alfonso",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Context effects on the perception of place of
                 articulation",
  booktitle =    "Acoustical Society publication",
  organization = "Acoustical Society of America",
  address =      "Ottawa, Canada",
}

@InProceedings{allen-87,
  key =          "Allen",
  author =       "R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Several studies on natural language and
                 back-propagation",
  organization = "Bell Communications Research",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural
                 Networks",
  pages =        "335--341",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{allen-88a,
  key =          "Allen",
  author =       "R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Connectionist state machines",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "ARA 88-300",
  institution =  "Bellcore Morristown",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{allen-88b,
  key =          "Allen",
  author =       "R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Sequential connectionist networks for answering simple
                 questions about a microworld",
  organization = "Bell Communications Research",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society",
  pages =        "489--495",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{allen-88c,
  key =          "Allen",
  author =       "R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Reference in connectionist language users",
  booktitle =    "Connectionism in Perspective",
  organization = "Zurich",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{allen-90,
  key =          "Allen",
  author =       "R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Connectionist language users",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{TR-AR}-90-402",
  institution =  "Bellcore Morristown",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{allen-alspector-89,
  key =          "allen",
  author =       "R. ~B. Allen and J. Alspector",
  title =        "Learning of stable states in stochastic asymmetric
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{TR}-{AR}-89-351",
  institution =  "Bellcore, Morristown, NJ",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  note =         "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, in press",
}

@InCollection{allport-77,
  key =          "Allport",
  author =       "D. ~A. Allport",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "On knowing the meaning of words we are unable to
                 report: The effects of visual masking",
  editor =       "S. Dornic",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance VI",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InProceedings{almeida-87,
  author =       "L.~B. Almeida",
  title =        "A learning rule for asynchronous perceptrons with
                 feedback in a combinatorial environment",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings, 1st First International Conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  address =      "San Diego, CA",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "609--618",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InCollection{almeida-89,
  author =       "L.~B. Almeida",
  title =        "Back-propagation in Non-feedforward Networks",
  booktitle =    "Neural Computing Architectures",
  editor =       "I. Aleksander",
  publisher =    "MIT press",
  chapter =      "?",
  pages =        "00",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{aloimonos-88,
  key =          "Aloimonos",
  author =       "J. Aloimonos",
  title =        "Shape from texture",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "345--360",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{aloimonos-brown-89,
  key =          "Aloimonos",
  author =       "J. Aloimonos and C. Brown",
  title =        "On the kinetic depth effect",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "445--455",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{alshawi-boguraev-briscoe-85,
  title =        "Towards a Dictionary Support Environment for Real Time
                 Parsing",
  author =       "H. Alshawi and B.~ K. Boguraev and T. Briscoe",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the European Conference on
                 Computational Linguistics",
  year =         "1985",
  organization = "organization???",
  publisher =    "publisher???",
  note =         "Pisa, Italy",
}

@InCollection{alspector-allen-87,
  key =          "Alspector",
  author =       "J. Alspector and R. ~B. Allen",
  year =         "1987",
  title =        "A neuromorphic {VLSI} learning system",
  editor =       "P. Loseleben",
  booktitle =    "Advanced Research in VLSI: {P}roceedings of the 1987
                 Stanford Conference.",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@InCollection{alspector-gupta-allen-88,
  key =          "alspector",
  author =       "J. Alspector and B. Gupta and R.~B. Allen",
  title =        "Performance of a stochastic learning microchip",
  editor =       "D. S. Touretzky",
  booktitle =    "Advances in neural information processing systems",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  pages =        "748--760",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{amari-67,
  key =          "Amari",
  author =       "S.~I. Amari",
  title =        "A theory of adaptive pattern classifiers",
  year =         "1967",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers",
  volume =       "EC-16",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "299--307",
}

@Article{amari-77,
  key =          "Amari",
  author =       "S.~I. Amari",
  title =        "Neural Theory of Association and Concept-Formation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "26",
  pages =        "175--185",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1977",
}

@Article{amari-83,
  key =          "Amari",
  author =       "S.~I. Amari",
  title =        "Field theory of self-organizing neural nets",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  volume =       "SMC-13",
  pages =        "741--748",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{ambros-ingerson-granger-lynch-90,
  key =          "Ambros-Ingerson",
  author =       "J. {Ambros-Ingerson} and R. Granger and G. Lynch",
  title =        "Simulation of Paleocortex Performs Hierarchical
                 Clustering",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "247",
  pages =        "1344--1348",
  year =         "1990",
}

@PhdThesis{amsler-80,
  title =        "The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket
                 Dictionary",
  author =       "R.~A. Amsler",
  year =         "1980",
  school =       "University of Texas at Austin",
  note =         "Linguistics Research Center Technical Report
                 LRC-80-01",
}

@InProceedings{amsler-87,
  title =        "How Do {I} Turn This Book On?: {P}reparing Text for
                 Access as a Computational Medium",
  author =       "R. ~A. Amsler",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    WATERLOO-87,
  organization = WATERLOO-ORG,
  publisher =    WATERLOO-PUB,
  address =      WATERLOO-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Article{anastasio-robinson-89,
  key =          "Anastasio",
  author =       "T. Anastasio and D. Robinson",
  title =        "The distributed representation of vestibulo-oculomotor
                 signals by brain-stem neurons",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "79--88",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{anderson-83a,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Cognitive and psychological computation with neural
                 models",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "799--815",
}

@Article{anderson-83b,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson",
  title =        "Neural models for cognitive computation",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions: Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  volume =       "SMC-13",
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "799--815",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:31:47 1985",
}

@InCollection{anderson-84,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson",
  title =        "Neural Models and a little about language",
  booktitle =    "Biological Bases of Language",
  editor =       "D. Caplan and A. Roche-Lecours and A. Smith",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass",
  year =         "1984",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:30:00 1985",
}

@InCollection{anderson-85,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson",
  title =        "What Hebb synapses build",
  booktitle =    "Synaptic Modification, Neuron Selectivity, and Nervous
                 System Organization",
  editor =       "S. Levy and J. Anderson and S. Lehmkuhle",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum Associates",
  address =      "Hillsdale, New Jersey",
  year =         "1985",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:28:27 1985",
}

@InCollection{anderson-86,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson",
  title =        "Cognitive Capabilities of a Parallel System",
  booktitle =    "Disordered Systems and Biological Organization",
  editor =       "E. Bienenstock and F. Fogleman and G. and Weisbuch",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  address =      "Berlin",
  year =         "1986",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:37:00 1985",
}

@Book{anderson-88b,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "D. ~Z. Anderson",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Neural Information Processing Systems (Proceedings of
                 the 1987 Denver Conference)",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "American Institute of Physics",
}

@InCollection{anderson-hinton-81,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson and G. ~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Models of information processing in the brain",
  editor =       "G. E. Hinton and J. A. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "Parallel models of associative memory",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InCollection{anderson-mozer-81,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson and M. ~C. Mozer",
  title =        "Categorization and selective neurons",
  editor =       "G. E. Hinton and J. A. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Models of Associative Memory",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InCollection{anderson-murphy-86,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson and G. Murphy",
  year =         "1986",
  publisher =    "North Holland",
  title =        "Psychological Concepts in a Parallel System",
  booktitle =    "Evolution, Games, and Learning",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  editor =       "J. D. Farmer and A. Lapedes and N. Packard and B.
                 Wendroff",
}

@Book{anderson-rosenfeld-88,
  editor =       "J. Anderson and E. Rosenfeld",
  title =        "Neurocomputing - Foundations of research",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{anderson-silverstein-ritz-jones-77,
  key =          "Anderson",
  author =       "J. Anderson and J. ~W. Silverstein and S.~ A. Ritz and
                 R. ~S. Jones",
  title =        "Distinctive Features, Categorical Perception, and
                 Probability Learning: Some Applications of a Neural
                 Model",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1977",
  volume =       "84",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "413--451",
}

@TechReport{anderson-87,
  author =       "J.~R. Anderson",
  title =        "Development of An Analog Neural Network Model of
                 Computation",
  institution =  "University of Texas at Austin",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Department of Computer Sciences Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-87-15",
  address =      "Austin Texas, 78712",
  month =        may,
  annote =       "Introduces a Markov model for networks of binary
                 stochastic units, such as Hopfield nets and Boltzmann
                 machines, and shows how this can be developed, using a
                 mean field approximation, into a system of coupled
                 linear differential equations which can be modeled by
                 networks of continuous valued analog units. The issues
                 of learning are not addressed.",
}

@Article{anderson-88a,
  author =       "S. Anderson",
  title =        "Dynamic System Categorization with Recurrent
                 Networks",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{anshelevich-amirikian-lukashin-kamenetskii-89,
  key =          "Anshelevich",
  author =       "V. Anshelevich and B. Amirikian and A. Lukashin and M.
                 Kamenetskii",
  title =        "On the ability of neural networks to perform
                 generalization by induction",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "125--128",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{anshen-aronoff-86,
  title =        "The Role of Etymology and Word Length in {E}nglish
                 Word Formation",
  author =       "F. Anshen and M. Aronoff",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    WATERLOO-86,
  organization = WATERLOO-ORG,
  publisher =    WATERLOO-PUB,
  address =      WATERLOO-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Book{arbib-conklin-hill-87,
  title =        "From Scheme Theory to Language",
  author =       "M.~A. Arbib and E. ~J. Conklin and J. Hill",
  publisher =    "Oxford University Press",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "New York",
}

@TechReport{ash-89,
  key =          "Ash",
  author =       "T. Ash",
  title =        "Dynamic node creation in backpropagation networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "8901",
  institution =  "University of California, San Diego",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{atal-hanauer-71,
  key =          "Atal",
  author =       "B. ~S. Atal and S. ~L. Hanauer",
  title =        "Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of
                 the speech wave",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  pages =        "637--655",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1971",
}

@TechReport{atalay-gelenbe-yalabik-91,
  key =          "atalay",
  author =       "V. Atalay and E. Gelenbe and N. Yalabik",
  title =        "The random ``neural'' network model for texture
                 generation",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "Rapport de Recherche No. 91-1",
  institution =  "Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Informatique,
                 Universit\'{e} Ren\'{e} Descates, Paris",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Book{athans-falb-66,
  key =          "Athans",
  author =       "M. Athans and P. ~L. Falb",
  year =         "1966",
  title =        "Optimal Control Theory",
  publisher =    "McGraw Hill",
}

@TechReport{atick-redlich-89,
  key =          "atick",
  author =       "J. ~J. Atick and A. ~N. Redlich",
  title =        "Predicting ganglion and simple cell receptive field
                 organizations from information theory",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{IASSNS}-{HEP}-89/55",
  institution =  "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{atick-redlich-90,
  key =          "atick",
  author =       "J. ~J. Atick and A. ~N. Redlich",
  title =        "Towards a theory of early visual processing",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{IASSNS}-{HEP}-90/10",
  institution =  "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{atick-redlich-90a,
  key =          "atick",
  author =       "J. ~J. Atick and A. ~N. Redlich",
  title =        "Quantitative tests of a theory of retinal processing:
                 {C}ontrast sensitivity curves",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{IASSNS}-{HEP}-90/51",
  institution =  "Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{atiya-87,
  author =       "A.~F. Atiya",
  title =        "Learning on a General Network",
  pages =        "22--30",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems",
  editor =       "Dana Z. Anderson",
  publisher =    "American Institute of Physics",
  address =      "New York, New York",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{atkins-kegl-levin-86,
  title =        "Explicit and Implicit Information in Dictionaries",
  author =       "B.~ T. Atkins and J. Kegl and B. Levin",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    WATERLOO-86,
  organization = WATERLOO-ORG,
  publisher =    WATERLOO-PUB,
  address =      WATERLOO-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Article{awiszus-88a,
  key =          "Awiszus",
  author =       "F. Awiszus",
  title =        "Continuous functions determined by spike trains of a
                 neuron subject to stimulation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "321--327",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{awiszus-88b,
  key =          "Awiszus",
  author =       "F. Awiszus",
  title =        "The adaptation ability of neuronal models subject to a
                 current step stimulus",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "295--302",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{awiszus-89a,
  key =          "Awiszus",
  author =       "F. Awiszus",
  title =        "Continuous functions for the analysis of sensory
                 transduction",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "153--161",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{awiszus-89b,
  key =          "Awiszus",
  author =       "F. Awiszus",
  title =        "On the description of neuronal output properties using
                 spike train data",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "323--333",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{bagley-00,
  key =          "Bagley",
  author =       "W. ~C. Bagley",
  year =         "1900",
  title =        "The apperception of the spoken sentence: {A} study in
                 the psychology of language",
  journal =      "American Journal of Psychology",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "80--130",
}

@Article{bahl-83,
  key =          "Bahl",
  author =       "L. ~R. Bahl and F. Jelinek and R. ~L. Mercer",
  title =        "A maximum likelihood approach to continuous speech
                 recognition",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "PAMI-5",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "179--190",
}

@Article{bak-tang-wiesenfeld-87,
  key =          "Bak",
  author =       "P. Bak and C. Tang and K. Wiesenfeld",
  title =        "Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/f
                 noise",
  journal =      "Physical Review Letters",
  volume =       "59(4)",
  pages =        "381--384",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{baker-75,
  key =          "Baker",
  author =       "J.~K. Baker",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Stochastic modeling for automatic speech
                 understanding",
  booktitle =    "Speech Recognition",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  editor =       "R. Reddy",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Misc{baldi-buhmann-meir-90,
  key =          "baldi",
  author =       "P. Baldi and J. Buhmann and R. Meir",
  title =        "Computing with arrays of coupled oscillators two
                 dimensional effects",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Article{baldi-heiligenberg-88,
  key =          "Baldi",
  author =       "P. Baldi and W. Heiligenberg",
  title =        "How sensory maps could enhance resolution through
                 ordered arrangements of broadly tuned receivers",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "313--318",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{baldi-hornik-89,
  author =       "P. Baldi and K. Hornik",
  title =        "Neural Networks and Principal Components Analysis:
                 Learning From Examples without Local Minima",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "53--58",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{ballard-81a,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D.~ H. Ballard",
  title =        "Parameter Networks: Toward a Theory of Low-Level
                 Vision",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 7",
  pages =        "1068--1078",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InProceedings{ballard-81b,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard and D. Sabbah",
  title =        "On Shapes",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 7",
  pages =        "607--612",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Book{ballard-82,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard and C.~ M. Brown",
  title =        "Computer Vision",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1982",
}

@TechReport{ballard-84,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Cortical Connections: Structure and Function",
  number =       "\#133",
  institution =  "University of Rochester",
  month =        jul,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{ballard-86a,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Cortical connections and parallel processing:
                 Structure and function",
  journal =      "The Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "67--120",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1986",
}

@TechReport{ballard-86b,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Interpolation coding: {A} Representation for numbers
                 in neural models",
  number =       "TR 175",
  institution =  "University of Rochester",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{ballard-87,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Modular learning in neural networks",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    AAAI-87,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  address =      "Seattle, WA",
}

@Article{ballard-hinton-sejnowski-83,
  key =          "Ballard",
  author =       "D. ~H. Ballard and G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Parallel visual computation",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "306",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "21--26",
}

@Article{banzhaf-89,
  key =          "Banzhaf",
  author =       "W. Banzhaf",
  title =        "On a simple stochastic neuron-like unit",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{barhen-gulati-zak-89,
  author =       "J. Barhen and S. Gulati and M. Zak",
  year =         "1989",
  month =        jun,
  title =        "Neural Learning of Constrained Nonlinear
                 Transformations",
  journal =      "IEEE Computer",
  volume =       "22",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "67--76",
}

@Article{barlow-72,
  key =          "Barlow",
  author =       "H.~B. Barlow",
  year =         "1972",
  title =        "Single units and sensation: {A} neuron doctrine for
                 perceptual psychology?",
  journal =      "Perception",
  volume =       "1",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "371--394",
}

@Article{barlow-83,
  key =          "Barlow",
  author =       "H.~B. Barlow",
  title =        "Intelligence, guesswork, language",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "304:5923",
  pages =        "207--209",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Misc{barlow-85,
  author =       "H.~B. Barlow",
  title =        "Cognitronics: Methods for Acquiring and Holding
                 Cognitive Knowledge",
  annote =       "Barlow discusses the problem of automatically learning
                 and storing associations from an environment. He
                 proposes that we measure the effectiveness of a code by
                 two criteria: 1) Ability to reconstruct original inputs
                 2) Uncorrellated code bits. He proposes IAB codes,
                 which recode n inputs into n uncorrellated outputs. The
                 code basically attempts to minimize the sum of the
                 individual entropies (actually the sum of the
                 probability that a unit is active, while still being
                 reversible.) This appears to be the first place where
                 the ideas of reconstructibility and entropy
                 minimization to decorrellate were suggested",
  month =        oct,
  note =         "Unpublished manuscript.",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InCollection{barlow-foldiak-89,
  key =          "Barlow",
  author =       "H.~B. Barlow and P. {F\"{o}ldi\'{a}k}",
  title =        "Adaptation and Decorrelation in the Cortex",
  chapter =      "4",
  pages =        "54--72",
  booktitle =    "The Computing Neuron",
  editors =      "R. Durbin and C. Miall and G. Mitchison",
  publisher =    "Addison-Wesley Publishing Corp.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{baron-thurston-73,
  key =          "Baron",
  author =       "J. Baron and I. Thurston",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "An analysis of the word-superiority effect",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "207--228",
}

@Article{barlow-89,
  key =          "Barlow",
  author =       "H. B. Barlow",
  title =        "Unsupervised Learning",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "295--311",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{barlow-kaushal-mitchison-89,
  key =          "Barlow",
  author =       "H. Barlow and T. P. Kaushal and G. J. Mitchison",
  title =        "Finding Minimum Entropy Codes",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "412--423",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{Barron-84a,
  key =          "Barron",
  author =       "A. ~R. Barron",
  title =        "Predicted Squared Error: {A} Criterion for Automatic
                 Model Selection",
  pages =        "87--103",
  booktitle =    "Self-Organizing Methods in Modeling",
  publisher =    "Marcel Dekker Inc.",
  editor =       "S. J. Farlow",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InProceedings{Barron-Barron-88,
  key =          "Barron",
  author =       "A. ~R. Barron and R. ~L. Barron",
  title =        "Statistical Learning Networks: {A} Unifying View",
  booktitle =    "1988 Symposium on the Interface: {S}tatistics and
                 Computing Science",
  year =         "1988",
  address =      "Reston, Virginia",
  month =        apr # " 21-23",
}

@InProceedings{Barron-89,
  key =          "Barron",
  author =       "A. ~R. Barron",
  title =        "Statistical properties of artificial neural networks",
  booktitle =    "1989 Conference on Decision and Control",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{barron-cover-90a,
  author =       "A.~R. Barron and T.~ M. Cover",
  title =        "Minimum Complexity Density Estimation",
  journal =      "Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "In Press",
}

@Misc{barron-??,
  key =          "barron",
  author =       "A.~R. Barron",
  title =        "Complexity regularization",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "In CRG Library",
}

@InCollection{barrow-ambler-burstall-72,
  key =          "barrow",
  author =       "H.~G. Barrow and A.~P. Ambler and R.~M. Burstall",
  title =        "Some techniques for recognising structures in
                 pictures",
  booktitle =    "Frontiers of Pattern Recognition",
  publisher =    "Academic Press, Inc.",
  address =      "New York and London",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1972",
}

@InCollection{barrow-tenenbaum-78,
  key =          "Barrow",
  author =       "H.~G. Barrow and J.~M. Tenenbaum",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "?",
  editor =       "A. R. Hanson and E. M. Riseman",
  booktitle =    "Computer Vision Systems",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "3--26",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@InProceedings{barrow-87,
  key =          "Barrow",
  author =       "H. G. Barrow",
  title =        "Learning Receptive Fields",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the {IEEE} first annual conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "115--121",
}

@InCollection{barry-85,
  key =          "Barry",
  author =       "C. Barry",
  title =        "Consistency and types of semantic errors in a deep
                 dyslexic patient",
  pages =        "311--337",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    "Dyslexia: A Global Issue",
  publisher =    "The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff",
  editor =       "R. N. Malatesha and H. A. Whitaker",
}

@InCollection{barry-richardson-90,
  key =          "Barry",
  author =       "C. Barry and J. ~T. ~E. Richardson",
  title =        "Accounts of oral reading in deep dyslexia",
  pages =        "118--171",
  year =         "1990",
  booktitle =    "Phonological processing and brain mechanisms",
  publisher =    "Springer",
  address =      "New York",
  editor =       "H. A. Whitaker",
}

@Book{bartlett-32,
  key =          "Bartlett",
  author =       "F. ~C. Bartlett",
  title =        "Remembering",
  address =      "Cambridge",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  year =         "1932",
}

@Article{barto-85,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A. ~G. Barto",
  title =        "Learning by statistical cooperation of self-interested
                 neuron-like computing elements",
  journal =      "Human Neurobiology",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "4",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "229--256",
}

@TechReport{barto-89,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A.~G. Barto",
  title =        "Connectionist learning for control: An overview",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "COINS 89-89",
  institution =  "University of Massachusetts",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{barto-anandan-85,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A.~G. Barto and P. Anandan",
  title =        "Pattern recognizing stochastic learning automata",
  year =         "1985",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics",
  volume =       "15",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "360--375",
}

@InProceedings{barto-jordan-87,
  key =          "barto",
  author =       "A.~G. Barto and M.~I. Jordan",
  title =        "Gradient following without back-propagation in layered
                 networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE First Annual International
                 Conference on Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Unpublished{barto-sutton-83,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A. G. Barto and R. S. Sutton",
  title =        "Neural Problem Solving",
  note =         "{COINS} Technical Report 83-03",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Massachusettes",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{barto-sutton-anderson-83,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A.~G. Barto and R.~S. Sutton and C. ~W. Anderson",
  title =        "Neuronlike elements that solve difficult learning
                 control problems",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1983",
}

@InCollection{barto-sutton-watkins-90,
  key =          "Barto",
  author =       "A.~G. Barto and R.~S. Sutton and C.~J.~C.~H. Watkins",
  title =        "Sequential decision problems and neural networks",
  year =         "1990",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D. Touretzky",
}

@InCollection{bates-macwhinney-87,
  title =        "Competition, Variation, and Language Learning",
  author =       "E. Bates and B. MacWhinney",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Mechanisms of Language Acquisition",
  pages =        "157--194",
  editor =       "Brian MacWhinney",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Article{battiti-89,
  key =          "battiti",
  author =       "R. Battiti",
  title =        "Accelerated backpropagation learning: two optimization
                 methods",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "331--342",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{baum-haussler-89,
  key =          "Baum",
  author =       "E.~B. Baum and D. Haussler",
  title =        "What size net gives valid generalization?",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "151--160",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{baum-moody-wilczek-88,
  key =          "Baum",
  author =       "E. ~B. Baum and J. Moody and F. Wilczek",
  title =        "Internal representations for associative memory",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "217--228",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{baxter-dow-89,
  key =          "Baxter",
  author =       "W. Baxter and B. Dow",
  title =        "Horizontal organization of orientation-sensitive cells
                 in primate visual cortex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "171--182",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{bear-87,
  key =          "Bear",
  title =        "Activity-dependent Modification of Functional
                 Circuitry as a Possible Basis for Learning",
  author =       "M.~F. Bear and C.~W. Cotman and G.~M. Innocenti and T.
                 Lomo and M. ~M. Merzenich and R.~L. Meyer and P. Rakic
                 and W. Seifert and W. Singer and C. Sotelo and C.~A.~O.
                 Sturmer",
  pages =        "281--300",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "The Neural and Molecular Bases of Learning",
  publisher =    "John Wiley and Sons Limited",
  editor =       "J. P. Changeux and M. Konishi",
}

@TechReport{becker-hinton-89,
  key =          "becker",
  author =       "S. Becker and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Spatial coherence as an internal teacher for a neural
                 network",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-7",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InCollection{becker-hinton-90,
  key =          "becker",
  author =       "S. Becker and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Using spatial coherence as an internal teacher for a
                 neural network",
  year =         "1990",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Back-Propagation, {\it in press}",
  editor =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and Y. Chauvin",
}

@TechReport{becker-lecun-88,
  key =          "becker",
  author =       "S. Becker and Y. {le Cun}",
  title =        "Improving The Convergence of Back-Propagation Learning
                 With Second-Order Methods",
  institution =  "University of Toronto Connectionist Research Group",
  year =         "1988",
  number =       "CRG-TR-88-5",
  month =        sep,
}

@Article{bedworth-bottou-bridle-fallside-flynn-fogelman-ponting-prager-89,
  key =          "Bedworth",
  author =       "M. ~D. Bedworth and L. Bottou and J. ~S. Bridle and F.
                 Fallside and L. Flynn and F. Fogelman and K. ~M.
                 Ponting and R. ~W. Prager",
  title =        "Comparison of neural and conventional classifiers on a
                 speech recognition problem",
  journal =      "Proceedings IEEE First Conference in Artificial Neural
                 Networks, London",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{bell-88,
  author =       "T. Bell",
  title =        "Sequential Processing using Attractor Transitions",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{berg-87,
  title =        "A Parallel Natural Language Processing Architecture
                 with Distributed Control",
  author =       "G. Berg",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "487--495",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "Keywords: ``Autonomous'' semantic networks, spreading
                 activation. Not connectionism, but could be interesting
                 to connectionists.",
}

@InProceedings{berliner-79,
  key =          "Berliner",
  author =       "H. ~J. Berliner",
  title =        "On the construction of evaluation functions for large
                 domains",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference
                 on Artificial Intelligence",
  address =      "Tokyo, Japan",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1979",
}

@InProceedings{Berliner-qbkg,
  key =          "Berliner",
  author =       "H. ~J. Berliner and D. ~H. Ackley",
  title =        "The {\sc QBKG} system: Generating explanations from a
                 non-discrete knowledge representation",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
                 Intelligence, AAAI-82, Pittsburgh, PA",
  pages =        "213--216",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Misc{berthold-78,
  author =       "K. ~P. Berthold",
  title =        "What is delaying the manipulator revolution?",
  year =         "1978",
  note =         "AI Lab, MIT, Working paper 161",
}

@Article{bienenstock-82,
  key =          "Bienenstock",
  author =       "E. ~L. Bienenstock and L. ~N. Cooper and P. ~W.
                 Munro",
  title =        "Theory for the development of neuron selectivity;
                 Orientation specificity and binocular interaction in
                 visual cortex",
  journal =      "Journal of Neuroscience",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "32--48",
}

@Misc{binot-jensen-87,
  title =        "A Semantic Expert Using an On-line Standard
                 Dictionary",
  author =       "J.~L. Binot and K. Jensen",
  year =         "1987",
  note =         "To appear as an IBM Research Report, IBM Thomas J.
                 Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY.",
}

@Article{blake-83,
  key =          "Blake",
  author =       "A. Blake",
  title =        "The least disturbance principle and weak constraints",
  journal =      "Pattern Recognition Letters",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "1",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "393--399",
}

@Article{blakemore-cooper-70,
  author =       "C. Blakemore and G. F. Cooper",
  title =        "Development of the Brain Depends On The Visual
                 Environment",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "228",
  pages =        "477--478",
  year =         "1970",
}

@Article{blakemore-van-sluyters-75,
  author =       "C. Blakemore and R. C. {van Sluyters}",
  title =        "Innate and Environmental Factors in the Development of
                 the Kitten's Visual Cortex",
  journal =      "Journal of Physiology",
  volume =       "248",
  pages =        "663--716",
  year =         "1975",
}

@InProceedings{blelloch-rosenberg-87,
  author =       "G. Blelloch and C. Rosenberg",
  title =        "Network Learning on the Connection Machine",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of IJCAI-87",
  publisher =    "??",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "Connection Machine, backpropagation, NETtalk,
                 simulators",
  annote =       "Describes an implementation of backpropagation on the
                 CM-1. Data is given for its speed relative to other
                 machines on NETtalk and other applications. [dap/**]",
  bibdate =      "Thu Mar 3 16:46:53 1988",
}

@Article{block-70,
  key =          "Block",
  author =       "H. ~D. Block",
  title =        "A Review of {Perceptrons: An Introduction to
                 Computational Geometry}",
  journal =      "Information and Control",
  volume =       "17",
  pages =        "501--522",
  year =         "1970",
}

@Book{blom-sanz-serna-verwer-86,
  author =       "J. ~G. Blom and J. ~M. Sanz-Serna and Jan G. Verwer",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "On Simple Moving Grid Methods for One-Dimensional
                 Evolutionary Partial Differential Equations",
  address =      "Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
  publisher =    "Stichting Mathematisch Centrum",
}

@Article{bobrowski-82,
  key =          "Bobrowski",
  author =       "L. Bobrowski",
  title =        "Rules of Forming Receptive Fields of Formal Neurons
                 During Unsupervised Learning Processes",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "23--28",
  year =         "1982",
}

@InProceedings{boguraev-87a,
  title =        "The Definitional Power of Words",
  author =       "B.~K. Boguraev",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    TINLAP-3,
  pages =        "11--15",
  publisher =    ACL,
  note =         "Las Cruces, New Mexico",
  comment =      "Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from:
                 Donald E. Walker (ACL) Bell Communications Research 445
                 South Street MRE 2A379 Morristown, NJ 07960-1961, USA",
}

@Article{boguraev-briscoe-87b,
  title =        "Large Lexicons for Natural Language Processing:
                 {E}xploring the Grammar Coding System of {LDOCE}",
  author =       "B.~ K. Boguraev and T. Briscoe",
  year =         "1987",
  journal =      "Computational Linguistics",
  organization = ACL,
  pages =        "???",
}

@InCollection{bond-garnes-80,
  key =          "Bond",
  author =       "Z.~S. Bond and S. Garnes",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Misperceptions of fluent speech",
  editor =       "R. Cole",
  booktitle =    "Perception and production of fluent speech.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@Book{bongard-70,
  key =          "Bongard",
  author =       "M. Bongard",
  title =        "Pattern Recognition",
  publisher =    "Hayden Book Company (Spartan Books)",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1970",
}

@TechReport{booker-goldberg-holland-87,
  author =       "L.~B. Booker and D. ~E. Goldberg and J.~H. Holland",
  title =        "Classifier Systems and Genetic Algorithms",
  institution =  "The University of Michigan",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Cognitive Science and Machine Intelligence
                 Laboratory",
  number =       "TR-8",
  address =      "Michigan",
  month =        apr,
  annote =       "A summary and overview of all the work done by Holland
                 and his students. Most of the paper is a rehash of
                 Hollands other papers, some new stuff comparing his
                 stuff to traditional ML techniques, and some
                 interesting suggestions for future work.",
}

@InProceedings{bookman-87,
  title =        "A Microfeature Based Scheme for Modelling Semantics",
  author =       "L.~A. Bookman",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    IJCAI-87,
  organization = IJCAI-ORG,
  publisher =    IJCAI-PUB,
  address =      IJCAI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "Keywords: context setting, massively parallel
                 networks, microfeatures, word sense disambiguation",
}

@InCollection{bornstein-87,
  author =       "M. H. Bornstein",
  title =        "Sensitive Periods in Development: Definition,
                 Existence, Utility, and Meaning",
  booktitle =    "Sensitive Periods in Development: Interdisciplinary
                 Perspectives",
  editor =       "M. H. Bornstein",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{borsellino-poggio-73,
  author =       "A. Borsellino and T. Poggio",
  title =        "Convolution and Correlation Algebras",
  journal =      "Kybernetik",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "113--122",
  year =         "1973",
}

@Article{bottini-88,
  key =          "Bottini",
  author =       "S. Bottini",
  title =        "An after-shannon measure of the storage capacity of an
                 associative noise-like coding memory",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "151--159",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{bottou-fogelman-soulie-blanchet-lienard-90,
  key =          "bottou",
  author =       "L Bottou and F. Fogelman-Soulie and P. Blanchet and
                 J.~S. Lienard",
  title =        "Speaker independent isolated digit recognition:
                 multilayer perceptrons vs dynamic time warping",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "553",
  institution =  "Universite de Paris-Sud, Centre d'Orsay",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{bounds-lloyd-mathew-89,
  key =          "Bounds",
  author =       "D. ~G. Bounds and P. Lloyd and B. ~G. Mathew",
  title =        "A comparison of neural network \& other pattern
                 recognition approaches to the diagnosis of low back
                 disorders",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "RIPPREP-1000-54-89",
  institution =  "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  note =         "Submitted to {\em Neural Networks}",
}

@Misc{bourlard-90,
  author =       "H. Bourlard",
  title =        "How connectionist models could improve markov models
                 for speech recognition",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  note =         "Phillips Research Lab, Belgium: Manuscript M 343. To
                 be published in the {\em Proceedings of the
                 International symposium on Neural networks for Sensory
                 and Motor Systems}, 22-24, March 1990, Dusseldorf,
                 F.R.G., Ed. R. Eckmiller",
}

@TechReport{bourlard-kamp-87,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and Y. Kamp",
  title =        "Auto-Association by Multilayer Perceptrons and
                 Singular Value Decomposition",
  institution =  "Philips Research Laboratory",
  year =         "1987",
  number =       "M217",
  address =      "Av. Van Becelaere 2 - Box 8, B-1770
                 Brussels,Belgium.",
  month =        nov,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "This paper studies a simple 3 layer auto-associator,
                 in which the hidden units are non-linear but the
                 outputs are linear. A linear algebra formulation of the
                 problem is devised, and an exact analytic solution
                 found, and shown to be optimal for this architecture.
                 This is not surprising, since with only one non-linear
                 layer, you cannot do better than a linear solution.
                 Nevertheless, the method could be interesting if
                 applied to a hierarchical organization of
                 auto-associators, since this would lead to multiple
                 levels of non-linearity.",
}

@Article{bourlard-kamp-88,
  key =          "Bourlard",
  author =       "H. Bourlard and Y. Kamp",
  title =        "Auto-association by multilayer perceptrons and
                 singular value decomposition",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "291--294",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{bourlard-wellekens-86a,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and C. Wellekens",
  title =        "Connected Speech Recognition by Phonemic Semi-Markov
                 Chains for State Occupancy Modeling",
  booktitle =    "Signal Processing III: Theories and Applications",
  publisher =    "Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "I. T. Young",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "Standard Markov models use a geometrical distribution,
                 with mean 0, for the time spent in a particular state.
                 This paper explores replacing the standard markov
                 models with ones which use a Poisson distribution for
                 the occupancy time with non-zero mean. The simulation
                 results do not show these models are noticeably better,
                 although they require more computation.",
}

@InCollection{bourlard-wellekens-86b,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and C. Wellekens",
  title =        "Discriminant Functions for Connected Speech
                 Recognition",
  booktitle =    "Signal Processing III: Theories and Applications",
  publisher =    "Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "I. T. et al. Young",
  annote =       "Describes a discriminative function for Connected
                 Speech Recognition that embeds Dynamic Time Warping in
                 an iterative LMSE optimization procedure to minimize
                 the distance between discriminant function and input
                 vector. The approach is compared to HMM model on a
                 small database, and the discriminant procedure is shown
                 to perform as well as HMM model, while requiring much
                 less computation.",
}

@InProceedings{bourlard-wellekens-87,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and C. Wellekens",
  title =        "Multilayer Perceptrons and Automatic Speech
                 Recognition",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings ICNN",
  year =         "1987",
  organization = "IEEE",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jun,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "Several examples of applying MLP to speech problems.
                 Model for connected speech recognizer imbeds network in
                 a dynamic programming algorithm. Requires
                 pre-segmentation of input into phonemes. Second model
                 uses spatial representation of sequential nature of
                 speech for phoneme recognition.",
}

@TechReport{bourlard-wellekens-88,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and C. Wellekens",
  title =        "Links between {M}arkov Models and {M}ultilayer
                 {P}erceptrons",
  number =       "M 263",
  institution =  "Philips Research Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{bourlard-wellekens-89,
  author =       "H. Bourlard and C. Wellekens",
  title =        "Speech Dynamics and Recurrent Neural Nets",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{brady-85,
  key =          "Brady",
  author =       "R. ~M. Brady",
  title =        "Optimization strategies gleaned from biological
                 evolution",
  year =         "1985",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "317",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "804--806",
}

@Article{braham-hamblen-89,
  key =          "Braham",
  author =       "R. Braham and J. Hamblen",
  title =        "On the behavior of some associative neural networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "145--151",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Book{Breiman-84,
  key =          "Breiman",
  author =       "L. Breiman and J. ~H. Friedman and R. ~A. Olshen and
                 C.~ J. Stone",
  title =        "Classification and Regression Trees",
  publisher =    "Wadsworth International Group",
  address =      "Belmont, CA",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InCollection{bridle-87,
  key =          "Bridle",
  author =       "J. ~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Adaptive networks and speech pattern processing",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "NATO ASI Series, Pattern Recognition Theory and
                 Application",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "Berlin",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  editor =       "P. Devijver and J. Kittler",
}

@TechReport{bridle-89a,
  key =          "Bridle",
  author =       "J.~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Alpha-nets: a recurrent `neural' network architecture
                 with a hidden markov model interpretation",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "SP Research Note 104",
  institution =  "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, UK",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  note =         "To appear in {\em Speech Communication} special {\em
                 Neurospeech} issue, 1990",
}

@Misc{bridle-89b,
  key =          "bridle",
  author =       "J.~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Probabilistic interpretation of feedforward
                 classification network outputs, with relationships to
                 statistical pattern recognition",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@InProceedings{bridle-90,
  key =          "Bridle",
  author =       "J.~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Training stochastic model recognition algorithms as
                 networks can lead to maximum mutual information
                 estimation of parameters",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "111--217",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{bridle-moore-84,
  key =          "Bridle",
  author =       "J.~S. Bridle and R. ~K. Moore",
  title =        "Boltzmann machines for speech pattern processing",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Inst. Acoust.",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InCollection{bridle-91,
  title =        "Neural Networks or Hidden Markov Models for Automatic
                 Speech Recognition: Is There a Choice?",
  author =       "J. S. Bridle",
  year =         "1991",
  booktitle =    "Speech Recognition and Understanding: Recent Advances,
                 Trends and Applications",
  editor =       "P. Laface",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
}

@Article{brillinger-88,
  key =          "Brillinger",
  author =       "D. ~R. Brillinger",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood analysis of spike trains of
                 interacting nerve cells",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "189--200",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{broadbent-67,
  key =          "Broadbent",
  author =       "D.~E. Broadbent",
  year =         "1967",
  title =        "Word frequency effect and response bias",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "74",
  pages =        "1--15",
}

@Article{brooks-frost-83a,
  key =          "Brooks",
  author =       "P. ~L. Brooks and B. ~J. Frost",
  title =        "Evaluation of a tactile vocoder for word recognition",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "74(1)",
  pages =        "34--39",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{brooks-frost-83b,
  key =          "Brooks",
  author =       "P. ~L. Brooks and B. ~J. Frost",
  title =        "Acquisition of a 250-word vocabulary through a tactile
                 vocoder",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "77(4)",
  pages =        "1576--1579",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1983",
}

@TechReport{brousse-smolensky-89,
  key =          "Brousse",
  author =       "O. Brousse and P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Virtual memories and massive generalization in
                 connectionist combinatorial learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CU-CS-431-89",
  institution =  "University of Colorado at Boulder",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{brown-84,
  key =          "Brown",
  author =       "C.~M. Brown and C. ~S. Ellis and J. ~A. Feldman and T.
                 ~J. LeBlanc and G.~L. Peterson",
  title =        "Research with the Butterfly Multicomputer",
  journal =      "Rochester Research Review",
  pages =        "3--23",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Book{bryson-ho-69,
  key =          "Bryson",
  author =       "{A. ~E. Jr.} Bryson and {Yu-Chi} Ho",
  title =        "Applied Optimal Control",
  publisher =    "Blaisdell Publishing Co.",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1969",
}

@InCollection{bub-cancelliere-kertesz-85,
  key =          "bub",
  author =       "D. Bub and A. Cancelliere and A. Kertesz",
  title =        "Whole-word and analytic translation of
                 spelling-to-sound in a non-semantic reader",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    "Surface Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "New York and London",
  editor =       "K.~E. Patterson and M. Coltheart and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Misc{buhmann-lange-vondermalsburg-vorbruggen-wurtz-90,
  key =          "Buhmann",
  author =       "J. Buhmann and J. Lange and C. von der Malsburg and J.
                 Vorbruggen and R. Wurtz",
  title =        "Object recognition in the dynamic link architecture -
                 paralel implementation on a transputer network",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Article{bulsara-boss-jacobs-89,
  key =          "Bulsara",
  author =       "A. Bulsara and R. Boxx and E. Jacobs",
  title =        "Noise effects in an electronic model of a single
                 neuron",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "211--222",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{byrd-calzolari-chodorow-klava-87,
  title =        "Tools and Methods for Computational Lexicology",
  author =       "R.~J. Byrd and N. Calzolari and M. ~S. Chodorow and J.
                 ~L. Klavans and M. ~S. Neff and O. ~A. Rizk",
  institution =  "IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "IBM Research Report",
  number =       "RC-12642",
  address =      "Yorktown Heights, New York",
  note =         "To be published in {\it Computational Linguistics}
                 1987(?)",
}

@InCollection{caianello-89,
  author =       "E. ~R. Caianello",
  title =        "A Theory of Neural Networks",
  booktitle =    "Neural Computing Architectures",
  editor =       "I. Aleksander",
  pages =        "00",
  publisher =    "MIT press",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{calvin-87,
  author =       "W.~ H. Calvin",
  title =        "The brain as a Darwin Machine",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "Preprint: Describes an architecture for the brain
                 which combines serial and parallel processing in a
                 manner like Darwinian evolution. Multiple action
                 sequences are generated in parallel, in seperate
                 sequence buffers, and then one is selected based on
                 previous experiences. In an alternate mode of operation
                 seperate tracks can be averaged, rather than competing,
                 to obtain higher accuracy performance from a noisy
                 network.",
}

@InProceedings{Calzolari-84,
  title =        "Detecting Patterns in a Lexical Data Base",
  author =       "N. Calzolari",
  booktitle =    ACL-84,
  year =         "1984",
  organization = ACL,
  publisher =    ACL-PUB,
  address =      ACL-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Misc{card-89,
  key =          "card",
  author =       "H. Card",
  title =        "Canadian conference on elecrical and computer
                 engineering congress",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@InCollection{carew-87,
  key =          "Carew",
  author =       "Carew",
  title =        "Cellular and Molecular Advances in the Study of
                 Learning in {\it Aplysia}",
  pages =        "177--204",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "The Neural and Molecular Bases of Learning",
  publisher =    "John Wiley and Sons Limited",
  editor =       "J. ~P. Changeux and M. Konishi",
}

@Article{carlton-88,
  key =          "Carlton",
  author =       "E. ~H. Carlton",
  title =        "Connection between internal representation of rigid
                 transformation and cortical activity paths",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "419--429",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{carnegie-mellon-77,
  key =          "Carnegie",
  author =       "CMU",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Speech understanding systems: Summary of the five-year
                 research effort at {C}arnegie-{M}ellon {U}niversity",
}

@Article{caramazza-84,
  key =          "Caramazza",
  author =       "A. Caramazza",
  title =        "The logic of neuropsychological research and the
                 problem of patient classification in aphasia",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "9--20",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{caramazza-86,
  key =          "Caramazza",
  author =       "A. Caramazza",
  title =        "On drawing inferences about the structure of normal
                 cognitive systems from the analysis of patterns of
                 impaired performance: The case for single-patient
                 studies",
  journal =      "Brain and Cognition",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "41--66",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Unpublished{caramazza-hillis-90,
  author =       "A. Caramazza and P. ~E. Hillis",
  title =        "Where do semantic errors come from?",
  note =         "{\em Cortex}, in press",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{carpenter-grossberg-83,
  author =       "G. A. Carpenter and S. Grossberg",
  title =        "A Massively Parallel Architecture for a
                 Self-Organizing Neural pattern Recognition Machine",
  journal =      "Computer Vision",
  volume =       "37",
  pages =        "54--115",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{carpenter-grossberg-87,
  author =       "G. Carpenter and S. Grossberg",
  title =        "{ART} 2: Self-Organization of Stable Category
                 Recognition Codes for Analog Input Patterns",
  journal =      "Applied Optics",
  year =         "1987",
  note =         "Special issue on neural networks",
  annote =       "(Unintelligible paper about ART 2, a collection of
                 models capable of quickly classifying arbitrary input
                 sequences. Uses 'top-down learned expectations' and
                 'bottom-up matching mechanisms', plus a 'vigilance'
                 parameter that represents sensitivity to mismatches.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 15:31:57 1988",
  keywords =     "adaptive resonance theory, pattern classification",
}

@Misc{chalmers-90a,
  key =          "chalmers",
  author =       "D. ~J. Chalmers",
  title =        "Syntactic transformations on distributed
                 representations",
  note =         "To appear in {\it Connection Science}, Vol. 2",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{chalmers-90b,
  key =          "chalmers",
  author =       "D. ~J. Chalmers",
  title =        "Why {F}odor and {P}lyshyn were wrong: The simplest
                 refutation",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{charniak-santos-87,
  key =          "charniak",
  author =       "E. Charniak and E. Santos",
  title =        "A Connectionist Context-free Parser which is not
                 Context-free but then it is not really Connectionist
                 either",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the Cognitive
                 Science Society",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{chay-kang-chay-88,
  key =          "Chay",
  author =       "T. ~R. Chay and H. ~S. Kang and S. ~C. Chay",
  title =        "Analyzing stochastic events in multi-channel patch
                 clamp data",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "19--33",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{cheeseman-kelly-stutz-self-87,
  author =       "P. Cheeseman and E.~J. Kelly and J. Stutz and M.
                 Self",
  title =        "Bayesian Induction of Classes",
  annote =       "Unpublished outline of NASA Ames Research Center tech
                 report. The report is not complete, and in parts
                 incoherent. Basically presents a way to induce
                 probabilistic classes (assumed to be normal, parameters
                 estimated are mean and standard deviation). The model
                 assumes an a priori distribution over the set of all
                 models, and makes no assumption about the number of
                 classes. The Bayesian procedure has a built in bias to
                 favour models with the smallest number of classes that
                 give good predictive ability. The paper shows how this
                 bias can be treated as a minimum message length (MML)
                 criterion for choosing a best model.",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Misc{cheeseman-kelly-self-stutz-tylor-freeman-88,
  author =       "P. Cheeseman and J. Kelly and M. Self and J. Stutz and
                 W. Taylor and D. Freeman",
  title =        "Autoclass: a bayesian classification system",
  year =         "1988",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{cheeseman-self-87,
  author =       "P. Cheeseman and M. Self",
  title =        "Probabilistic Inference and Learning in Artificial
                 Intelligence",
  institution =  "NASA Ames Research Center",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Internal",
  address =      "Mail Stop 244-7, Moffett Field, CA",
  month =        jun,
  annote =       "Basically presents same material as CHEESEMANETAL,
                 some of it more readable, some of it less. Again an
                 incomplete draft.",
}

@InProceedings{chodorow-byrd-heidorn-85,
  title =        "Extracting Semantic Hierarchies from a Large On-line
                 Dictionary",
  author =       "M.~S. Chodorow and R.~J. Byrd and G.~E. Heidorn",
  booktitle =    ACL-85,
  year =         "1985",
  organization = ACL,
  publisher =    ACL-PUB,
  address =      ACL-PUB-ADDRESS,
  pages =        "299--304",
  note =         "Chicago, Illinois",
}

@Article{chornoboy-88,
  key =          "Chornoboy",
  author =       "E. ~S. Chornoboy and L. ~P. Schramm and A. ~F. Karr",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood identification of neural point
                 process systems",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "265--275",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@MastersThesis{christman-84,
  key =          "Christman",
  author =       "D. ~P. Christman",
  title =        "Programming the Connection Machine",
  school =       "MIT EECS Department",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InProceedings{chun-mimo-87a,
  title =        "A Massively Parallel Model of Schema Selection",
  author =       "H.~W. Chun and A. Mimo",
  pages =        "II:379--386",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = IEEE,
}

@InProceedings{chun-mimo-87b,
  title =        "A Model of Schema Selection Using Marker Passing and
                 Connectionist Spreading Activation",
  author =       "H.~W. Chun and A. Mimo",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "887--895",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Book{churchland-86,
  key =          "Churchland",
  author =       "P. Churchland",
  title =        "Neurophilosophy: Toward {A} Unified Science of the
                 Mind/Brain",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{churchland-sejnowski-88,
  key =          "Churchland",
  author =       "P. Churchland and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Perspectives on cognitive neuroscience",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "242",
  pages =        "741--745",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{cleeremans-servan-schreiber-mcclelland-89,
  author =       "A. Cleeremans and D. Servan-Schreiber and J.~L.
                 McClelland",
  year =         "1989",
  title =        "Finite state automata and simple recurrent networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "372--381",
}

@PhdThesis{cohen-81,
  key =          "Cohen",
  author =       "N. Cohen",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Neuropsychological evidence for a distinction between
                 procedural and declarative knowledge in human memory
                 and amnesia",
  school =       "University of California",
}

@Article{cohen-eichenbaum-deacedo-corkin-85,
  key =          "Cohen",
  author =       "N. Cohen and H. Eichenbaum and B.~S. Deacedo and S.
                 Corkin",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Different memory systems underlying acquisition of
                 procedural and declarative knowledge",
  journal =      "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences",
  volume =       "444",
  pages =        "54--71",
}

@Article{cohen-grossberg-83,
  author =       "M. ~A. Cohen and S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Absolute stability of global pattern formation and
                 parallel memory storage by competitive neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "815--826",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{cohen-servanschreiber-86,
  key =          "Cohen",
  author =       "J. ~D. Cohe and D. Servan-Schreiber",
  title =        "A parallel distributed processing approach to behavior
                 and biology in schizophrenia",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "AIP-100",
  institution =  "Carnegie Mellon University and University of
                 Pittsburgh",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{cohen-squire-80,
  key =          "Cohen",
  author =       "N. ~J. Cohen and L. ~R. Squire",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing
                 skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and
                 knowing that",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "210",
  pages =        "207--210",
}

@Article{cole-73,
  key =          "Cole",
  author =       "R. ~A. Cole",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Listening for mispronunciations: {A} measure of what
                 we hear during speech",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "153--156",
}

@InCollection{cole-jakimik-78,
  key =          "Cole",
  author =       "R. ~A. Cole and J. Jakimik",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Understanding speech: How words are heard",
  editor =       "G. Underwood",
  booktitle =    "Strategies of information processing.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@InCollection{cole-jakimik-80,
  key =          "Cole",
  author =       "R. A. Cole and J. Jakimik",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "A model of speech perception",
  editor =       "R. Cole",
  booktitle =    "Perception and production of fluent speech.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@Article{cole-rudnicky-83,
  key =          "Cole",
  author =       "R. ~A. Cole and A. Rudnicky",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "What's new in speech perception? The research and
                 ideas of {W}illiam {C}handler {B}agley, 1874-1946",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "90",
  pages =        "94--101",
}

@Article{collins-75,
  key =          "Collins",
  author =       "A. ~M. Collins and E. ~F. Loftus",
  title =        "A Spreading-Activation Theory of Semantic Processing",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "82",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "407--425",
}

@TechReport{collins-90,
  key =          "Collins",
  author =       "S. Collins",
  title =        "An Introduction to the Information Processing
                 Components of the Brain",
  type =         "technical report",
  number =       "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment Memorandum
                 4350",
  institution =  "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-80a,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart",
  title =        "Deep dyslexia: {A} review of the syndrome",
  pages =        "22--47",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Routledge",
  address =      "London",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K. E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-80b,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart",
  title =        "The semantic error: Types and theories",
  pages =        "146--159",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Routledge",
  address =      "London",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K. E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-80c,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart",
  title =        "A right-hemisphere hypothesis",
  pages =        "326--380",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Routledge",
  address =      "London",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K. E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-85,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart",
  title =        "Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading",
  pages =        "3--37",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  editor =       "M. I. Posner and O. S. M. Marin",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-byng-89,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart and S. Byng",
  title =        "A treatment for surface dyslexia",
  pages =        "159--174",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Cognitive Approaches in Neuropsychological
                 Rehabilitation",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  editor =       "X. Seron and G. Deloche",
}

@Book{coltheart-patterson-marshall-80,
  key =          "Coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart and K. ~E. Patterson and J. ~C.
                 Marshall",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "London: Routledge",
}

@InCollection{coltheart-patterson-marshall-87,
  key =          "coltheart",
  author =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
  title =        "Deep dyslexia since 1980",
  pages =        "407--451",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia, 2nd edition",
  publisher =    "London: Routledge",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K. E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{conrad-62,
  key =          "Conrad",
  author =       "R. Conrad",
  year =         "1962",
  title =        "An association between memory errors and errors due to
                 acoustic masking of speech",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "196",
  pages =        "1314--1315",
}

@Article{coolen-vannorren-88,
  key =          "Coolen",
  author =       "A. ~C. ~C. Coolen and D. van Norren",
  title =        "Kinetics of human cone photopigments explained with a
                 rushton-henry model",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "123--128",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{cooper-hollbach-87,
  author =       "P. Cooper and S. Hollbach",
  title =        "Parallel Recognition of Objects Comprised of Pure
                 Structure",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of 1987 DARPA Image Understanding
                 Workshop",
  publisher =    "??",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "<The authors have built a system which recognizes
                 'animals' made of Tinker Toys. The model works by
                 analyzing the visual image into rods \& disks and their
                 connections, then doing a parallel connectionist
                 comparison of its structure against that of each known
                 'animal' (stored in separate networks).",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 15:41:19 1988",
  keywords =     "vision, object recognition",
}

@Article{cooper-liberman-oja-79,
  key =          "Cooper Liberman Oja",
  author =       "L. ~N. Cooper and F. Liberman and E. Oja",
  title =        "A theory for the acquisition and loss of neuron
                 specificity in visual cortex",
  year =         "1979",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "33",
  pages =        "9--28",
}

@Article{corbetta-miezin-dobmeyer-shulman-90,
  key =          "corbetta",
  author =       "M. Corbeta and F. Miezin and G. Dobmeyer and S.
                 Shulman",
  title =        "Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape,
                 color, and velocity in humans",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "248",
  pages =        "1556--1559",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{cosic-munro-88,
  author =       "C. Cosic and P. Munro",
  title =        "Learning to Represent and Understand Locative
                 Prepositional Phrases",
  institution =  "University of Pittsburgh, School of Library \&
                 Information Science",
  number =       "LIS 002/IS88002",
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "natural language, microfeatures",
  annote =       "A modified encoder network learned the subtle,
                 context-dependent meanings of prepositions in phrases
                 like 'house ON water' versus 'plate ON table', by being
                 told which semantic microfeatures were present in each
                 example (eg. 'Noun1 over Noun2', 'Noun1 near Noun2',
                 etc.). A straightforward application of backprop.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Apr 26 16:22:20 1988",
}

@Article{coslett-rothi-heilman-85,
  key =          "coslett",
  author =       "H.~B. Coslett and L.~G. Rothi and K.~M. Heilman",
  title =        "Reading: dissociation of lexical and phonological
                 mechanisms",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "24",
  pages =        "20--35",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{coslett-saffran-89,
  key =          "Coslett",
  author =       "H.~B. Coslett and E.~M. Saffran",
  title =        "Evidence for preserved reading in `pure alexia'",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "112",
  pages =        "327--359",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{costello-warrington-87,
  key =          "Costello",
  author =       "A. Costello and E.~K. Warrington",
  title =        "Dissociation of visuo-spatial neglect and neglect
                 dyslexia",
  journal =      "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry",
  volume =       "50",
  pages =        "1110--1116",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{cotton-grosjean-84,
  key =          "Cotton",
  author =       "S. Cotton and F. Grosjean",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "The gating paradigm: {A} comparison of successive and
                 individual presentation formats",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "35",
  pages =        "41--48",
}

@PhdThesis{cottrell-85,
  title =        "A connectionist approach to word sense
                 disambiguation",
  author =       "G.~W. Cottrell",
  year =         "1985",
  school =       "Computer Science Department, University of Rochester",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  note =         "Available as TR-154",
}

@Article{cottrell-88,
  key =          "Cottrell",
  author =       "M. Cottrell",
  title =        "Stability and attractivity in associative memory
                 networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "129--139",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Unpublished{cottrell-munro-zipser-87,
  key =          "Cottrell",
  author =       "G. W. Cottrell and P. Munro and D. Zipser",
  title =        "Image Compression by Back-propagation: an example of
                 extensional programming",
  note =         "{ICS} Report 8702",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "Institute for Cognitive Science, University of
                 California, San Diego",
}

@Article{cottrell-small-83,
  title =        "A Connectionist Scheme for Modelling Word-Sense
                 Disambiguation",
  author =       "G.~W. Cottrell and Steven L. Small",
  year =         "1983",
  journal =      "Cognition and Brain Theory",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "89--120",
}

@InProceedings{cottrell-tsung-00,
  author =       "G.~W. Cottrell and F. Tsung",
  title =        "Learning simple arithmetic procedures",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  annote =       "this reference came from an ftp'ed bib off the net. it
                 is incomplete.",
  year =         "00",
}

@InProceedings{cowan-90a,
  author =       "J.~D. Cowan",
  title =        "Neural Networks: the Early Days",
  pages =        "828--842",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  editor =       "D. S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1990",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@Article{cowan-sharp-88,
  key =          "Cowan",
  author =       "J.~D. Cowan and D.~H. Sharp",
  title =        "Neural nets",
  journal =      "Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics",
  volume =       "21(3)",
  pages =        "365--427",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{cox-bridle-89,
  key =          "cox",
  author =       "S. Cox and J.~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Unsupervised speaker adaptation by probabilistic
                 spectrum fitting",
  organization = "British Telecom and RSRE",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IEEE Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
                 Processing",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{cox-bridle-90,
  key =          "Cox",
  author =       "S. Cox and J.~S. Bridle",
  title =        "Simultaneous Speaker Normalisation and Utterance
                 labelling Using Bayesian/Neural Net Techniques",
  organization = "British Telecom and RSRE",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IEEE Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
                 Processing",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{crawford-84,
  author =       "M. L. J. Crawford and E. L. Smith and R. S. Harwerth
                 and G. K. {von Noorden}",
  title =        "Stereoblind Monkeys Have Few Binocular Neurons",
  journal =      "Investigative Opthalmology and Visual Science",
  volume =       "25",
  number =       "7",
  pages =        "779--781",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{crawford-83,
  author =       "M. L. J. Crawford and G. K. {von Noorden} and L. S.
                 Meharg and J. W. Rhodes and R. S. Harwerth and E. L.
                 Smith and D. D. Miller",
  title =        "Binocular Neurons and Binocular Function in Monkeys
                 and Children",
  journal =      "Investigative Opthalmology and Visual Science",
  volume =       "24",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "491--495",
  year =         "1983",
}

@InCollection{crawford-86,
  author =       "M. L. J. Crawford",
  title =        "Abnormal Early Visual Experience and Visual Function
                 in Monkeys",
  booktitle =    "Development of Order in the Visual System",
  editors =      "S. R. Hilfer and J. B. Sheffield",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InCollection{crick-asanuma-86,
  key =          "Crick",
  author =       "F. Crick and C. Asanuma",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Certain aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the
                 cerebral cortex",
  editor =       "J.~L. McClelland and D.~E. Rumelhart and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Misc{crick-koch-90,
  key =          "crick",
  author =       "F. Crick and C. Koch",
  title =        "Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness",
  note =         "To appear in {\it Seminars in the Neurosciences}",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{crick-mitchison-83,
  key =          "Crick",
  author =       "F. Crick and G. Mitchison",
  title =        "The function of dream sleep",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "304",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  pages =        "111--114",
}

@Article{crowder-78,
  key =          "Crowder",
  author =       "R.~G. Crowder",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Mechanisms of auditory backward masking in the
                 stimulus suffix effect",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "85",
  pages =        "502--524",
}

@InCollection{crowder-81,
  key =          "Crowder",
  author =       "R.~G. Crowder",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "The role of auditory memory in speech perception and
                 discrimination",
  editors =      "T. Myers, J. Laver, and J. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "The cognitive representation of speech",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "167--179",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
}

@Article{crutchfield-mcnamara-87,
  author =       "J.~P. Crutchfield and B.~S. McNamara",
  title =        "Equations of motion from a data series",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "417--452",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{csernai-zimanyi-79,
  key =          "Csernai",
  author =       "L.~P. Csernai and J. Zimanyi",
  title =        "Mathematical Model for the Self-Organization of Neural
                 Networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "43--48",
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{cuykendall-reese-89,
  key =          "Cuykendall",
  author =       "R. Cuykendall and R. Reese",
  title =        "Scaling the neural tsp algorithm",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "365--371",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{cybenko-89a,
  key =          "cybenko",
  author =       "G. Cybenko",
  title =        "Approximations by superpositions of a sigmoidal
                 function",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CSRD}-856",
  institution =  "Center for Supercomputing Research and Development,
                 University of Illinois",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{cybenko-89b,
  key =          "cybenko",
  author =       "G. Cybenko",
  title =        "Designing neural networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CSRD}-934",
  institution =  "Center for Supercomputing Research and Development,
                 University of Illinois",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{cybenko-89c,
  key =          "cybenko",
  author =       "G. Cybenko",
  title =        "Mathematical problems in neural computing",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CSRD}-905",
  institution =  "Center for Supercomputing Research and Development,
                 University of Illinois",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{cybenko-90a,
  key =          "cybenko",
  author =       "G. Cybenko",
  title =        "Approximations by superpositions of a sigmoidal
                 function",
  note =         "Center for Supercomputing Research and Development,
                 University of Illinois",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{cybenko-90b,
  key =          "cybenko",
  author =       "G. Cybenko",
  title =        "Complexity theory of neural networks and
                 classification problems",
  note =         "Center for Supercomputing Research and Development,
                 University of Illinois",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{dai-curthoys-halmagyi-89,
  key =          "Dai",
  author =       "M. Dai and I. Curthoys and G. Halmagyi",
  title =        "A model of otolith stimulation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "185--194",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{dailey-86,
  title =        "The Extraction of a Minimum Set of Semantic Primitives
                 from a Monolingual Dictionary Is {NP}-Complete",
  author =       "David P. Dailey",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Computational Linguistics",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "306--307",
}

@Article{damasio-89,
  key =          "damasio",
  author =       "A.~R. Damasio",
  title =        "The brain binds entities and events by multiregional
                 activation from convergence zones",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "123--132",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{dammasch-wagner-wolff-88,
  key =          "Dammasch",
  author =       "I.~E. Dammasch and G.~P. Wagner and J.~R. Wolff",
  title =        "Self-stabilization of neuronal networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "149--158",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{darken-moody-90,
  key =          "darken",
  author =       "C. Darken and J. Moody",
  title =        "Fast adaptive k-means clustering: some empirical
                 results",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submitted January 1990 to the {\it 1990 International
                 Joint Conference on Neural Networks, San Diego}",
}

@TechReport{DARPA-88,
  key =          "DARPA",
  author =       "DARPA",
  title =        "{DARPA} Neural Network Study, Oct 1987-February 1988,
                 Executive Summary",
  institution =  "DARPA, MIT Lincoln Laboratory",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{daunicht-88,
  key =          "Daunicht",
  author =       "W.~J. Daunicht",
  title =        "A biophysical approach to the spatial function of eye
                 movements, extraocular proprioception and the
                 vestibulo-ocular reflex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "225--233",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{davis-rosenfeld-81,
  key =          "Davis",
  author =       "L.~S. Davis and A. Rosenfeld",
  title =        "Cooperating processes for low-level vision: {A}
                 survey",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "245--264",
}

@InProceedings{day-87a,
  title =        "Towards Integrating Automatic and Controlled Problem
                 Solving",
  author =       "D.~S. Day",
  pages =        "II:661--670",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = IEEE,
}

@InProceedings{day-87b,
  title =        "{JANUS}: An Architecture for Integrating Automatic and
                 Controlled Problem Solving",
  author =       "D.~S. Day",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Article{dejerine-92,
  key =          "dejerine",
  author =       "J. Dejerine",
  title =        "Contribution \`{a} l'\'{e}tudes anatomoclinique et
                 clinique des differentes vari\'{e}ti\'{e} de
                 c\'{e}cit\'{e} verbale",
  journal =      "Memoires de la Soci\'{e}t\'{e} de Biologie",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "61--90",
  year =         "1892",
}

@Article{delattre-liberman-cooper-55,
  key =          "Delattre",
  author =       "P. Delattre and A.~M. Liberman and F.~S. Cooper",
  year =         "1955",
  title =        "Acoustic loci and transitional cues for consonants",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "769--773",
}

@Misc{dell-??,
  key =          "dell",
  author =       "G.~S. Dell",
  title =        "Connectionist approaches to the production of words",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{dempster-laird-rubin-77,
  key =          "Dempster",
  author =       "A.~P. Dempster and N.~M. Laird and D.~B. Rubin",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the {EM}
                 algorithm",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the Royal Statistical Society",
  volume =       "B-39",
  year =         "1977",
  pages =        "1--38",
}

@Misc{denby-campbell-bedeschi-chriss-bowers-nesti-90,
  author =       "B. Denby and M. Campbell and F. Bedeschi and N. Chriss
                 and C. Bowers and F. Nesti",
  title =        "Neural networks for triggering",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{denes-55,
  key =          "Denes",
  author =       "P. Denes",
  year =         "1955",
  title =        "Effect of duration on the perception of voicing",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "761--764",
}

@Article{denker-swartz-wittner-solla-howard-jacket-hopfield-87,
  key =          "Denker",
  author =       "J. Denker and D. Schwartz and B. Wittner and S. Solla
                 and R. Howard and L. Jacket and J. Hopfield",
  year =         "1987",
  title =        "Automatic learning, rule extraction and
                 generalization",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "1(5)",
  pages =        "877--922",
  keywords =     "entropy, learning speed, generalization, theoretical
                 analysis",
  annote =       "Proposes a theoretical measure of Entropy in a
                 learning task, and of the Efficiency with which a
                 network learns. Distinguishes between 'rule extraction'
                 (success in unseen cases) and 'generalization'
                 (extending the domain). Network representations are
                 analogous to polynomial curve fitting: they extend the
                 domain, and average noisy data. Network solutions often
                 differ from human solutions, unless the symmetries
                 humans use are 'programmed' into the network.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Apr 13 16:42:05 1988",
}

@Book{dennis-schnabel-83,
  author =       "{J.~E., Jr.} Dennis and R.~B. Schnabel",
  title =        "Numerical Methods For Unconstrained Optimization and
                 Nonlinear Equations",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall, Inc.",
  year =         "1983",
}

@InCollection{derouesne-beauvois-85,
  key =          "Derouesn\'{e}",
  author =       "J. Derouesn\'{e} and M.~F. Beauvois",
  title =        "The phonemic stage in the non-lexical reading process:
                 Evidence from a case of phonological alexia",
  pages =        "399--457",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    "Surface Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "London: Erlbaum",
  editor =       "K.~E. Patterson and M. Coltheart and J. ~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{derr-massaro-80,
  key =          "Derr",
  author =       "M.~A. Derr and D.~W. Massaro",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "The contribution of vowel duration, {F0} contour, and
                 frication duration as cues to the /juz/-/jus/
                 distinction",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  pages =        "51--59",
}

@Article{derrington-84,
  author =       "A. M. Derrington",
  title =        "Development of Spatial Frequency Selectivity in
                 Striate Cortex of Vision-Deprived Cats",
  journal =      "Experimental Brain Research",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "431--437",
  year =         "1984",
}

@TechReport{derthick-84,
  key =          "Derthick",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "Variations on the {B}oltzmann Machine learning
                 algorithm",
  number =       "Technical Report CMU-CS-84-120",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  month =        aug,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1984",
}

@TechReport{derthick-85,
  key =          "Derthick",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "Learning constraints between slot fillers with
                 {B}oltzmann machines",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
}

@TechReport{derthick-86,
  key =          "Derthick",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "A Model Based Approach to Knowledge Representation and
                 Reasoning",
  institution =  "CMU",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
  year =         "1986",
  note =         "forthcoming",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 17 22:45:53 1987",
}

@Unpublished{derthickproposal,
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "A Connectionist Knowledge Representation System",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1986",
  note =         "Unpublished thesis proposal.",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 12 13:30:04 1987",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{derthick-87a,
  title =        "A Connectionist Architecture for Representing and
                 Reasoning about Structured Knowledge",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "micro-KLONE",
}

@InProceedings{derthick-87b,
  title =        "Counterfactual Reasoning with Direct Models",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    AAAI-87,
  organization = AAAI,
  publisher =    AAAI-PUB,
  address =      AAAI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "micro-KLONE",
}

@TechReport{derthick-88,
  key =          "Derthick",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "Mundane reasoning by parallel constraint
                 satisfaction",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CMU-CS-88-182",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{derthick-plaut-86,
  author =       "M. Derthick and D.~C. Plaut",
  title =        "Is Distributed Connectionism Compatible with the
                 Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1986 Cognitive Science Conference",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum",
  year =         "1986",
  bibdate =      "Tue Jun 3 19:23:18 1986",
}

@InProceedings{derthick-tebelskis-88,
  author =       "M. Derthick and J. Tebelskis",
  title =        "`{E}nsemble' {B}oltzmann Units have Collective
                 Computational Properties like those of {H}opfield and
                 {T}ank Neurons",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Neural
                 Information Processing Systems",
  publisher =    "American Institute of Physics",
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "Boltzmann machines, Hopfield nets",
  annote =       "Four types of networks are described and compared:
                 {binary, continuous} x {deterministic, stochastic} =
                 [Hopfield, Hopfield-Tank, Boltzmann,
                 Ensemble-Boltzmann]. An EBM(n) is like the average of
                 (n) identical BM's. EBM(n=1) is a BM, EBM(n=infinite)
                 is Hopfield-Tank. EBM(n=50) outperforms Hopfield-Tank
                 on the Traveling Salesman Problem.",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 19 06:18:30 1987",
}

@TechReport{derthick-90,
  key =          "derthick",
  author =       "M. Derthick",
  title =        "The minimum description length principle applied to
                 feature learning and analogical mapping",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{ACT-CYC}-234-90",
  institution =  "MCC",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{desmond-moore-88,
  key =          "Desmond",
  author =       "J.~E. Desmond and J.~W. Moore",
  title =        "Adaptive timing in neural networks: the conditioned
                 response",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "405--415",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{deutsch-deutsch-63,
  key =          "Deutsch",
  author =       "J.~A. Deutsch and D. Deutsch",
  year =         "1963",
  title =        "Attention: Some theoretical considerations",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "70",
  pages =        "80--90",
}

@Article{dews-wiesel-70,
  author =       "P. B. Dews and T. N. Wiesel",
  title =        "Consequences of Monocular Deprivation On Visual
                 Behaviour in Kittens",
  journal =      "Journal of Physiology (London)",
  volume =       "206",
  pages =        "437--455",
  year =         "1970",
}

@Article{diehl-elman-mccusker-78,
  key =          "Diehl",
  author =       "R.~L. Diehl and J.~L. Elman and S.~B. McCusker",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Context effects in phoneme identification",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "599--609",
}

@Misc{dietterich-bakiri-91,
  key =          "dietterich",
  author =       "T. G. Dietterich and G. Bakiri",
  title =        "Error-Correcting Output Codes: {A} General Method for
                 Improving Multiclass Inductive Learning Programs",
  year =         "1991",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Article{dodwell-83,
  author =       "P. C. Dodwell",
  title =        "The Lie Transform Group Model of Visual Perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "34",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--16",
  year =         "1983",
}

@TechReport{dolan-88,
  key =          "Dolan",
  author =       "C.~P. Dolan",
  title =        "Implementing a connectionist production system using
                 tensor products",
  number =       "UCLA-AI-88-15",
  type =         "Computer Science Department, AI Lab. Technical
                 Report,",
  institution =  "UCLA",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{dolan-89,
  key =          "Dolan",
  author =       "C.~P. Dolan",
  title =        "Tensor manipulation networks: connectionist and
                 symbolic approaches to comprehension, learning, and
                 planning",
  number =       "UCLA-AI-89-06",
  type =         "Computer Science Department, AI Lab. Technical
                 Report",
  institution =  "UCLA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{dolan-dyer-87,
  title =        "Symbolic Schemata, Role Binding, and the Evolution of
                 Structure in Connectionist Memories",
  author =       "C.~P. Dolan and M.~G. Dyer",
  pages =        "II:287--298",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = IEEE,
}

@Article{dolan-smolensky-89,
  key =          "Dolan",
  author =       "C.~P. Dolan and P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Tensor product production system: a modular
                 architecture and representation",
  journal =      "Connection Science",
  volume =       "1(1)",
  pages =        "53--68",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{doya-yoshizawa-89,
  author =       "K. Doya and S. Yoshizawa",
  title =        "Memorizing Oscillatory Patterns in the Analog Neuron
                 Network",
  booktitle =    "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "27--32",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
}

@Misc{domany-meir-90,
  author =       "E. Domany and R. Meir",
  title =        "Layered neural networks",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{domany-meir-kinzel-86,
  key =          "Domany",
  author =       "E. Domany and R. Meir and W. Kinzel",
  title =        "Storing and retrieving information in a layered spin
                 system",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{drewnowski-healy-77,
  key =          "Drewnowski",
  author =       "A. Drewnowski and A. Healy",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Detection Errors on the and and: Evidence for reading
                 units larger than the word",
  journal =      "Memory and Cognition",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "636--647",
}

@Book{duda-hart-73,
  author =       "R.~O. Duda and P.~E. Hart",
  title =        "Pattern Classification And Scene Analysis",
  publisher =    "Wiley and Sons",
  year =         "1973",
}

@Article{durbin-willshaw-87,
  key =          "Durbin",
  author =       "R. Durbin and D. Willshaw",
  title =        "An analogue approach to the travelling salesman
                 problem",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "326",
  pages =        "689--691",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{dyer-88,
  key =          "Dyer",
  author =       "M.~G. Dyer",
  title =        "Symbolic neuroengineering for natural language
                 processing: a multilevel research approach",
  number =       "UCLA-AI-88-14",
  type =         "Computer Science Dept., AI Lab. Technical Report",
  institution =  "UCLA",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{eckhorn-bauer-jordan-brosch-kruse-munk-reitboeck-89,
  key =          "Eckhorn",
  author =       "R. Eckhorn and R. Bauer and W. Jordan and M. Brosch
                 and W. Kruse and M. Munk and H. Reitboeck",
  title =        "Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking
                 in the visual cortex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "121--130",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{edelman-reeke-82,
  key =          "Edelman and Reeke",
  author =       "G.~M. Edelman and G.~N. Reeke",
  title =        "Selective networks capable of representative
                 transformations, limited generalizations,and
                 associative memory",
  year =         "1982",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA",
  volume =       "79",
  pages =        "2091--2095",
}

@InBook{edelman-mountcastle-78a,
  author =       "G.~M. Edelman and V.~B. Mountcastle",
  chapter =      "An Organizing Principle for Cerebral Function: The
                 Unit Module and The Distributed System",
  pages =        "7--50",
  title =        "The Mindful Brain",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1978",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  annote =       "An excellent overview article on what is known of the
                 functional organization of the cerebral cortex, from a
                 variety of experimental studies. The paper promotes the
                 theory that it is the cortical column that is the
                 fundamental processing element of the brain, that these
                 cortical columns are arranged to map topologically
                 several parameters simultaneously across the surface of
                 the cortex, and that groups of columns are functionally
                 connected into processing subsystems, many of which
                 pass through the same cortical regions.",
}

@InBook{edelman-mountcastle-78b,
  author =       "G. ~M. Edelman and V.~B. Mountcastle",
  chapter =      "Group Selection and Phasic Reentrant Signalling:A
                 Theory of Higher Brain Function",
  pages =        "51--100",
  title =        "The Mindful Brain",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1978",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  annote =       "Describes Edelmans Selective Theory of cortical
                 development in detail. The main ideas are that the
                 units of selection are highly interconnected groups of
                 cells (10,000 to a group.) A primary repertoire of
                 groups is initially created from genetic information.
                 This primary repertoire is highly redundant, many cell
                 groups responding to similar signals. The primary cell
                 groups are selectively modified by a form of Hebbian
                 learning, to develop more specific secondary
                 repertoires. The system of interconnected cell groups
                 is both phasic and reentrant, this being essential to
                 his theory of higher mental processes. Higher mental
                 processes are developed from the ability to compare a
                 new input with a reentrant previous input (which may be
                 external or internal) and in this fashion learn to
                 associate complex representations.",
}

@Article{eich-82,
  key =          "Eich",
  author =       "J.~M. Eich",
  title =        "A composite holographic associative recall model",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "89",
  pages =        "627--661",
}

@Article{eichenbaum-cohen-88,
  key =          "Eichenbaum",
  author =       "H. Eichenbaum and N.~J. Cohen",
  title =        "Representation in the hippocampus: what do hippocampal
                 neurons code?",
  journal =      "TINS",
  volume =       "11(6)",
  pages =        "244--248",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{eijkman-89,
  key =          "Eijkman",
  author =       "E. Eijkman",
  title =        "Black box analysis of the skin senses as a multiple
                 communication channel",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "163--170",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{eimas-corbit-73,
  key =          "Eimas",
  author =       "P.~D. Eimas and J.~D. Corbit",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Selective adaptation of linguistic feature detectors",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "99--109",
}

@InProceedings{eiselt-granger-87,
  title =        "A Time-Dependent Distributed Processing Model of
                 Strategy-Driven Inference Behavior",
  author =       "K.~P. Eiselt and R.~H. {Granger, Jr.}",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "704--714",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Misc{ekenberg-lansner-88,
  key =          "Ekenberg",
  author =       "O. Ekenberg and A. Lansner",
  title =        "Automatic Generation of Internal Representations in a
                 Probabilistic Artificial Neural Network",
  booktitle =    "in press: The Proceedings from NEURO '88, the First
                 European Conference on Neural Networks",
  address =      "Department of Numerical Analysis and Computing
                 Science, The Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 400
                 Stockholm, Sweden",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{ellis-flude-young-87,
  key =          "ellis",
  author =       "A.~W. Ellis and B.~M. Flude and A.~W. Young",
  title =        "`{N}eglect dyslexia' and the early visual processing
                 of letters in words and nonwords",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "439--464",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{elman-79,
  key =          "Elman",
  author =       "J.~L. Elman",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "Perceptual origins of the phoneme boundary effect and
                 selective adaptation to speech: {A} signal detection
                 theory analysis",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "65",
  pages =        "190--207",
}

@Unpublished{elman-83,
  key =          "Elman",
  author =       "J.~L. Elman",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "no title",
  note =         "Unpublished results",
}

@TechReport{elman-88,
  author =       "J.~L. Elman",
  title =        "Finding Structure in Time",
  institution =  "Center for Research in Language, UCSD",
  number =       "CRL-8801",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "time-delay networks, architecture",
  annote =       "A simple architecture is presented which 'recycles'
                 (copies) hidden unit activations back to the input
                 layer, making a minimal history mechanism. The model
                 was surprisingly successful at input Prediction tasks,
                 ranging from predicting XOR sequences, to predicting
                 letters in words (even without word boundaries), to
                 discovering lexical classes \& heirarchies in
                 grammar-generated sentences, to resolving proniminal
                 references (work in progress).",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Tue Apr 26 16:16:35 1988",
}

@InProceedings{elman-89,
  author =       "J.~L. Elman",
  title =        "Representation and structure in connectionist models",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{elman-90,
  author =       "J.~L. Elman",
  title =        "Finding structure in time",
  journal =      "Journal of the Cognitive Science Society, in press",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "in press",
}

@InCollection{elman-mcclelland-90,
  key =          "Elman",
  author =       "J.~L. Elman and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1990",
  title =        "Exploiting the lawful variability in the speech wave",
  note =         "in press",
  editors =      "J. S. Perkell, and D. H. Klatt",
  booktitle =    "Invariance and variability of speech processes.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InCollection{elman-mcclelland-84,
  key =          "Elman",
  author =       "J.~L. Elman and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "The interactive activation model of speech
                 perception",
  editor =       "Norman Lass",
  booktitle =    "Language and Speech",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "337--374",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@TechReport{elman-zipser-87,
  key =          "Elman",
  author =       "J.~L. Elman and D. Zipser",
  title =        "Discovering the hidden structure of speech",
  institution =  "Institute for Cognitive Science Technical Report No.
                 8701. University of California, San Diego.",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{elman-zipser-88,
  author =       "J.~L. Elman and D. Zipser",
  title =        "Learning the Hidden Structure of Speech",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "83",
  number =       "4",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{enns-rensink-90,
  key =          "Enns",
  author =       "J.~T. Enns and R.~A. Rensink",
  title =        "Influence of scene-based properties on visual search",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "247",
  pages =        "721--723",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{erman-lesser-80,
  key =          "Erman",
  author =       "L.~D. Erman and U.~R. Lesser",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "The Hearsay-{II} speech understanding system: {A}
                 tutorial",
  editor =       "W.~A. Lea",
  booktitle =    "Trends in speech recognition",
  pages =        "361--381",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall",
}

@Article{estes-75,
  key =          "Estes",
  author =       "W. Estes",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "The locus of inferential and perceptual processes in
                 letter identification",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "122--145",
}

@Misc{fahlman-75,
  key =          "fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman",
  title =        "The intersection problem",
  year =         "1975",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Working Paper 115",
}

@Book{fahlman-79,
  key =          "Fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman",
  title =        "{NETL}: {A} system for representing and using
                 real-world knowledge",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1979",
}

@TechReport{fahlman-80,
  key =          "Fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman",
  title =        "The Hashnet Interconnection Scheme",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CMU-CS-80-125",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon
                 University, Pittsburgh, PA",
  year =         "1980",
}

@InProceedings{fahlman-82,
  key =          "Fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman",
  title =        "Three flavors of parallelism",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference of the
                 Canadian Society for Computational Studies of
                 Intelligence",
  address =      "Saskatoon, Saskatchewan",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1982",
}

@InProceedings{fahlman-83,
  key =          "Fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman and G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Massively Parallel Architectures for {A}.{I}.: Netl,
                 Thistle, and {B}oltzmann Machines",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
                 Intelligence",
  address =      "Washington D.C.",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1983",
}

@InProceedings{fahlman-lebiere-90,
  key =          "Fahlman",
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman and C. Lebiere",
  title =        "The cascade-correlation learning architecture",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "524--532",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{fant-73,
  key =          "Fant",
  author =       "G. Fant",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Stops in {CV}-syllables",
  editor =       "G. Fant",
  booktitle =    "Speech Sounds and Features",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  pages =        "110--139",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@InProceedings{fass-87,
  title =        "Semantic Relations, Metonymy, and Lexical Ambiguity
                 Resolution: {A} Coherence-Based Account",
  author =       "D.~C. Fass",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  pages =        "575--586",
  note =         "University of Washington, Seattle, Washington",
}

@Misc{feauveau-viennet-90,
  author =       "J. Feauveau and E. Viennet",
  title =        "Multiresolution segmentation by neural networks",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Universite de Paris-Sud",
}

@TechReport{feldman-79,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "A Distributed Information Processing Model of Visual
                 Memory",
  institution =  "University of Rochester",
  number =       "Technical Report \#52",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{feldman-82,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "Dynamic connections in neural networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "46",
  pages =        "27--39",
}

@InCollection{feldman-83,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman and D.~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Computing with Connections",
  booktitle =    "Human and Machine Vision",
  editors =      "J. Beck, B. Hope and A. Rosenfeld (eds)",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{feldman-84,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman and L. Shastri",
  title =        "Evidential Inference in Activation Networks",
  journal =      "Rochester Research Review",
  pages =        "24--29",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{feldman-85a,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "Connectionist Models and Their Applications:
                 Introduction",
  journal =      "Special Issue of Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "1",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{feldman-85b,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "Four frames suffice: {A} provisional model of vision
                 and space",
  journal =      "Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
  volume =       "8",
  number =       "2",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "265--313",
  keywords =     "vision, connectionism, local representation,
                 neuroscience, object recognition",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 21 10:15:24 1985",
}

@Article{feldman-85c,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "Connectionist models and parallelism in high level
                 vision",
  journal =      "Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing",
  volume =       "31",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "178--200",
  keywords =     "connectionism, vision, object recognition",
  bibdate =      "Wed Nov 6 09:18:07 1985",
}

@TechReport{feldman-86,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman",
  title =        "Neural representation of conceptual knowledge",
  year =         "1986",
  type =         "Technical Report {TR}189",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Rochester, Rochester NY",
}

@Article{feldman-ballard-82,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman and D.~H. Ballard",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Connectionist models and their properties",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "205--254",
}

@TechReport{feldman-lakoff-stolcke-weber-90,
  key =          "Feldman",
  author =       "J.~A. Feldman and G. Lakoff and A. Stolcke and S. ~H.
                 Weber",
  title =        "Miniature language acquisition: a touchstone for
                 cognitive sicence",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-90-009",
  institution =  "ICSI",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{fels-90,
  key =          "fels",
  author =       "S.~S. Fels",
  title =        "Building adaptive interfaces with neural network: the
                 Glove-Talk pilot study",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-1",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{fels-hinton-90,
  key =          "fels",
  author =       "S.~S. Fels and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Building adaptive interfaces with neural networks: The
                 {G}love-{T}alk pilot study.",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IFIP TC 13 Third International
                 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction",
  publisher =    "Elsevier",
  address =      "North Holland",
  pages =        "683--688",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{flashner-beuter-arabyan-88,
  key =          "Flashner",
  author =       "H. Flashner and A. Beuter and A. Arabyan",
  title =        "Fitting mathematical functions to joint kinematics
                 during stepping: implications for motor control",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "91--99",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{fodor-pylyshyn-88,
  title =        "Connectionism and cognitive architecture: {A} critical
                 analysis",
  author =       "J.~A. Fodor and Z.~W. Pylyshyn",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "28",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "3--71",
  annote =       "Fodor & Pylyshyn think of Connectionism as
                 unstructured networks of high-level localist nodes.
                 They correctly argue that such networks cannot support
                 structure-sensitive, combinatorial symbolic data
                 structures and processing mechanisms (eg. language
                 grammars); hence Connectionism is no good as a
                 Cognitive architecture. They allow that it may serve as
                 a subcognitive architecture ('implementation'), but
                 they doubt it will significantly affect classical AI as
                 a cognitive paradigm.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 16:00:11 1988",
  keywords =     "connectionism, cognition, paradigms",
}

@Article{fogel-89,
  key =          "fogel",
  author =       "D. Fogel",
  title =        "An evolutionary approach to the traveling salesman
                 problem",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "139--144",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{fogel-sagi-89,
  key =          "Fogel",
  author =       "I. Fogel and D. Sagi",
  title =        "Gabor filters as texture discriminator",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "103--113",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{fogelman-gallinari-lecun-thiria-86,
  key =          "Fogelman",
  author =       "F. {Fogelman-Souli\'e} and P. Gallinari and Y. {le
                 Cun} and S. Thiria",
  title =        "Automata networks and artificial intelligence",
  institution =  "Laboratoire de Dynamique des Reseaux",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InCollection{fogelman-gallinari-lecun-thiria-87,
  key =          "Fogelman",
  author =       "F. {Fogelman-Souli\'e} and P. Gallinari and Y. {le
                 Cun} and S. Thiria",
  title =        "Automata networks and artificial intelligence",
  year =         "1987",
  editors =      "F. {Fogelman-Souli\'e} and Y. Robert and M. Tchuente",
  booktitle =    "Automata networks in computer science, theory and
                 applications",
  pages =        "133--186",
  publisher =    "Princeton University Press",
}

@Article{fogelmansoulie-mejia-goles-martinez-89,
  key =          "fogelmansoulie",
  author =       "F. Fogelman- Soulie and C. Mejia and E. Goles and S.
                 Martinez",
  title =        "Energy functions in neural networks with continuous
                 local functions",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "269--293",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{foldiak-90,
  author =       "P. {F\"{o}ldi\'{a}k}",
  title =        "Forming Sparse Representations by Local Anti-Hebbian
                 Learning",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "64",
  pages =        "165--170",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{ford-bresnan-kaplan-82,
  key =          "Ford",
  author =       "M. Ford and J. Bresnan and R.~M. Kaplan",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "A competence-based theory of syntactic closure",
  editor =       "J. Bresnan",
  booktitle =    "The mental representation of grammatical relations",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT press",
}

@InCollection{forster-76,
  key =          "Forster",
  author =       "K.~I. Forster",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Accessing the mental lexicon",
  editors =      "R. J. Wales and E. Walker",
  booktitle =    "New approaches to language mechanisms.",
  address =      "Amsterdam",
  publisher =    "North Holland",
}

@Article{fort-88,
  key =          "Fort",
  author =       "J.~C. Fort",
  title =        "Solving a combinatorial problem via self-organizing
                 process: an application of the kohonen algorithm to the
                 traveling salesman problem",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "33--40",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{foss-blank-80,
  key =          "Foss",
  author =       "D.~J. Foss and M.~A. Blank",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Identifying the speech codes",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "1--31",
}

@Article{foss-swinney-73,
  key =          "Foss",
  author =       "D.~J. Foss. and D.~A. Swinney",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "On the psychological reality of the phoneme:
                 Perception, identification, and consciousness",
  journal =      "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "246--257",
}

@Article{fowler-84,
  key =          "Fowler",
  author =       "C.~A. Fowler",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Segmentation of coarticulated speech in perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "359--368",
}

@Unpublished{fox-82,
  key =          "Fox",
  author =       "R. Fox",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Vanderbilt University",
  journal =      "manuscript",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Article{fox-84,
  key =          "Fox",
  author =       "R.~A. Fox",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Effect of lexical status on phonetic categorization",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "526--540",
}

@Unpublished{franzini-witbrock-lee-89,
  author =       "Fra",
  key =          "Franzini",
  title =        "Speaker-independent recognition of connected
                 utterances using recurrent and non-recurrent neural
                 networks",
  note =         "submitted to IJCNN '89",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{frean-89,
  key =          "frean",
  author =       "M. Frean",
  title =        "The upstart algorithm: a method for cosntructing and
                 training feed-forward neural networks",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Edinburgh Physics Department Preprint 89-469",
}

@Article{freeman-scarda-87,
  author =       "W. Freeman and S. Scarda",
  title =        "How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the
                 world",
  journal =      "Brain and Behavioral Science",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "87",
  annote =       "Rat olfactory bulb chaos claims. CMU {B}oltzmann group
                 wrote a communal commentary (edited by Roni Rosenfeld,
                 I think) on the paper, which was also published in
                 BBS.",
}

@Misc{fregnac-shulz-89,
  key =          "Fregnac",
  author =       "Y. Fregnac and D. Shulz",
  title =        "Hebbian Synapses in Visual Cortex",
  note =         "To appear in {\em Seeing Contour and Colour}",
  editors =      "Kulikowski, K.W., Pergamon Press",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{fregnac-shulz-thorp-bienenstock-88,
  key =          "Fregnac and Shulz and Thorp and bienenstock",
  author =       "Y. Fregnac and D. Shulz and S. Thorp and E.
                 Bienenstock",
  title =        "A cellular analogue of visual cortical plasticity",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "333",
  pages =        "367--370",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{friedman-perlman-82,
  key =          "friedman",
  author =       "R.~B. Friedman and M.~B. Perlman",
  title =        "On the underlying causes of semantic paralexias in a
                 patient with deep dyslexia",
  journal =      "Neuropsychologia",
  volume =       "20",
  pages =        "559--568",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Article{friedrichs-wolynes-89,
  key =          "Friedrichs",
  author =       "M.~S. Friedrichs and P.~G. Wolynes",
  title =        "Toward protein tertiary structure recognition by means
                 of associative memory hamiltonians",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "246",
  pages =        "371--373",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{frost-nakayama-83,
  key =          "Frost",
  author =       "B.~J. Frost and K. Nakayama",
  title =        "Single visual neurons code opposing motion independent
                 of direction",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "220",
  pages =        "744--745",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{fry-abramson-eimas-liberman-62,
  key =          "Fry",
  author =       "D.~B. Fry and A.~S. Abramson and P.~D. Eimas and A.~M.
                 Liberman",
  year =         "1962",
  title =        "The identification and discrimination of synthetic
                 vowels",
  journal =      "Language and Speech",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "171--189",
}

@Article{fuchs-haken-89,
  key =          "fuchs",
  author =       "A. Fuchs and H. Haken",
  title =        "Pattern recognition and associative memory as
                 dynamical processes in a synergetic system",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "107--109",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{fujimura-lovins-82,
  key =          "Fujimura",
  author =       "O. Fujimura and J.~B. Lovins",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Syllables as concatenative phonetic units",
  editors =      "A. Bell and J. B. Hooper",
  booktitle =    "Syllables and segments",
  address =      "Amsterdam",
  pages =        "107--120",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
}

@InProceedings{fujisaki-kawashima-68,
  key =          "Fujisaki",
  author =       "H. Fujisaki and T. Kawashima",
  year =         "1968",
  title =        "The influence of various factors on the identification
                 and discrimination of synthetic speech sounds",
  booktitle =    "Reports of the 6th International Congress on
                 Acoustics",
  address =      "Tokyo",
}

@Article{fujisaki-kawashima-69,
  key =          "Fujisaki",
  author =       "H. Fujisaki and T. Kawashima",
  year =         "1969",
  title =        "On the modes and mechanisms of speech perception",
  journal =      "Annual Report of the Engineering Research Institute,
                 Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "67--73",
}

@Article{fujisaki-kawashima-70,
  key =          "Fujisaki",
  author =       "H. Fujisaki and T. Kawashima",
  year =         "1970",
  title =        "Some experiments on speech perception and a model for
                 the perceptual mechanism",
  journal =      "Annual Report of the Engineering Research Institute,
                 Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo",
  volume =       "29",
  pages =        "207--214",
}

@Article{fukushima-75,
  key =          "Fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Cognitron: {A} self-organizing multilayered neural
                 network",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "20",
  pages =        "121--136",
}

@Article{fukushima-80,
  key =          "Fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Neocognitron: {A} self-organizing neural network model
                 for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by
                 shift in position",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "193--202",
}

@Article{fukushima-84,
  key =          "fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "A hierarchical neural network model for associative
                 memory",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "50",
  pages =        "105--113",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{fukushima-86,
  key =          "fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "A neural network model for selective attention in
                 visual pattern recognition",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "5--15",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{fukushima-87a,
  key =          "fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Self-organizing neural network models for visual
                 pattern recognition",
  journal =      "Acta Neurochirurgica",
  volume =       "41",
  pages =        "51--67",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{fukushima-87b,
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Neural Network Model for Selective Attention in Visual
                 Pattern Recognition and Associative Recall",
  journal =      "Applied Optics",
  volume =       "26",
  number =       "23",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "4985--4992",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "Cogent description of a complex layered architecture
                 (a Neocognitron + lateral inhibition), capable of
                 focusing attention on component patterns in visual
                 input. Forward paths learn translation-independent
                 feature recognition; backward paths reinforce activity
                 for a single subpattern (= attention), via lateral
                 inhibition. Tested with numerals.",
  keywords =     "vision, attention, network architectures,
                 neocognitron",
}

@Article{fukushima-88,
  key =          "fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima",
  title =        "Neocognition: {A} hierarchical neural network capable
                 of visual pattern pattern recognition",
  journal =      "Neural networks",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "119--130",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{fukushima-miyake-78,
  key =          "Fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima and S. Miyake",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "A self-organizing neural network with a function of
                 associative memory: feedback-type cognitron",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "201--208",
}

@Article{fukushima-miyake-82,
  key =          "Fukushima",
  author =       "K. Fukushima and S. Miyake",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Neocognitron: {A} new algorithm for pattern
                 recognition tolerant of deformations and shifts in
                 position",
  journal =      "Pattern Recognition",
  volume =       "15",
  pages =        "455--469",
}

@Book{gabel-roberts-73,
  author =       "Robert ~A. Gabel and Richard ~A. Roberts",
  title =        "Signals and Linear systems",
  publisher =    "John Wiley \& Sons, Inc",
  year =         "1973",
}

@Article{gabor-68,
  author =       "D. Gabor",
  title =        "Holographic model for temporal recall",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1968",
  volume =       "217",
  pages =        "1288--1289",
}

@Article{galar-89,
  key =          "Galar",
  author =       "R. Galar",
  title =        "Evolutionary search with soft selection",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "357--364",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{galland-hinton-89,
  title =        "Deterministic {B}oltzmann Learning in Networks With
                 Asymmetric Connectivity",
  author =       "C.~C. Galland and G.~E. Hinton",
  institution =  "University of Toronto Department of Computer Science",
  year =         "1989",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-6",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{galland-hinton-90a,
  key =          "galland",
  author =       "C.~C. Galland and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Experiments on discovering high order features with
                 mean field modules",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-3",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{galland-hinton-90b,
  key =          "galland",
  author =       "C.~C. Galland and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Discovering higher-order features with mean field
                 networks",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "509--515",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Unpublished{gallant-87,
  author =       "S. Gallant",
  title =        "Connectionist Expert Systems",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1987",
  note =         "Unpublished manuscript",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 19 06:21:59 1987",
}

@InProceedings{gallant-king-88,
  author =       "S.~I. Gallant and D.~J. King",
  title =        "Experiments with Sequential Associative Memories",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1988",
  page =         "40-47",
}

@Article{ganong-80,
  key =          "Ganong",
  author =       "W.~F. Ganong",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Phonetic categorization in auditory word perception",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "110--125",
}

@InCollection{geman-80,
  author =       "S. Geman",
  title =        "Notes on a Self-Organizing Machine",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Models of Associative Memory",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1980",
  editor =       "Hinton and Anderson",
  chapter =      "9",
  pages =        "237--263",
  annote =       "This paper describes an outline for a fairly extensive
                 connectionist model with a number of interesting
                 features. The model is based on deriving good
                 statistical characterizations of complex environments.
                 Main features - the model is inherently hierarchical,
                 with distributed representations in lower sections of
                 the hierarchy become progressively more localized as
                 one moves up the hierarchy. Features are binary, but
                 may also be unobserved. Associative recall is the
                 process of estimating certain target features from the
                 values of other observed features. (Note, the
                 representation of features can also include actions.)
                 The recall process itself is recursive, unobserved
                 features are estimated from ones already observed, and
                 then in the next iteration, these newly decided
                 features can be combined with the old ones to estimate
                 even more unobserved features until the target feature
                 set is observed. There are two types of learning:
                 associative learning involves gathering information
                 about pairwise statistics among features (these are
                 used as measures of how much features support each
                 other.) The influence of one feature on another depends
                 on BOTH the pairwise statistics and also on the
                 experience of that statistic (i.e. how much data it is
                 based on.) The second form of learning involves the
                 development of higher order features. The model is
                 hierarchical, with second level units gathering
                 statistics about first level correlations, third level,
                 third order statistics etc. Units at the second level
                 are {"}committed{"} to those pairwise statistics which
                 occur most frequently, and which are most highly
                 correlated with the {"}direction{"} units. (Basic
                 system reward units.) Descriptions of both spatial and
                 temporal coding modules are describe.",
}

@Article{geman-84,
  key =          "Geman",
  author =       "S. Geman and Geman D.",
  title =        "Stochastic relaxation, {G}ibbs distributions, and the
                 {B}ayesian restoration of images",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "PAMI-6",
  pages =        "721--741",
}

@Article{geman-geman-84,
  key =          "Geman",
  author =       "S. Geman and D. Geman",
  title =        "Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the
                 Bayesian restoration of images",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "721--741",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{geschwind-85,
  key =          "geschwind",
  author =       "N. Geschwind",
  title =        "Mechanisms of change after brain lesions",
  journal =      "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences",
  volume =       "457",
  pages =        "1--11",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{gherrity-89A,
  author =       "M. Gherrity",
  title =        "A Learning Algorithm for Analog, Fully Recurrent
                 Neural Networks",
  booktitle =    "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "643--644",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
}

@Book{gibson-50,
  key =          "Gibson",
  title =        "The perception of the visual world",
  author =       "J. J. Gibson",
  publisher =    "Houghton Mifflin",
  year =         "1950",
  address =      "Boston, Mass.",
}

@Article{gierer-88,
  key =          "Gierer",
  author =       "A. Gierer",
  title =        "Spatial organization and genetic information in brain
                 development",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "13--21",
  year =         "1988",
}

@PhdThesis{gigley-82,
  title =        "Neurolinguistically Constrained Simulation of Sentence
                 Comprehension: Integrating Artificial Intelligence and
                 Brain Theory",
  author =       "H.~M. Gigley",
  year =         "1982",
  school =       UMass,
}

@Article{gigley-83,
  title =        "{HOPE}---{AI} and the Dynamic Process of Language
                 Behavior",
  author =       "H.~M. Gigley",
  year =         "1983",
  journal =      "Cognition and Brain Theory",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "39--88",
}

@InProceedings{gigley-85,
  title =        "Computational Neurolinguistics-What is it all about?",
  author =       "H.~M. Gigley",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI",
  organization = AAAI,
  publisher =    "IJCAI",
  address =      "IJCAI",
}

@InProceedings{gigley-87,
  title =        "Can Synchronization Deficits Explain Aphasic
                 Comprehension Errors?",
  author =       "H.~M. Gigley",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "597--608",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Misc{giles-sun-chen-lee-chen-90,
  author =       "C.~L. Giles and G.~Z. Sun and H.~H. Chen and Y.~C. Lee
                 and D. Chen",
  title =        "Higher order recurrent networks \& grammatical
                 inferences",
  note =         "To appear in {\it Advances for Neural Information
                 Processing Systems 2}, D.~S. Touretzky {ed}, San Mateo,
                 CA: Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{gill-murray-wright-81,
  key =          "Gill",
  author =       "P.~E. Gill and W. Murray and M.~H. Wright",
  title =        "Practical Optimization",
  year =         "1981",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@Misc{gislen-peterson-soderberg-89,
  key =          "gislen",
  author =       "L. Gislen and C. Peterson and B. Soderberg",
  title =        "Teachers and classes with neural networks",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Submitted to {\it International Journal of Neural
                 Systems}",
}

@Article{gluck-bower-88a,
  key =          "Gluck",
  author =       "M.~A. Gluck and G.~H. Bower",
  title =        "From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive
                 network model",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "117:3",
  pages =        "227--247",
}

@Article{gluck-bower-88b,
  key =          "Gluck",
  author =       "M.~A. Gluck and G.~H. Bower",
  title =        "Evaluating an Adaptive Network Model of Human
                 Learning",
  journal =      "Journal of Memory and Language",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "166--195",
  annote =       "Psychology paper. Perceptrons outperform classical
                 models of human learning (Wagner \& Rescorla, Estes,
                 Nosofsky...) in certain respects: learning
                 probabilistic associations between symptoms & diseases,
                 explaining attentional effects, accounting for the
                 relative difficulty of tasks. The authors shun hidden
                 layers because they're not cost-effective for the
                 phenomena being modeled.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 16:17:44 1988",
  keywords =     "psychology, perceptrons",
}

@InProceedings{gluck-bower-hee-89,
  key =          "Gluck",
  author =       "M.~A. Gluck and G.~H. Bower and M. Hee",
  title =        "A configural-cue network model of animal and human
                 associative learning",
  organization = "Stanford University Dept. of Psychology",
  booktitle =    "Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
                 Society, Ann Arbor",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{gluck-parker-reifsnider-88,
  key =          "Gluck",
  author =       "M.~A. Gluck and D.~B. Parker and E. Reifsnider",
  title =        "Some biological implications of a differential-Hebbian
                 learning rule",
  journal =      "Psychobiology",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "16:3",
  pages =        "298--302",
}

@InProceedings{golb-lippmann-malpass-87,
  author =       "B. Golb and R.~P. Lippmann and M.~L. Malpass",
  title =        "Some Neural Net Recognition Results on Isolated
                 Words",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings ICNN",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jun,
  annote =       "Simulation results applying Hopfield Nets to isolated
                 word recognition. Describes one approach to dealing
                 with the sequential nature of speech, using Hopfield
                 and Tank's Time Concentration concept, which has
                 activation functions which are simple delay filters.",
}

@TechReport{goldberg-pearlmutter-88,
  author =       "K. Goldberg and B. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Using a Neural Network to Learn the Dynamics of the
                 {CMU} Direct-Drive Arm {II}",
  institution =  "Carnegia Mellon University",
  number =       "CMU-CS-88-160",
  year =         "1988",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 25 12:53:19 1988",
  annote =       "Nonlinear effects make it difficult to model and
                 control robot arms analytically. But a 3-layered
                 network using backprop learned to accurately model the
                 inverse dynamics of a simulated 2-jointed arm. Inputs =
                 temporal window (t = -11..+11) of positional data;
                 Outputs = torques to apply to follow the trajectory.",
}

@TechReport{golden-87,
  key =          "Golden",
  author =       "R.~M. Golden",
  title =        "A probabilistic computational framework for neural
                 network models",
  type =         "Manuscript",
  institution =  "Learning Research and Development Center, University
                 of Pittsburgh",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{golden-88,
  key =          "Golden",
  author =       "R.~M. Golden",
  title =        "A unified framework for connectionist systems",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "109--120",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{goodhill-88,
  key =          "goodhill",
  author =       "G. Goodhill",
  title =        "Application of the elastic net algorithm to the
                 formation of ocular dominance stripes",
  year =         "1988",
  note =         "MSc. in Information Technology Knowledge Based
                 Systems, University of Edinburgh",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{goodman-andersen-89,
  key =          "goodman",
  author =       "S.~J. Goodman and R.~A. Andersen",
  title =        "Microstimulation of a neural-network model for
                 visually guided saccades",
  journal =      "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience",
  volume =       "1(4)",
  pages =        "317--326",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{gordon-goodman-schulman-caramazza-87,
  key =          "gordon",
  author =       "B. Gordon and R. Goodman-Schulman and A. Caramazza",
  title =        "{\em Separating the stages of reading errors}",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "28",
  institution =  "Johns Hopkins University, Cognitive Neuropsychology
                 Laboratory",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{gori-bengio-demori-89,
  author =       "M. Gori and Y. Bengio and R. De Mori",
  title =        "{BPS}: {A} Learning Algorithm for Capturing the
                 Dynamic Nature of Speech",
  booktitle =    "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "417--423",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
}

@Article{gorman-sejnowski-88,
  key =          "Gorman and Sejnowski",
  author =       "R.~P. Gorman and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Analysis of hidden units in a layered network trained
                 to classify sonar targets",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "75--89",
  keywords =     "applications, sonar, pattern classification, feature
                 detectors, internal representations",
  annote =       "A simple 3-layered network, with input units over a
                 time-integrated range of sonar frequencies, learned to
                 recognize a metallic cylinder versus a rock cylinder,
                 almost optimally. Hidden units were analyzed and found
                 to code for relevant features, including input pattern
                 bandwidth, steepness of onset & decay, and exceptional
                 patterns.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Apr 13 14:38:53 1988",
}

@Article{gottlieb-83,
  key =          "Gottlieb",
  author =       "A. Gottlieb and R. Grishman and C.~P. Kruskal and
                 K.~P. McAuliffe and L. Rudolph and M. Snir",
  title =        "The {NYU} Ultracomputer - Designing an {MIMD} shared
                 memory parallel computer",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Computers",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "C-32",
  pages =        "175--189",
}

@InProceedings{grajski-et-al-89,
  author =       "K.~A. Grajski et al.",
  title =        "A Preliminary Note on Training Static and Recurrent
                 Neural Nets for Word-level Speech Recognition",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{granger-ambrosingerson-lynch-89,
  key =          "Granger",
  author =       "R. Granger and J. Ambrosingerson and G. Lynch",
  title =        "Derivation of encoding characteristics of layer ii
                 cerebral cortex",
  journal =      "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "61--87",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Book{green-null-85,
  key =          "Green",
  author =       "B.~F. Green and C.~H. Null",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Advanced Computing for Psychology: Conference Report",
  address =      "Washington",
  publisher =    "Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive
                 Sciences",
}

@Book{grefenstette-85,
  key =          "Grefenstette",
  author =       "J.~J. Grefenstette",
  title =        "Proceedings of an international conference on genetic
                 algorithms and their applications",
  publisher =    "Carnegie Mellon publishers",
  year =         "1985",
  place =        "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
}

@InCollection{gregory-61,
  key =          "gregory",
  author =       "R.~L. Gregory",
  title =        "The brain as an engineering problem",
  year =         "1961",
  booktitle =    "Current Problems in Animal Behaviour",
  publisher =    "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press",
  editor =       "W. H. Thorpe and O. L. Zangwill",
}

@Article{gregson-89,
  key =          "Gregson",
  author =       "R. Gregson",
  title =        "A nonlinear systems approach to fechner's paradox",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "129--138",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Unpublished{grosjean-gee-84,
  key =          "Grosjean",
  author =       "F. Grosjean and J. Gee",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Working paper: Another view of spoken word
                 recognition",
  note =         "Northeastern University",
}

@Article{grosjean-80,
  key =          "Grosjean",
  author =       "F. Grosjean",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Spoken word recognition processes and the gating
                 paradigm",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "267--283",
}

@Unpublished{grosjean-85,
  key =          "Grosjean",
  author =       "F. Grosjean",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Working paper: The recognition of a word after its
                 acoustic offset: Evidence and implications",
  note =         "Northeastern University",
}

@Article{grossberg-73,
  key =          "Grossberg",
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Contour enhancement, short-term memory, and
                 constancies in reverberating neural networks",
  journal =      "Studies in Applied Mathematics",
  volume =       "52",
  pages =        "217--257",
}

@Article{grossberg-76,
  key =          "Grossberg",
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Adaptive pattern classification and universal
                 recoding, {I}: Parallel development and coding of
                 neural feature detectors",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "121--134",
}

@InCollection{grossberg-78,
  key =          "Grossberg",
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "A theory of visual coding, memory, and development",
  editors =      "E. L. J. Leeuwenberg, and H. F. J. M. Buffart",
  booktitle =    "Formal theories of visual perception.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "John Wiley and Sons",
}

@Article{grossberg-80,
  key =          "Grossberg",
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "How does the brain build a cognitive code?",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "87",
  pages =        "1--51",
}

@Book{grossberg-86a,
  key =          "grossberg",
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "The Adaptive brain {I}: Learning, reinforcement,
                 motivation and rhythm",
  publisher =    "unknown",
}

@Book{grossberg-86b,
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  title =        "The Adaptive brain {II}: Vision, Speech, Language and
                 Motor",
  publisher =    "unknown",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{grossberg-87,
  author =       "S. Grossberg",
  title =        "Competitive Learning: From Interactive Activation to
                 Adaptive Resonance",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "23--63",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Misc{grossman-meir-domany-88,
  author =       "T. Grossman and R. Meir and E. Domany",
  title =        "Learning by Choice of Internal Representations",
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "learning algorithms, internal representations",
  note =         "To appear in {\sc Behavioral \& Brain Sciences}",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "Presents a non-uniform, search-based learning
                 algorithm for a 3-layer, 1-output, binary network.
                 LOOP: <Present all input samples, remember all hidden
                 activations ({"}internal representations{"}) in
                 T[Si,Hj]. Assuming H-layer is final, try to learn all
                 Hidden->Output weights using Perceptron Rule. If this
                 fails, improve by tweaking T[Si,Hj]'s, and try to learn
                 all Input->Hidden weights.> Tested on toy problems.
                 Requires less computation than backprop, but more
                 memory (biologically unrealistic).",
}

@Article{gruneis-nakao-yamamoto-musha-nakahama-89,
  key =          "Gruneis",
  author =       "F. Gruneis and M. Nakao and M. Yamamoto and T. Musha
                 and H. Nakahama",
  title =        "An interpretation of 1/f fluctuations in neuronal
                 spike trains during dream sleep",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "161--169",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{gullapalli-88,
  key =          "Gullapalli",
  author =       "V. Gullapalli",
  title =        "A stochastic algorithm for learning real-valued
                 functions via reinforcement feedback",
  number =       "COINS 88-91",
  type =         "Computer and Information Science Technical Report",
  institution =  "University of Massachusetts at Amherst",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{guo-87,
  title =        "On `Reverse Engineering' of Machine Readable
                 Dictionaries",
  author =       "C. Guo",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    IJCAI-87,
  publisher =    IJCAI-PUB,
  address =      IJCAI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  organization = IJCAI-ORG,
  note =         "Milan, Italy",
}

@InProceedings{gyorgyi-tishby-89A,
  author =       "G. Gy{\"o}rgyi and N. Tishby",
  title =        "Statistical Theory of Learning a Rule",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Workshop on Neural Networks and Spin Glasses",
  editor =       "W.~K. Theumann and R. K{\"o}berle",
  publisher =    "World Scientific Publishing Co.",
  address =      "Singapore, Teaneck NJ, Hongkong",
}

@Misc{hadley-90,
  key =          "hadley",
  author =       "R.~F. Hadley",
  title =        "Connectionism fule following, and symbolic
                 manipulation",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "To appear in {\it Proc. of the American Association
                 for Artificial Intelligence}, Boston, August, 1990",
}

@TechReport{haffner-waibel-sawai-shikano-88,
  key =          "Haffner",
  author =       "P. Haffner and A. Waibel and H. Sawai and K. Shikano",
  title =        "Fast back-propagation learning methods for neural
                 networks in speech",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-1-0058",
  institution =  "ATR Interpreting Telephony Research Laboratories",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{haken-luby-88,
  key =          "Haken",
  author =       "A. Haken and M. Luby",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Steepest descent can take exponential time for
                 symmetric connection networks",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "191--196",
}

@InCollection{halle-stevens-64,
  key =          "Halle",
  author =       "M. Halle and K.~N. Stevens",
  year =         "1964",
  title =        "Speech recognition: {A} model and a program for
                 research",
  editors =      "J.~A. Fodor and J.~J. Katz",
  booktitle =    "The structure of language: Readings in the psychology
                 of language.",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall",
}

@TechReport{hampshire-waibel-89a,
  key =          "Hampshire",
  author =       "J. Hampshire and A. Waibel",
  title =        "A novel objective function for improved phoneme
                 recognition using time-delay neural networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CMU-CS-89-118",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{hampshire-waibel-89b,
  key =          "Hampshire",
  author =       "J. Hampshire and A. Waibel",
  title =        "The {Meta-Pi} network: {B}uilding distributed
                 knowledge representations for robust pattern
                 recognition",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CMU-CS-89-166",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{hampson-volper-87,
  key =          "Hampson and Volper",
  author =       "S.~E. Hampson and D.~J. Volper",
  title =        "Disjunctive models of Boolean category learning",
  year =         "1987",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "1--17",
}

@TechReport{hanson-burr-87,
  author =       "S. Hanson and D. Burr",
  title =        "Knowledge Representation in Connectionist Networks",
  institution =  "Bell Communications Research",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "Points out that a connectionist network learns by
                 using its hidden units to partition the problem space
                 into regions. Threshold units carve up the space with
                 sharp planes; Sigmoid units partition it with 'fuzzy'
                 planes; Spherical units partition it with spheres; etc.
                 Theoretically, only 1 or 2 hidden layers are required
                 to compose arbitrary partitions.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 16:23:11 1988",
  keywords =     "theoretical analysis, internal representations,
                 connectionism",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{hanson-kegl-87,
  title =        "{PARSNIP}: {A} Connectionist Network that Learns
                 Natural Language Grammar from Exposure to Natural
                 Language Sentences",
  author =       "S. Hanson and J. Kegl",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "106--119",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@TechReport{hanson-pratt-89,
  key =          "Hanson",
  author =       "S. Hanson and L. Pratt",
  title =        "Comparing biases for minimal network construction with
                 back propagation",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CLS Report 36",
  institution =  "Cognitive Science Laboratory Princeton University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{harris-89a,
  key =          "Harris",
  author =       "C. Harris",
  title =        "The ethology of saccades: a non-cognitive model",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "401--410",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{harris-89b,
  author =       "C. Harris",
  title =        "Connectionist explorations in cognitive linguistics",
  note =         "Unpublished",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{hart-berndt-caramazza-85,
  key =          "hart",
  author =       "J. Hart and R.~S. Berndt and A. Caramazza",
  title =        "Category specific naming deficit following cerebral
                 infarction",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "316",
  pages =        "439--440",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{harth-86,
  key =          "Harth",
  author =       "E. Harth and A.~S. Pandya and K.~P. Unnikrishnan",
  title =        "Perception as an optimization process",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision
                 and Pattern Recognition",
  address =      "Miami, FL",
}

@Article{harth-unnikrishnan-pandya-87,
  key =          "harth",
  author =       "E. Harth and K.~P. Unnikrishnan and A.~S. Pandya",
  title =        "The inversion of sensory processing by feedback
                 pathways: a model of visual cognitive functions",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "237",
  pages =        "184--187",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{hartman-90,
  key =          "hartman",
  author =       "E.~J. Hartman",
  title =        "A high storage capacity neural network content
                 addressable memory",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "ACT-NN-173-90",
  institution =  "MCC",
  year =         "1990XS",
}

@TechReport{hartman-keeler-kowalski-89,
  key =          "Hartman",
  author =       "E. Hartman and J.~K. Keeler and J.~M. Kowalski",
  title =        "Layered neural networks with gaussian hidden units as
                 universal approximators",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "ACT-ST-272-89",
  institution =  "Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{haussler-89,
  key =          "haussler",
  author =       "D. Haussler",
  title =        "Generalizing the {PAC} model for neural net and other
                 learning applications",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{UCSC}-{CRL}-89-30",
  institution =  "Baskin Center for Computer Engineering and Information
                 Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{haussler-kearns-schapire-91,
  author =       "D. Haussler and M. Kearns and R. E. Schapire",
  title =        "Bounds on the Sample Complexity of Bayesian Learning
                 Using Information Theory and the {VC} Dimension",
  booktitle =    "Snowbird Workshop on Neural Networks for Computing",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{haustein-89,
  key =          "Haustein",
  author =       "W. Haustein",
  title =        "Considerations on listing's law and the primary
                 position by means of a matrix description of eye
                 position control",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "411--420",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Book{hecht-nielsen-89,
  key =          "Hecht-Nielsen",
  author =       "R. Hecht-Nielsen",
  year =         "1989",
  title =        "Neurocomputing",
  address =      "Menlo Park, CA",
  publisher =    "Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.",
}

@Article{healy-76,
  key =          "Healy",
  author =       "A.~F. Healy",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Detection errors on the word the: Evidence for reading
                 units larger than letters",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "235--242",
}

@Book{hebb-49,
  key =          "Hebb",
  author =       "D.~O. Hebb",
  title =        "The Organization of Behavior",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1949",
}

@InProceedings{henrion-86,
  author =       "M. Henrion",
  title =        "Propagating uncertainty by Probabilistic Logic
                 Sampling in {B}ayesian Networks",
  booktitle =    "Second AAAI Workshop in Artificial Intelligence",
  publisher =    "AAAI",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1986",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 19 06:32:16 1987",
}

@TechReport{hertz-hertz-richmond-optican-90,
  key =          "hertz",
  author =       "J.~A. Hertz and B.~G. Hertz and B. ~J. Richmond and
                 L.~M. Optican",
  title =        "Neural decoding",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "Nordita 90-54S",
  institution =  "Nordita",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{hertz-krogh-palmer-91,
  key =          "hertz",
  author =       "J. Hertz and A. Krogh and R.~G Palmer",
  year =         "1991",
  title =        "Introduction to the theory of neural computation",
  address =      "Redwood City, CA",
  publisher =    "Addison-Wesley Publishing Company",
}

@Article{herz-sulzer-kuhn-vanhemmen-89,
  key =          "Herz",
  author =       "A. Herz and B. Sulzer and R. Kuhn and J. Vanhemmen",
  title =        "Hebbian learning reconsidered: representation of
                 static and dynamic objects in associative neural nets",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "457--467",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{hewitt-79,
  key =          "Hewitt",
  author =       "C. Hewitt",
  title =        "Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing
                 Messages",
  booktitle =    "Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective",
  editors =      "Winston and Brown",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
  year =         "1979",
}

@InProceedings{hewitt-80,
  key =          "Hewitt",
  author =       "C.~E. Hewitt",
  title =        "The apiary network architecture for knowledgeable
                 systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Lisp conference",
  address =      "Stanford",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1980",
}

@TechReport{hewitt-82,
  key =          "Hewitt",
  author =       "C. Hewitt and P. de Jong",
  title =        "Open Systems",
  number =       "Memo \#691",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory",
  month =        dec,
  year =         "1982",
}

@TechReport{hewitt-83,
  key =          "Hewitt",
  author =       "C. Hewitt and H. Lieberman",
  title =        "Design Issues in Parallel Architectures for Artificial
                 Intelligence",
  number =       "Memo \#750",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory",
  month =        nov,
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{hewitt-85,
  key =          "Hewitt",
  author =       "C. Hewitt",
  title =        "an article on asynchronous parallel systems not
                 simulable by Turing Machines or Omega-order logic",
  journal =      "BYTE",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
}

@TechReport{hillis-81a,
  key =          "Hillis",
  author =       "W.~D. Hillis",
  title =        "The connection machine",
  number =       "T. R. 646",
  institution =  "Cambridge Mass: MIT A.I. Lab",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Misc{hillis-81b,
  key =          "hillis",
  author =       "W.~D. Hillis",
  title =        "Active touch sensing",
  year =         "1981",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 629",
}

@Article{hillis-82,
  key =          "Hillis",
  author =       "D.~W. Hillis",
  title =        "New Computer Architectures and Their Relationship to
                 Physics or Why Computer Science Is No Good",
  journal =      "International Journal of Theoretical Physics",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "255--262",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Book{hillis-85,
  key =          "Hillis",
  author =       "W.~D. Hillis",
  title =        "The Connection Machine",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Unpublished{hillis-rapp-romani-caramazza-90,
  author =       "A.~E. Hillis and B. Rapp and C. Romani and A.
                 Caramazza",
  title =        "Selective impairments of semantics in lexical
                 processing",
  note =         "{\em Cognitive Neuropsychology}, in press",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-76,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Using relaxation to find a puppet",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the A.I.S.B. Summer Conference",
  address =      "University of Edinburgh",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1976",
}

@PhdThesis{hinton-77,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Relaxation and its role in vision",
  school =       "University of Edinburgh",
  year =         "1977",
  note =         "Described in: Ballard, D.~H. and Brown, C.~M, Computer
                 Vision, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Printice-Hall, 1982,
                 408-4-30",
}

@Article{hinton-79,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Some demonstrations of the effects of structural
                 descriptions in mental imagery",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1979",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "231--250",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-81a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "The role of spatial working memory in shape
                 perception",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  address =      "Berkeley CA",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1981",
}

@InCollection{hinton-81b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Implementing semantic networks in parallel hardware",
  editors =      "G.~E. Hinton and J.~A. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Models of Associative Memory",
  publisher =    "Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-81c,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Shape representation in parallel systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol 2",
  address =      "Vancouver BC, Canada",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1981",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-81d,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "A parallel computation that assigns canonical
                 object-based frames of reference",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence",
  pages =        "683--685",
  address =      "Vancouver, B. C.",
}

@InCollection{hinton-84a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Some computational solutions to Bernstein's problems",
  editor =       "H.~T.~A. Whiting",
  booktitle =    "Human Motor Actions: Bernstein Reassessed",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
  year =         "1984",
}

@TechReport{hinton-84b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Distributed Representations",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CMU-CS-84-157",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  year =         "1984",
  annote =       "Distributed Representations allow reconstructive
                 memory and generalizations to arise. Coarse coding is
                 analyzed. An example (coarse-coding the meaning of
                 'cat') shows that D.R. is capable of arbitrary
                 associations. Structures, roles, heirarchies require a
                 modular architecture (not furnished by D.R.). Learning
                 isn't discussed.",
  keywords =     "distributed representations, associative memory,
                 generalization, coarse coding",
}

@InProceedings{Hinton-86a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Learning distributed representations of concepts",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive
                 Science Society",
  year =         "1986",
  pages =        "1--12",
  publisher =    "Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum",
}

@TechReport{hinton-86b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "A theory of adaptive systems",
  number =       "CMU-CS-86-128",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InCollection{hinton-87a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Learning to recognize shapes in a parallel network",
  editor =       "M. Imbert",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1986 Fyssen Conference",
  address =      "Oxford",
  publisher =    "Oxford University Press",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-87b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Learning translation invariant recognition in a
                 massively parallel network",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Conf. Parallel Architectures and Languages
                 Europe",
  address =      "Eindhoven",
}

@TechReport{hinton-87c,
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Connectionist Learning Procedures",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA 15213",
  number =       "CMU-CS-87-115",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "connectionism, learning algorithms, backpropagation,
                 Boltzmann machines, competitive learning, genetic
                 algorithms, generalization, learning speed",
  annote =       "Excellent survey of the state of the art in
                 connectionist learning procedures -- supervised,
                 unsupervised, & reinforcement. Discusses many
                 variations in Hebbian learning, backpropagation,
                 Boltzmann machines, competitive learning, genetic
                 algorithms, Linsker's visual receptive cells, etc.
                 Discusses generalization, speed, modularity,
                 hardware.",
}

@Misc{hinton-87d,
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Representing part-whole heirarchies in connectionist
                 networks",
  note =         "Unpublished manuscript",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-88,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G. E. Hinton",
  title =        "Representing Part-whole Hierarchies in Connectionist
                 Networks",
  pages =        "48--54",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-88,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{hinton-89a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Connectionist Learning Procedures",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "{\em 40}",
  pages =        "185--234",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{hinton-89b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Deterministic {B}oltzmann learning performs steepest
                 descent in weight-space",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  pages =        "143--150",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{hinton-89c,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Learning distributed representations of concepts",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Distributed Processing: Implications for
                 Psychology and Neurobiology",
  publisher =    "Oxford University Press",
  address =      "Oxford, UK",
  editor =       "R.~G.~M. Morris",
  note =         "Reprint of a 1986 conference paper of the same title",
}

@Article{hinton-90,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Mapping part-whole heirarchies into connectionist
                 networks",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "46",
  number =       "1-2",
  pages =        "47--76",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{hinton-anderson-89,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and J.~A. Anderson",
  year =         "1989",
  title =        "Parallel models of associative memory",
  edition =      "2nd",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-becker-90,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and S. Becker",
  title =        "An unsupervised learning procedure that discovers
                 surfaces in random-dot stereograms",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "218--222",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Unpublished{hinton-becker-91,
  title =        "Using coherence assumptions to discover the underlying
                 causes of the sensory input",
  author =       "G. E. Hinton and S. Becker",
  editor =       "S. Davis",
  note =         "{\it (in press)}",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-lang-85,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "Hinton G.~E. and Lang K.",
  title =        "Shape recognition and illusory conjunctions",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 9",
  address =      "Los Angeles",
  month =        aug,
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1985",
}

@TechReport{hinton-mcclelland-88,
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and J.~L. McClelland",
  title =        "Learning Representations by Recirculation",
  institution =  "University of Toronto/Carnegie Mellon University",
  year =         "1988",
  type =         "Computer Science",
  annote =       "Paper presents and discusses the recirculation
                 learning algorithm, including an argument for why it
                 works, and under what conditions it will converge.",
}

@TechReport{hinton-mcclelland-goodhill-87,
  key =          "Hinton and McClelland",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and J.~L. McClelland and G.~J. Goodhill",
  title =        "Recirculation: {A} biologically plausible
                 approximation to back-propagation",
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  type =         "Manuscript in preparation",
}

@InCollection{hinton-mcclelland-rumelhart-86,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and J.~L. McClelland and D.~E.
                 Rumelhart",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Distributed representations",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition.",
  volume =       "I",
  pages =        "77--109",
  publisher =    "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press",
}

@TechReport{hinton-nowlan-87,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "How learning can guide evolution",
  number =       "CMU-CS-86-128",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{hinton-nowlan-90,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "The bootstrap Widrow-Hoff rule as a cluster-formation
                 algorithm",
  journal =      "{\it Neural Computation}",
  publisher =    "MIT",
  pages =        "355--362",
  volume =       "2",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{hinton-parsons-81,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and L.~A. Parsons",
  title =        "Frames of reference and mental imagery",
  editors =      "J. Long and A. Baddeley",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance IX",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  year =         "1981",
  pages =        "261--277",
}

@Article{hinton-parsons-88,
  key =          "hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and L.~M. Parsons",
  title =        "Scene-based and viewer-centered representations for
                 comparing shapes",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "1--35",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-plaut-87,
  title =        "Using Fast Weights to Deblur Old Memories",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and D.~C. Plaut",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "177--186",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  publisher =    "Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-sejnowski-83a,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Analyzing Cooperative Computation",
  booktitle =    "Proc. 5th annual cong. of the Cognitive Science
                 Society",
  organization = "Cognitive Science Society",
  address =      "Rochester, NY",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1983",
  keywords =     "Boltzmann machine, cooperative networks",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 11 17:51:48 1983",
}

@InProceedings{hinton-sejnowski-83b,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Optimal Perceptual Inference",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Computer Vision
                 and Pattern Recognition",
  organization = "IEEE Computer Society",
  address =      "Washington, DC",
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "448--453",
  keywords =     "Boltzmann machine, cooperative networks",
  bibdate =      "Sun Dec 11 17:54:44 1983",
}

@InCollection{hinton-sejnowski-86,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Learning and relearning in {B}oltzmann machines",
  editors =      "Rumelhart, D.~E. and McClelland, J.~L. and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  pages =        "282--317",
  publisher =    "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press",
}

@TechReport{hinton-sejnowski-ackley-84,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski and D.~H. Ackley",
  title =        "Boltzmann Machines: Constraint Satisfaction Networks
                 that Learn",
  number =       "CMU-CS-84-119",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  year =         "1984",
  month =        may,
  keywords =     "boltzmann machines",
  annote =       "A Boltzmann Machine is a symmetric-weighted,
                 asynchronous network with sigmoid probabilities
                 governing binary states; the learning rule is derived
                 from Boltzmann distributions at equilibrium. Analysis:
                 Noise (temperature) + Simulated Annealing find the
                 global minima; Boltzmann distributions allow local
                 credit assignment; learns by statistically modeling the
                 environment (minimizing G = information Gain). Tested
                 on encoders (eg. 4-2-4, 40-10-40) and shifter problems.
                 Works, but very slow: requires hundreds or thousands of
                 learning cycles, while reaching equilibrium at each
                 temperature in the annealing schedule.",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 7 23:28:13 1985",
}

@TechReport{hinton-shallice-89,
  key =          "hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T. Shallice",
  title =        "Lesioning a connectionist network: {I}nvestigations of
                 acquired dyslexia",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-3",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{hinton-shallice-91,
  key =          "hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and T. Shallice",
  title =        "Lesioning a connectionist network: {I}nvestigations of
                 acquired dyslexia",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "98",
  pages =        "74--95",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{hirai-80,
  key =          "Hirai",
  author =       "Y. Hirai",
  title =        "A New Hypothesis for Synaptic Modification: An
                 Interactive Process between Postsynaptic Competition
                 and Presynaptic Regulation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "41--50",
  year =         "1980",
}

@InProceedings{hirai-82,
  key =          "Hirai",
  author =       "Y. Hirai",
  title =        "A Learning Network Resolving Multiple Match in
                 Associative Memory",
  booktitle =    "IJCPR 6",
  pages =        "1049--1052",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Article{hirai-ma-88,
  key =          "Hirai",
  author =       "Y. Hirai and Q. Ma",
  title =        "Modeling the process of problem-solving by associative
                 networks capable of improving the performance",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "353--365",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{hirsch-spinelli-70,
  author =       "H. V. B. Hirsch and D. N. Spinelli",
  title =        "Visual Experience Modifies Distribution of
                 Horizontally and Vertically Oriented Receptive Fields
                 in Cats",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "168",
  pages =        "869--871",
  year =         "1970",
}

@InProceedings{hobbs-87,
  title =        "World Knowledge and Word Meaning",
  author =       "J. Hobbs",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    TINLAP-3,
  publisher =    ACL,
  pages =        "20--25",
  note =         "Las Cruces, New Mexico",
}

@TechReport{hofstadter-82,
  key =          "Hofstadter",
  author =       "D.~R. Hofstadter",
  title =        "Who Shoves Whom Inside the Careenium?, or, What is the
                 Meaning of the Word `{I}'?",
  institution =  "Indiana University Computer Science Department",
  number =       "130",
  year =         "1982",
}

@InProceedings{hofstadter-83,
  key =          "Hofstadter",
  author =       "D.~R. Hofstadter",
  title =        "The Architecture of Jumbo",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Machine Learning
                 Workshop",
  address =      "Monticello, Illinois",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1983",
}

@TechReport{hofstadter-84,
  key =          "Hofstadter",
  author =       "D.~R. Hofstadter",
  title =        "The Copycat Project",
  type =         "Technical Memo",
  number =       "\#755",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory",
  month =        jan,
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1984",
  annote =       "The Copycat program models the process of making
                 analogies, illustrated in its typographic domain
                 (ABC:ABD => PQR:???). It uses a pre-programmed
                 `Slipnet' of semantic relationships (eg. first <-*->
                 last), and a fluid `cytoplasm' of enzymatic `codelets'
                 that yield macroscopic behavior. `Unhappy'
                 configurations increase the temperature to avoid local
                 minima. The cytoplasm is implemented by a program named
                 `Jumbo', originally designed to model the solving of
                 `Jumble' puzzles. Note: Copycat was still largely
                 unimplemented in 1984.",
  keywords =     "analogy, semantic nets, simulated annealing,
                 stochastic processing",
}

@Book{hofstadter-85,
  key =          "Hofstadter",
  author =       "D.~R. Hofstadter",
  title =        "Metamagical Themas",
  publisher =    "Basic Books",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{hogg-84,
  key =          "Hogg",
  author =       "T. Hogg and B.~A. Huberman",
  title =        "Understanding biological computation: Reliable
                 learning and recognition",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "81",
  pages =        "6871--6875",
}

@Book{holland-75,
  key =          "Holland",
  author =       "J.~H. Holland",
  title =        "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems",
  publisher =    "University of Michigan Press",
  year =         "1975",
}

@InCollection{holland-86,
  author =       "J. H. Holland",
  title =        "Escaping Brittleness: The Possibilities of
                 General-Purpose Learning Algorithms Applied to Parallel
                 Rule-Based Systems",
  booktitle =    "Machine Learning, Volume 2",
  editor =       "Mitchell {Michalski, Carbonell}",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1986",
  chapter =      "20",
  pages =        "593--623",
  keywords =     "learning algorithms, genetic algorithms, bucket
                 brigade algorithms, classifier systems, production
                 systems",
  annote =       "A 'Classifier System' is like a parallel rule-based
                 production system, with all conditions, actions, \&
                 messages encoded as k-bit strings. A 'Bucket Brigade'
                 algorithm yields Learning via credit assignment for
                 used rules among the classifier population. 'Genetic
                 Algorithms' escape brittleness by replacing weak rules
                 with recombinations of old strong rules (mainly using
                 crossover).",
  bibdate =      "Mon Mar 7 14:55:37 1988",
}

@InCollection{holland-78,
  key =          "Holland",
  author =       "J.~H. Holland and J.~S. Reitman",
  title =        "Cognitive systems based on adaptive algorithms",
  editors =      "D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth",
  booktitle =    "Pattern-directed inference systems",
  pages =        "313--329",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1978",
}

@Misc{hollerbach-79,
  key =          "hollerbach",
  author =       "J.~M. Hollerbach",
  title =        "A recursive lagrangian formulation of manipulator
                 dynamics and a comparative study of dynamics
                 formulation complexity",
  year =         "1979",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo No. 533",
}

@TechReport{honavar-89,
  key =          "Honavar",
  author =       "V. Honavar",
  title =        "Perceptual development and learning: from behavioral,
                 neurophysiological, and morphological evidence to
                 computational models",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "818",
  institution =  "University of Wisconsin Madison",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{honovar-uhr-87,
  author =       "V. Honavar and L. Uhr",
  title =        "Recognition Cones: {A} Neuronal Architecture for
                 Perception and Learning",
  institution =  "Computer Sciences Department, University of
                 Wisconsin-Madison",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Computer Sciences Technical Report",
  number =       "717",
  month =        sep,
  annote =       "The paper describes a neural network with a layered
                 architecture, in which connectivity is restricted so
                 that a unit receives input from a small region directly
                 beneath it, and sends its output to a even smaller
                 diameter region directly above it. Unfortunately the
                 paper is badly written, containing a lot of jargon, but
                 little detail or useful content.",
}

@TechReport{honavar-uhr-88,
  key =          "Honavar",
  author =       "V. Honavar and L. Uhr",
  title =        "Experimental results indicate that generation, local
                 receptive fields and global convergence improve
                 perceptual learning in connectionist networks",
  number =       "\#805",
  type =         "Technical Report Computer Sciences Department",
  institution =  "University of Wisconsin-Madison",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{hopfield-82,
  key =          "Hopfield",
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield",
  title =        "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent
                 collective computational abilities",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
                 U.S.A.",
  volume =       "79",
  year =         "1982",
  pages =        "2554--2558",
  keywords =     "Neural nets, asynchnronous nets, local minimization",
  bibdate =      "Fri Apr 26 11:00:31 1985",
  annote =       "Considers deterministic, asynchronous networks with
                 binary states, {a}symmetric weights, Hebbian weight
                 change. An energy function has local minima, which can
                 be used to implement Content-Addressable (=
                 Associative) Memory, if you don't store too much data.
                 (From partial input, just roll into a minimum.)
                 Asymmetric weights can yield a primitive Sequencing
                 mechanism.",
}

@Article{hopfield-83,
  key =          "Hopfield",
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield and D.~I. Feinstein and R.~G. Palmer",
  title =        "{Unlearning} has a stabilizing effect in collective
                 memories",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "304",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{hopfield-84,
  key =          "Hopfield",
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield",
  title =        "Neurons with graded response have collective
                 computational properties like those of two-state
                 neurons",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
                 U.S.A.",
  volume =       "81",
  year =         "1984",
  pages =        "3088--3092",
  keywords =     "Neural nets, asynchnronous nets, local minimization,
                 analog computation",
  bibdate =      "Fri Apr 26 11:00:31 1985",
  month =        may,
  annote =       "While the original 2-state units are very efficient
                 for computer simulation, they are equivalent to
                 continuous-output units at high gain, which are more
                 biologically realistic. At lower gains, minima migrate
                 and merge. An analog circuit modeling a neuron is
                 presented and analyzed to produce a 2-neuron energy
                 flow diagram.",
}

@Article{hopfield-85,
  key =          "Hopfield",
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield and D.~W. Tank",
  title =        "`{N}eural' computation of decisions in optimization
                 problems",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "52",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "141--152",
  annote =       "The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is used to
                 illustrate the problem-solving ability of a programmed
                 Neural Network. An energy function is invented to
                 represent the validity & goodness of a solution; this
                 leads to a Weight matrix to use. Simulations for 10 and
                 30 cities produced excellent results. Analog units work
                 better than binary units. Modulating the gain might
                 resemble simulated annealing.",
}

@Article{hopfield-87,
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield",
  title =        "Learning algorithms and probability distributions in
                 feed-forward and feed-back networks",
  journal =      "PNAS",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "84",
  pages =        "8429--8433",
  annote =       "Hopfield presents a particular task where the inputs
                 are noisy and the objective is to estimate the
                 probability distribution of output propositions. He
                 shows that for this task, and assuming you use the
                 assymmetric divergence as your error measure, an analog
                 back prop net is equivalent to a two valued Boltzmann
                 type statistical network in a mean field sense.",
}

@Article{hopfield-tank-85b,
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield and D.~W. Tank",
  title =        "Collective Computation with Continuous Variables",
  journal =      "Disordered Systems \& Biological Organization",
  year =         "1985(?)",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  annote =       "Describes how analog circuits can be used to find good
                 solutions to NP-hard problems, including the Traveling
                 Salesman Problem, the Euclidean Match problem, graph
                 coloring, and nonlinear signal decoding/deconvolution.
                 Of limited neurobiological interest, because requires
                 completely connected networks.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 18:54:38 1988",
  keywords =     "optimization problems, applications",
}

@Article{hopfield-tank-86,
  key =          "hopfield",
  author =       "J.~J. Hopfield and D.~W. Tank",
  title =        "Computing with neural circuits: {A} model",
  journal =      "Science",
  pages =        "625--633",
  year =         "1986",
}

@TechReport{horn-sagi-usher-91,
  key =          "Horn",
  author =       "D. Horn and D. Sagi and M. Usher",
  title =        "Segmentation, Binding and Illusory Conjunctions",
  number =       "{TAUP 1864-91}",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Tel Aviv University, and Weizmann Institute of
                 Science",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{hoskins-89,
  key =          "Hoskins",
  author =       "J.~C. Hoskins",
  title =        "Speeding up artificial neural networks in the real
                 world",
  number =       "MCC STP-049-89",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "MCC",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Unpublished{howard-85,
  author =       "D. Howard",
  title =        "The semantic organisation of the lexicon: Evidence
                 from aphasia",
  note =         "Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
                 London",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{huang-lippmann-87,
  author =       "W. ~Y. Huang and R.~P. Lippmann",
  title =        "Comparisons Between Neural Net and Conventional
                 Classifiers",
  booktitle =    "Proceeedings ICNN",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jun,
  annote =       "A comparison of multi-layer nets to traditional
                 Gaussian and k-nearest neighbour classifiers on
                 continuous data. Nets perform comparable to traditional
                 methods, but speed of convergence can be a problem. Two
                 layer nets converge more slowly than 3 layer nets for
                 even simple convex decision regions.",
}

@InProceedings{huang-87,
  title =        "A Learning Experiment on {E}nglish Spelling Rules",
  author =       "N. Huang",
  pages =        "II:351--358",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = IEEE,
}

@Article{huber-85,
  author =       "P. J. Huber",
  title =        "Projection Pursuit",
  journal =      "The Annals of Statistics",
  volume =       "13",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "435--475",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{hubel-wiesel-63,
  author =       "D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel",
  title =        "Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very
                 young, visually inexperienced kittens",
  journal =      "Journal of Neurophysiology",
  volume =       "26",
  pages =        "994--1002",
  year =         "1963",
}

@Article{hubel-wiesel-70,
  author =       "D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel",
  title =        "The period of susceptibility to the physiological
                 effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens",
  journal =      "Journal of Physiology (London)",
  volume =       "206",
  pages =        "419--436",
  year =         "1970",
}

@TechReport{hummel-80,
  key =          "Hummel",
  author =       "R.~A. Hummel and S.~W. Zucker",
  title =        "On the foundations of relaxation labelling processes",
  number =       "TR-80-7",
  institution =  "Computer Vision Lab., McGill University",
  year =         "1980",
  month =        jul,
  keywords =     "Relaxation labelling, compatibilities",
  bibdate =      "Mon May 6 10:47:01 1985",
}

@TechReport{hummel-zucker-80,
  author =       "R.~A. Hummel and S.~W. Zucker",
  title =        "On the foundations of relaxation labelling processes",
  number =       "TR-80-7",
  institution =  "Computer Vision Lab., McGill University",
  year =         "1980",
  month =        jul,
  keywords =     "Relaxation labelling, compatibilities",
  bibdate =      "Mon May 6 10:47:01 1985",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Article{hummel-zucker-83,
  key =          "Hummel",
  author =       "R.~A. Hummel and S.~W. Zucker",
  title =        "On the foundations of relaxation labeling processes",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "PAMI-5",
  pages =        "267--287",
}

@Article{humphreys-riddoch-quinlan-88,
  key =          "Humphreys",
  author =       "G.~W. Humphreys and M.~J. Riddoch and P.~T. Quinlan",
  title =        "Cascade processes in picture identification",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "67--103",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{hunt-lefebvre-88,
  key =          "Hunt",
  author =       "M Hunt and C. Lefebvre",
  title =        "Speaker dependent and independent speech recognition
                 experiments with an auditory model",
  organization = "National Research Council of Canada",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech \& Sig.
                 Proc.",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{huppert-piercy-78,
  key =          "Huppert",
  author =       "F.`A. Huppert and M. Piercy",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Dissociation between learning and remembering in
                 organic amnesia",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "275",
  pages =        "317--318",
}

@Article{hutchins-85,
  key =          "Hutchins",
  author =       "E.~L. Hutchins and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Why the islands move",
  journal =      "Perception",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "14",
}

@InProceedings{hwang-chan-90a,
  key =          "hwang",
  author =       "J. Hwang and C. Chan",
  title =        "Iterative constrained inversion of neural networks and
                 its applications",
  organization = "University of Washington",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Information
                 Systems and Science, Princeton",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{hwang-choi-oh-marks-90b,
  key =          "hwang",
  author =       "J. Hwang and J.~J. Choi and S. Oh and R.~J. Marks",
  title =        "Query learning based on boundary search and gradient
                 computation of trained multilayer perceptrons",
  organization = "University of Washington",
  booktitle =    "IJCNN 90, San Diego, CA",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{ICSI-89,
  author =       "ICSI",
  title =        "International {C}omputer {S}cience {I}nstitute 1987-89
                 {T}echnical {R}eports",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "{L}ist",
}

@InProceedings{intrator-90a,
  key =          "Intrator",
  author =       "N. Intrator",
  title =        "Feature extraction using an unsupervised neural
                 network",
  booktitle =    "Connectionist Models: Proceedings of the 1990
                 Connectionist Summer School",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "G.~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{intrator-90b,
  author =       "N. Intrator",
  title =        "A Neural Network For Feature Extraction",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  pages =        "719--726",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{isenberg-walker-ryder-schweikert-80,
  key =          "Isenberg",
  author =       "D. Isenberg and E.~C.~T. Walker and J.~M. Ryder and J.
                 Schweikert",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "A top-down effect on the identification of function
                 words.",
  booktitle =    "booktitle unknown",
  organization = "Acoustical Society of America",
}

@Article{ivaldi-morasso-zaccaria-89,
  key =          "Ivaldi",
  author =       "F. Ivaldi and P. Morasso and R. Zaccaria",
  title =        "Kinematic networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "1--16",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{jacobs-87,
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs",
  title =        "Increased Rates of Convergence Through Learning Rate
                 Adaptation",
  institution =  "University of Massachusetts",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Department of Computer and Information Sciences",
  number =       "COINS-TR-87-117",
  address =      "Amherst, Ma.",
  month =        nov,
  annote =       "Investigates ways to speed convergence of back prop.
                 Advocates having a different learning rate for each
                 weight, allowing the learning rate to vary with time,
                 if the derivative of a parameter keeps the same sign on
                 successive iterations, increase its learning rate, and
                 if the sign oscillates, decrease its learning rate.
                 Momentum, and a learning rate update algorithm are both
                 proposed as ways to implement these 4 heuristics, and
                 are shown to improve performance on several test
                 problems.",
  annote =       "Gradient descent can be slow because of gradual slopes
                 and/or eccentric contours. Can be improved using
                 individualized time-varying learning rates, which are
                 increased/decreased when the sign of the derivative
                 persists/changes. Momentum and the 'delta-bar-delta'
                 rule (derived herein) are two implementations of these
                 heuristics. Favorable toy results are presented.",
}

@Article{jacobs-88,
  key =          "Jacobs",
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs",
  title =        "Increased rates of convergence through learning rate
                 adaptation",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  pages =        "295--307",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{jacobs-jordan-barto-90,
  key =          "jacobs",
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs and M.~I. Jordan and A.~G. Barto",
  title =        "Task decomposition through competition in a modular
                 connectionist architecture",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "90-27",
  institution =  "{COINS}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{jacobs-jordan-nowlan-hinton-91,
  key =          "jacobs",
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs and M.~I. Jordan and S.~J. Nowlan and
                 G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Adaptive mixtures of local experts",
  year =         "1991",
  journal =      "{\it Neural Computation}",
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
}

@TechReport{jagota-90,
  key =          "Jagota",
  author =       "A. Jagota",
  title =        "A new hopfield-style network for content-addressable
                 memories",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "90-02",
  institution =  "University at Buffalo, State University of New York",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{jakobson-fant-halle-52,
  key =          "Jakobson",
  author =       "R. Jakobson and G. Fant and M. Halle",
  year =         "1952",
  title =        "Preliminaries to Speech Analysis",
  address =      "Cambridge",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@TechReport{jannarone-yu-takefuji-87,
  author =       "R.~J. Jannarone and K.~F. Yu and Y. Takefuji",
  title =        "Conjunctoids: Statistical Learning Modules for Binary
                 Events",
  institution =  "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
                 University of South Carolina",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Center for Machine Intelligence",
  number =       "USCMI 87-65",
  address =      "Columbia, SC 29208",
  month =        nov,
  annote =       "Presents a model for learning arbitrary associations
                 of binary events, of in theory any order. The procedure
                 is a supervised, statistical estimation procedure, and
                 the training is done in much the same fashion as a
                 Boltz machine, during training statistics are gathered
                 with the inputs and outputs clamped, and during
                 performance parameters estimated from these statistics
                 model the output based on the current input. The model
                 is probabilistic so to get a single answer you must
                 select the most likely answer. The simplest conjuctiod
                 is based on a multinomial distribution, which has an
                 exponential number of parameters (i.e. one for each
                 possible state). This model is simple to understand,
                 but requires exponential hardware, and an exponential
                 number of learning trials to update each parameter
                 once. For this special case, the maximum likelihood
                 parameter estimates are simply the observed frequencies
                 of global states. The scaling problems for the
                 multinomial case are obvious. The paper also develops a
                 general form of P-th order conjunctiod, in which the
                 model is an exponential model with a parameter for all
                 terms from 1st to Pth order. (The Nth order conjuctoid
                 is equivalent to a multinomial). For small orders, this
                 fits a model which requires polynomial parameters to be
                 estimated, and fits the data up to Pth order. The
                 important results are an estimation procedure, which
                 gives a CONDITIONAL MLE estimate of each parameter
                 based on the current values of all the other
                 parameters, and the observations. The estimation
                 procedure is evidently very efficient (no details are
                 given in this paper), and a very fast hardware
                 implementation is suggested. The model also allows the
                 incorporation of prior knowledge as a Bayesian bias.
                 One thing that is not clear is how good the model will
                 be if the actual data is of higher order than the
                 fitted model. The convergence theorem is a bit like the
                 perceptron convergence rule in that the algorithm is
                 guaranteed to find the best fitting model, provided the
                 model is of sufficiently high order. The nice thing
                 about using CONDITIONAL MLE estimates of the parameters
                 is that the parameters are then statistically
                 independant, and can be estimated in parallel.
                 Unfortunately, no insight is given as to whether these
                 conditional estimates converge to an unconditionally
                 optimal set of parameter values.",
}

@TechReport{jefferson-83,
  key =          "Jefferson",
  author =       "D.~E. Jefferson",
  title =        "Virtual Time",
  institution =  "UCLA Department of Computer Science",
  number =       "83-213",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{jelenik-bahl-mercer-75,
  author =       "F. Jelenik and L.~R. Bahl and R.~L. Mercer",
  title =        "Design of a Linguistic Statistical Decoder for the
                 Recognition of Continuous Speech",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory",
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "250--256",
  month =        may,
  annote =       "Describes a network model with transition
                 probabilities for finding the most probable phrase to
                 match a given phonetic string. Precursor to HMM,
                 describes in some detail the estimation of transition
                 probabilities from training data.",
}

@Article{john-72,
  key =          "John",
  author =       "E.~R. John",
  title =        "Switchboard versus Statistical Theories of Learning
                 and Memory",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "177",
  pages =        "850--864",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1972",
}

@Article{johnson-87,
  key =          "Johnson",
  author =       "D. Johnson",
  title =        "More approaches to the travelling salesman guide",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "330:10",
  pages =        "525",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{johnston-hale-vansanten-83,
  key =          "Johnston",
  author =       "J.~C. Johnston and B.~L. Hale and J. P. H. van
                 Santen",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Resolving letter position uncertainty in words",
  institution =  "Bell LAboratories",
}

@Book{johnsonlaird-88,
  key =          "johnsonlaird",
  author =       "P.~N. Johnson-Laird",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "The computer and the mind",
  publisher =    "Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press",
}

@Article{johnston-mcclelland-73,
  key =          "Johnston",
  author =       "J.~C. Johnston and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Visual factors in word perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "365--370",
}

@Article{johnston-mcclelland-74,
  key =          "Johnston",
  author =       "J.~C. Johnston and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Perception of letters in words: Seek not and ye shall
                 find",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "184",
  pages =        "1192--1194",
}

@Article{johnston-mcclelland-80,
  key =          "Johnston",
  author =       "J.~C. Johnston and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Experimental tests of a hierarchical model of word
                 identification",
  journal =      "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior",
  volume =       "19",
  pages =        "503--524",
}

@Article{jones-85,
  key =          "Jones",
  author =       "G.~V. Jones",
  title =        "Deep dyslexia, imageability, and ease of predication",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "24",
  pages =        "1--19",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Misc{jones-lee-barnes-flake-lee-lewis-qian-89,
  author =       "R.~D. Jones and Y.~C. Lee and C.~W. Barnes and G.~W.
                 Flake and K. Lee and P.~S. Lewis and S. Qian",
  title =        "Function approximation and time series prediction with
                 neural networks",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Manuscript",
}

@Article{jongen-vandergon-gielen-89,
  key =          "Jongen",
  author =       "H. Jongen and J. vanderGon and C. Gielen",
  title =        "Activation of human arm muscles during
                 flexion/extension and supination/pronation tasks: a
                 theory on muscle coordination",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "1--9",
  year =         "1989",
}

@PhdThesis{jordan-85,
  title =        "The Learning of Representations for Sequential
                 Performance",
  author =       "M.~I. Jordan",
  year =         "1985",
  school =       "University of California, San Diego",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@InCollection{jordon-86a,
  key =          "Jordon",
  author =       "M.~I. Jordan",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Introduction to linear systems",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@TechReport{jordan-86b,
  title =        "Serial Order: {A} Parallel Distributed Processing
                 Approach",
  author =       "M.~I. Jordan",
  year =         "1986",
  institution =  "Institute for Cognitive Science, University of
                 California at San Diego",
  number =       "ICS-8604",
  address =      "La Jolla, CA",
}

@InProceedings{jordan-86c,
  title =        "Attractor Dynamics and Parallelism in a Connectionist
                 Sequential Machine",
  author =       "M.~I. Jordan",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-86,
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  annote =       "Presents a recurrent network architecture (using
                 'Plan' and 'State' units) which is capable of learning
                 a collection of sequences, clocked by the State units,
                 if adjacent steps in the sequence have similar States.
                 This mechanism has been applied to speech
                 coarticulation (in Jordan 1986).",
}

@TechReport{jordan-88,
  author =       "M. I. Jordan",
  title =        "Supervised Learning and Systems with Excess Degrees of
                 Freedom",
  number =       "COINS Technical Report 88-27",
  institution =  "COINS",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{jordan-rosenbaum-89,
  key =          "Jordan",
  author =       "M.~I. Jordan and D.~A. Rosenbaum",
  title =        "Action",
  pages =        "727--767",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Foundations of Cognitive Science",
  chapter =      "19",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  editor =       "M.~I. Posner",
}

@Article{josin-88,
  key =          "Josin",
  author =       "G. Josin",
  title =        "Neural-space generalization of a topological
                 transformation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "283--290",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Unpublished{judd-87,
  key =          "Judd",
  author =       "J. S. Judd",
  title =        "Complexity of Connectionist Learning with Various Node
                 Functions",
  note =         "{COINS} Technical Report 87-60",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Massachusettes",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{just-carpenter-80,
  key =          "Just",
  author =       "M.~A. Just and P.~A. Carpenter",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "A theory of reading: Eye fixations to comprehension",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "87",
  pages =        "329--354",
}

@Article{kahneman-treisman-burkell-83,
  key =          "Kahneman",
  author =       "D. Kahneman and A. Treisman and J. Burkell",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "The cost of visual filtering",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "510--522",
}

@Article{kalil-89,
  key =          "Kalil",
  author =       "R.~E. Kalil",
  title =        "Synapse formation in the developing brain",
  journal =      "Scientific American",
  pages =        "76--85",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{kalita-shastri-87,
  title =        "Generation of Simple Sentences in {E}nglish Using the
                 Connectionist Model of Computation",
  author =       "J. Kalita and L. Shastri",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "555--565",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@TechReport{Kamm-Esrig-Burr-87,
  key =          "Kamm",
  author =       "C.~A. Kamm and Y. Kane-Esrig and D.~J. Burr",
  title =        "Comparing performance of special distance measures and
                 neural network methods for speech recognition",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Bell Communications Research, Morristown",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{kammen-yuille-88,
  key =          "Kammen",
  author =       "D. ~M. Kammen and A.~L. Yuille",
  title =        "Spontaneous symmetry-breaking energy functions and the
                 emergence of orientation selective cortical cells",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "23--31",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Book{kandel-schwartz-81,
  key =          "Kandel",
  author =       "E.~R. Kandel and J.~H. Schwartz",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Principles of neural science",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Elsevier North Holland",
}

@Article{kandel-schwartz-82,
  key =          "Kandel",
  author =       "E. Kandel and J. Schwartz",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Molecular biology of memory: Modulation of transmitter
                 release",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "218",
  pages =        "433--443",
}

@Article{kandel-79,
  key =          "Kandel",
  author =       "E.~R. Kandel",
  title =        "Small Systems of Neurons",
  journal =      "Scientific American",
  volume =       "241",
  pages =        "67--76",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{kanwisher-87,
  key =          "kanwisher",
  author =       "N. Kanwisher",
  title =        "Repetition blindness: type recognition without token
                 individuation",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "117--143",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{katz-fodor-83,
  key =          "katz",
  author =       "J.~L. Katz and J.~A. Fodor",
  title =        "The structure of a semantic theory",
  journal =      "Language",
  volume =       "39",
  pages =        "170--210",
  year =         "1983",
}

@TechReport{kehagias-89,
  key =          "Kehagias",
  author =       "A. Kegagias",
  title =        "Optimal control for training: the missing link between
                 hidden markov models and connectionist networks",
  number =       "Technical Report",
  type =         "Division of Applied Mathematics",
  institution =  "Brown University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{kanerva-84,
  key =          "Kanerva",
  author =       "P. Kanerva",
  title =        "Self-Propagating Search: {A} Unified Theory of
                 Memory",
  institution =  "Center for Study of Language and Information (CSLI)",
  number =       "84-7",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InProceedings{kanerva-85,
  key =          "Kanerva",
  author =       "P. Kanerva",
  title =        "Parallel Structures in Human and Computer Memory",
  booktitle =    "Cognitiva 85",
  address =      "Paris",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1985",
}

@Book{kanerva-88,
  key =          "Kanerva",
  author =       "P. Kanerva",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Sparse Distributed Memory",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@InCollection{kaplan-bresnan-82,
  key =          "Kaplan",
  author =       "R. Kaplan and J. Bresnan",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Lexical functional grammar: {A} formal system for
                 grammatical representation",
  editor =       "J. Bresnan",
  booktitle =    "The mental representation of grammatical relations",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT press",
}

@Misc{kaplan-weaver-french-89,
  author =       "S. Kaplan and M. Weaver and R. French",
  title =        "Active symbols and internal models: towards a
                 cognitive connectionism",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@InProceedings{kawamoto-84,
  key =          "Kawamoto",
  author =       "A.~H. Kawamoto and J.~A. Anderson",
  title =        "Lexical access using a neural network",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  address =      "Boulder CO",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1984",
  pages =        "204--213",
}

@Article{kawamoto-85,
  key =          "Kawamoto",
  author =       "A. Kawamoto and J. Anderson",
  title =        "A neural network model of multistable perception",
  journal =      "Acta Psychologica",
  volume =       "59",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "35--65",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:33:40 1985",
}

@Article{kawato-isobe-maeda-suzuki,
  key =          "Kawato",
  author =       "M. Kawato and M. Isobe and Y. Maeda and R. Suzuki",
  title =        "Coordinates transformation and learning control for
                 visually-guided voluntary movement with iteration: a
                 newton-like method in a function space",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "161--177",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{kearns-li-pitt-valiant-87,
  key =          "Kearns",
  author =       "M. Kearns and M. Li and L. Pitt and L.~G. Valiant",
  title =        "On the Learnability of Boolean Formulae",
  year =         "1987",
  journal =      "Communications of the ACM",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "285--295",
}

@InProceedings{kegl-87,
  title =        "The Boundary Between Word Knowledge and World
                 Knowledge",
  author =       "J. Kegl",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    TINLAP-3,
  publisher =    ACL,
  pages =        "26--31",
  note =         "Las Cruces, New Mexico",
}

@Book{kempton-81,
  title =        "The Folk Classification of Ceramics: {A} Study of
                 Cognitive Prototypes",
  author =       "W. Kempton",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1981",
  address =      "New York",
}

@InProceedings{kerszberg-bergman-86,
  key =          "Kerszberg and Bergman",
  author =       "M. Kerszberg and A. Bergman",
  title =        "The evolution of data processing abilities in
                 competing automata",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Computer Simulation in Brain Science",
  address =      "Copenhagen, Denmark",
}

@Article{kewley-port-82,
  key =          "Kewley",
  author =       "D. Kewley-Port",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Measurement of formant transitions in naturally
                 produced stop consonant-vowel syllables",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "72",
  pages =        "379--389",
}

@Article{kindermann-linden-89,
  key =          "Kindermann",
  author =       "J. Kindermann and A. Linden",
  title =        "Detection of minimal microfeatures by internal
                 feedback",
  journal =      "Submitted to Osterreichische AI-Tagung 1989",
  year =         "1989",
  month =        mar,
  note =         "Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung
                 mbH",
}

@Article{kirkpatrick-83,
  key =          "Kirkpatrick",
  author =       "S. Kirkpatrick and C.~D. Gelatt and M.~P. Vecchi",
  title =        "Optimization by simulated annealing",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "220",
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "671--680",
  keywords =     "simulated annealing",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 7 23:38:21 1985",
}

@InCollection{klatt-80,
  key =          "Klatt",
  author =       "D.~H. Klatt",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Speech perception: {A} model of acoustic-phonetic
                 analysis and lexical access",
  editor =       "R. Cole",
  booktitle =    "Perception and production of fluent speech",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  pages =        "243--288",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InProceedings{klopf-87,
  author =       "A. H. Klopf",
  title =        "Drive-Reinforcement Learning: {A} Real-time learning
                 mechanism for unsupervised learning",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "{IEEE} First Annual Conference on Neural Networks, San
                 Diego, California",
}

@Article{knapp-84,
  key =          "Knapp",
  author =       "A. Knapp and J. Anderson",
  title =        "A theory of categorization based on distributed memory
                 storage",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory
                 and Cognition",
  volume =       "9",
  year =         "1984",
  pages =        "610--622",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:24:19 1985",
}

@Article{koch-brunner-88,
  key =          "Koch",
  author =       "U.~T. Koch and M. Brunner",
  title =        "A modular analog neuron-model for research and
                 teaching",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "303--312",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{koenderink-88a,
  key =          "Koenderink",
  author =       "J.~J. Koenderink",
  title =        "Scale-time",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "159--162",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{koenderink-88b,
  key =          "Koenderink",
  author =       "J.~J. Koenderink",
  title =        "Operational Significance of Receptive Field
                 Assemblies",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "163--171",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Book{kohonen-77,
  key =          "Kohonen",
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "Associative memory: {A} system-theoretical approach",
  publisher =    "Berlin: Springer",
  year =         "1977",
}

@Article{kohonen-82a,
  key =          "Kohonen",
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "Self-Organized Formation of Topologically Correct
                 Feature Maps",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "59--69",
  year =         "1982",
}

@InProceedings{kohonen-82b,
  key =          "Kohonen",
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "Clustering, taxonomy, and topological maps of
                 patterns",
  editor =       "M. Lang",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on
                 Pattern Recognition",
  address =      "Silver Spring, MD",
  publisher =    "IEEE Computer Society Press",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Book{kohonen-84,
  key =          "Kohonen",
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "Self-Organization and Associative Memory (2nd
                 edition)",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "Berlin",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{kohonen-88a,
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "An Introduction to Neural Computing",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "3--16",
  annote =       "A reasonable survey of the motivations, fundamentals,
                 \& applications [pattern recognition, knowledge
                 retrieval, optimization computations, robot control,
                 decision making] of artificial neural networks. Also
                 introduces basic math (in non-standard notation), and
                 discusses feedback, learning, competition. Hypothesizes
                 that mental imagery is related to virtual images.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:16:59 1988",
  keywords =     "connectionism, introduction",
}

@Article{kohonen-88b,
  key =          "Kohonen",
  author =       "T. Kohonen",
  title =        "The `neural' phonetic typewriter",
  journal =      "IEEE Computer",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "11--22",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{kolen-pollack-90,
  key =          "kolen",
  author =       "J.~F. Kolen and J.~B.~B. Pollack",
  title =        "Back propagation is sensitive to initial conditions",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR 90-{JK}-{BPSIC}",
  institution =  "The Ohio State University",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{koob-lebrun-martinez-dantzer-lemoal-bloom-85,
  key =          "Koob",
  author =       "G.~F. Koob and C. Lebrun and J.~L. {Martinez, Jr.} and
                 R. Dantzer and M. Le Moal and F.~E. Bloom",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Arginine vasopressin, stress, and memory",
  editors =      "D.~S. Olton, E. Gamzu, and S. Corkin",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  pages =        "194--202",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "The New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@InProceedings{kopec-84,
  key =          "Kopec",
  author =       "G.~E. Kopec",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Voiceless stop consonant identification using {LPC}
                 spectra",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
                 Acoustics",
}

@InProceedings{kosko-86,
  author =       "B Kosko",
  title =        "Differential Hebbian Learning",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "J. S. Denker",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks for Computing, {AIP} Conference
                 Proceedings, Snowbird, Utah",
  pages =        "277--282",
}

@TechReport{koza-90,
  key =          "Koza",
  author =       "J. Koza",
  title =        "Genetic programming: {A} paradigm for genetically
                 breeding populations of computer programs to solve
                 problems",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{STAN}-{CS}-90-1314",
  institution =  "Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{kremin-82,
  key =          "kremin",
  author =       "H. Kremin",
  title =        "Alexia: theory and research",
  year =         "1982",
  booktitle =    "Reading Disorders: Varieties and Treatments",
  publisher =    "New York: Academic Press",
  editor =       "R.~N. Malatesha and P.~G. Aaron",
}

@Article{kroller-grusser-weiss-89,
  key =          "Kroller",
  author =       "J. Kroller and O. Grusser and L. Weiss",
  title =        "Superimposing noise linearizes the responses of
                 primary muscle spindle afferents to sinusoidal muscle
                 stretch",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "131--137",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{krogh-hertz-thorbergsson-89,
  key =          "krogh",
  author =       "A. Krogh and J. Hertz and G. Thorbergsson",
  title =        "A cost function for internal representations",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "89-37",
  institution =  "Nordita",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{kruschke-90,
  key =          "kruschke",
  author =       "J. K. Kruschke",
  title =        "{ALCOVE}: {A} connectionist model of category
                 learning",
  type =         "Research Report",
  number =       "1990",
  institution =  "Indiana University",
  year =         "19",
}

@Book{kucera-francis-67,
  key =          "Kucera",
  author =       "H. Kucera and W. Francis",
  year =         "1967",
  title =        "Computational analysis of present-day American
                 English",
  address =      "Providence, RI",
  publisher =    "Brown University Press",
}

@Article{kuh-dickinson-89,
  key =          "Kuh",
  author =       "A. Kuh and B.~W. Dickinson",
  title =        "Information capacity of associative memories",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  volume =       "35(1)",
  pages =        "59--68",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{kuhn-87,
  ken =          "Kuhn",
  author =       "G. Kuhn",
  title =        "A First Look at Phonetic Discrimination using
                 Connectionist Models with Recurrent Links",
  type =         "SCIMP working paper",
  number =       "82018",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "Institute for Defense Analysis",
  address =      "Princeton, New Jersey",
}

@InCollection{kukich-87,
  author =       "K. Kukich",
  title =        "Where Do Phrases Come From: {S}ome Preliminary
                 Experiments in Connectionist Phrase Generation",
  booktitle =    "Natural Language Generation: {N}ew Results in
                 Artificial Intelligence",
  publisher =    "Kluwar Academic Press",
  year =         "1987",
  editor =       "G. Kempen",
  chapter =      "26",
  pages =        "405--421",
  address =      "Boston",
}

@Book{kullback-59,
  key =          "Kullback",
  author =       "S. Kullback",
  title =        "Information Theory and Statistics",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1959",
}

@PhdThesis{kurtzman-85,
  key =          "Kurtzman",
  author =       "H.~S. Kurtzman",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Studies in syntactic ambiguity resolution",
  school =       "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
}

@Article{laberge-samuels-74,
  key =          "Laberge",
  author =       "D. Laberge and S.~J. Samuels",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Toward a theory of automatic information processing in
                 reading",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "293--323",
}

@Book{labov-72,
  title =        "Sociolinguistic Patterns",
  author =       "W. Labov",
  publisher =    "University of Pennsylvania Press",
  year =         "1972",
  address =      "Philadelphia",
}

@InCollection{labov-73,
  title =        "The Boundaries of Words and Their Meanings",
  author =       "W. Labov",
  year =         "1972",
  booktitle =    "New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English",
  pages =        "340--373",
  editor =       "J. Fishman",
  publisher =    "Georgetown University Press",
  address =      "Washington, D.~C.",
}

@TechReport{lachter-bever-87,
  title =        "The Relation Between Linguistic Structure and Theories
                 of Language Learning --- {A} Constructive Critique of
                 Some Connectionist Learning Models",
  author =       "J. Lachter and T. Bever",
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "University of Rochester",
  address =      "Rochester, NY 14627",
  number =       "Cognitive Science URCS 44",
  note =         "Also published in {\em Cognition}, Volume 28, Numbers
                 1-2, March 1988",
}

@Article{lago-rocha-jones-89,
  key =          "Lago",
  author =       "P. Lago and A. Rocha and N. Jones",
  title =        "Covariance density estimation for autoregressive
                 spectral modelling of point processes",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "195--203",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{landis-regard-serrat-80,
  key =          "landis",
  author =       "T. Landis and M. Regard and A. Serrat",
  title =        "Iconic reading in a case of alexia wthout agraphia
                 caused by a brain tumour: a tachistoscopic study",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "43--53",
  year =         "1980",
}

@Book{lakoff-johnson-80,
  title =        "Metaphors We Live By",
  author =       "G. Lakoff and M. Johnson",
  publisher =    "University of Chicago Press",
  year =         "1980",
  address =      "Chicago",
}

@Book{lakoff-87,
  title =        "Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: {W}hat Categories
                 Reveal About the Mind",
  author =       "G. Lakoff",
  publisher =    "University of Chicago Press",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "Chicago",
}

@Article{lane-65,
  key =          "Lane",
  author =       "H.~L. Lane",
  year =         "1965",
  title =        "The motor theory of speech perception: {A} critical
                 review",
  journal =      "Psychology Review",
  volume =       "72",
  pages =        "275--309",
}

@TechReport{lang-87,
  key =          "Lang",
  author =       "K.~J. Lang",
  title =        "Connectionist speech recognition",
  type =         "Thesis proposal",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{lang-hinton-88,
  key =          "lang",
  author =       "K.~J. Lang and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "A time-delay neural network architure for speech
                 recognition",
  number =       "CMU-CS-88-152",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{lang-hinton-90,
  key =          "lang",
  author =       "K.~J. Lang and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Dimensionality reduction and prior knowledge in
                 {E}-set recognition",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "178--185",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{lang-waibel-hinton-90,
  key =          "Lang",
  author =       "K.~J. Lang and A.~H. Waibel and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "A time-delay neural network architecture for isolated
                 word recognition",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "23--43",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{lansky-mates-radil-89,
  key =          "Lansky",
  author =       "P. Lansky and J. Mates and T. Radil",
  title =        "On the visual orientation of random dot moire
                 patterns",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "213--219",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{lapedes-farber-87,
  key =          "lapedes",
  author =       "A.~S. Lapedes and R.~M. Farber",
  title =        "Nonlinear signal processing using neural networks:
                 Prediction and system modelling",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "LA-UR-87-2662",
  institution =  "Los Alamos National Laboratory",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "Signal processing, such as x(t) -> x^2(t) for
                 arbitrary wave forms x(t), can be analyzed & modeled
                 much better by neural net backpropagation than by
                 conventional methods. Backpropagation causes the hidden
                 units to decompose the function like a Fourier analysis
                 (if the units used sin instead of a sigmoid), or Walsh
                 analysis (if the units were step functions, like a
                 sigmoid at high gain).",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:21:22 1988",
  keywords =     "nonlinear signal processing, backpropagation",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-85,
  key =          "Lecun",
  author =       "Y. {le Cun}",
  title =        "A learning scheme for asymmetric threshold networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of Cognitiva 85",
  address =      "Paris, France",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "599--604",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-86,
  key =          "Lecun",
  author =       "Y. {le Cun}",
  title =        "Learning processes in an asymmetric threshold
                 network",
  booktitle =    "Disordered systems and biological organization",
  address =      "Les Houches, France",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "F. {Fogelman-Souli\'e} E. Bienenstock and G.
                 Weisbuch",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  pages =        "233--240",
}

@PhdThesis{lecun-87,
  author =       "Y. {le Cun}",
  title =        "Mod\`{e}les Connexionnistes de l'Apprentissage",
  school =       "Universit\'{e} Pierre et Marie Curie",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "Paris, France",
}

@TechReport{lecun-88,
  key =          "lecun",
  author =       "Y. LeCun",
  title =        "A theoretical framework for back-propagation",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-88-6",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1988",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{lecun-89,
  key =          "Lecun",
  author =       "Y. {Le Cun}",
  title =        "Generalization and Network Design Strategies",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-89-4",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Unpublished{lecun-bottou-88,
  author =       "Y. {le Cun} and L. Bottou",
  title =        "{SN}: {A} Simulator For Connectionist Models",
  year =         "1988",
  month =        mar,
  note =         "SN Manual",
}

@InCollection{lecun-90,
  key =          "lecun-boser, et.al.",
  author =       "Y. Le Cun and B. Boser and J.~S Denker and D.
                 Henderson and R.~E.. Howard and W. Howard and L.~D.
                 Jackel",
  title =        "Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation
                 network",
  pages =        "396--404",
  year =         "1990",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II
                 (Denver 1989)",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  editor =       "D. ~S. Touretzky",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-boser-denker-henderson-howard-hubbard-jackel-90,
  author =       "Y. {le Cun} and B. Boser and J. Denker and D.
                 Henderson and R. Howard and W. Hubbard and L. Jackel",
  title =        "Handwritten Digit Recognition With a Back-propagation
                 Network",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  pages =        "396--404",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-denker-solla-howard-jackel-90a,
  author =       "Y. LeCun and J. Denker and S. Solla and R.~E. Howard
                 and L.~D. Jackel",
  title =        "Optimal Brain Damage",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-galland-hinton-90b,
  author =       "Y. LeCun and C.~C. Galland and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "{GEMINI}: {G}radient estimation by matrix inversion
                 after noise injection",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems 1",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{lee-88,
  key =          "Lee",
  author =       "K. Lee",
  title =        "Large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech
                 recognition: the {SPHINX} system",
  number =       "CMU-CS-88-148",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{lee-qian-jones-90a,
  key =          "lee",
  author =       "Y.~C. Lee and S. Qian and R.~D. Jones and C.~W. Barnes
                 and G.~W. Flake and M.~K. O'Rourke and K. Lee and H.~H.
                 Chen and G.~Z. Sun and Y.~Q. Zhang and D. Chen and
                 G.~L. Giles",
  title =        "Adaptive stochastic cellular automata: applications",
  journal =      "Physica",
  volume =       "D",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{lee-qian-jones-90b,
  key =          "lee",
  author =       "Y.~C. Lee and S. Qian and R.~D. Jones and C.~W. Barnes
                 and G.~W. Flake and M.~K. O'Rourke and K. Lee and H.~H.
                 Chen and G.~Z. Sun and Y.~Q. Zhang and D. Chen and
                 G.~L. Giles",
  title =        "Adaptive stochastic cellular automata: theory",
  journal =      "Physica",
  volume =       "D",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{legendre-miyata-smolensky-90,
  key =          "legendre",
  author =       "G. Legendre and Y. Miyata and P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Harmonic grammar: a formal multi-level connectionist
                 theory of linguistic well-formedness: an application",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CU}-{CS}-464-90",
  institution =  "University of Colorado at Boulder",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{lehky-sejnowski-88,
  key =          "Lehky",
  author =       "S. Lehky and T. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Network model of shape-from-shading: neural function
                 arises from both receptive and projective fields",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "333",
  pages =        "452--454",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Unpublished{lehky-sejnowski-89,
  author =       "S. R. Lehky and T. J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Neural Model of Stereoacuity and Depth Interpolation
                 Based on a Distributed Representation of Stereo
                 Disparity",
  note =         "Unpublished document, Department of Biophysics, Johns
                 Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{lehnert-87,
  title =        "Utilizing Episodic Memory for the Integration of
                 Syntax and Semantics",
  author =       "W.~G. Lehnert",
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "UMass",
  number =       "CPTM-15",
  address =      "Amherst, MA 01003",
}

@Article{lehiste-60,
  key =          "Lehiste",
  author =       "I. Lehiste",
  year =         "1960",
  title =        "An acoustic-phonetic study of internal open juncture",
  journal =      "Phonetica",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "1--54",
}

@Article{lehiste-64,
  key =          "Lehiste",
  author =       "I. Lehiste",
  year =         "1964",
  title =        "Juncture",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of
                 Phonetic Sciences",
}

@InProceedings{lesk-87,
  title =        "Can Machine-Readable Dictionaries Replace a Thesaurus
                 for Searches in Online Catalogs?",
  author =       "M. Lesk",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    WATERLOO-87,
  organization = WATERLOO-ORG,
  publisher =    WATERLOO-PUB,
  address =      WATERLOO-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@TechReport{levin-76,
  key =          "Levin",
  author =       "J.~A. Levin",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Proteus: An activation framework for cognitive process
                 models",
  number =       "ISI/WP-2",
  institution =  "Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA",
}

@Misc{levin-??,
  key =          "levin",
  author =       "E. Levin",
  title =        "Modeling time varying systems using a hidden control
                 neural network architecture",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{levinson-85,
  key =          "levinson",
  author =       "S.~E. Levinson",
  title =        "Structural methods in automatic speech recognition",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  pages =        "1625--1649",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Book{levy-anderson-lehmkuhle-85,
  key =          "Levy",
  author =       "S. Levy and J. Anderson and S. Lehmkuhle",
  title =        "Synaptic Modification, Neuron Selectivity, and Nervous
                 System Organization",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum Associates",
  address =      "Hillsdale, New Jersey",
  year =         "1985",
  bibdate =      "Fri Dec 20 14:26:22 1985",
}

@Misc{levy-colbert-desmond-89,
  author =       "W.~B. Levy and C.~M. Colbert and N.~L. Desmond",
  title =        "Elemental adaptive processes of neurons and synapses:
                 a statistical/computational perspective",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "To appear in {\em Neuroscience and Connectionistic
                 Theory}, M. Gluck \& D. Rumelhart, Eds., Lawrence
                 Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey",
}

@Article{lewandowsky-murdock-89,
  author =       "Stephan Lewandowsky and Bennet ~B. Murdock",
  title =        "Memory for Serial Order",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "96",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "25--57",
}

@Article{liberman-cooper-shankweiler-studdert-kennedy-67,
  key =          "Liberman",
  author =       "A.~M. Liberman and F.~S. Cooper and D. Shankweiler and
                 M. Studdert-Kennedy",
  year =         "1967",
  title =        "Perception of the speech code",
  journal =      "Psychology Review",
  volume =       "84",
  pages =        "452--471",
}

@Article{liberman-70,
  key =          "Liberman",
  author =       "A.~M. Liberman",
  year =         "1970",
  title =        "The grammars of speech and language",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "301--323",
}

@InCollection{licklider-miller-51,
  key =          "Licklider",
  author =       "J.~C.~R. Licklider and G.~A. Miller",
  year =         "1951",
  title =        "The perception of speech",
  editor =       "S.~S. Stevens",
  booktitle =    "Handbook of Experimental Psychology.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Wiley and Sons",
}

@InProceedings{lincoln-skrzypek-90A,
  author =       "W.~P. Lincoln and J. Skrzypek",
  title =        "Synergy of Clustering Multiple Back Propagation
                 Networks",
  pages =        "650--657",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1990",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@Article{linsker-86a,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "From basic network principles to neural architecture:
                 Emergence of spatial opponent cells",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA",
  volume =       "83",
  pages =        "7508--7512",
  annote =       "These 3 papers show how different types of
                 feature-analyzing cells in our visual system can
                 naturally emerge in simple networks which assume a
                 Gaussian distribution of synapses at successive layers.
                 The math is turgid, but the discovery is fascinating.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:28:34 1988",
}

@Article{linsker-86b,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "From basic network principles to neural architecture:
                 Emergence of orientation-selective cells",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA",
  volume =       "83",
  pages =        "8390--8394",
}

@Article{linsker-86c,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "From basic network principles to neural architecture:
                 Emergence of orientation columns",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA",
  volume =       "83",
  pages =        "8779--8783",
}

@InProceedings{linsker-87,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "Development of feature-analyzing cells and their
                 columnar organization in a layered self-adaptive
                 network",
  booktitle =    "Computer Simulation in Brain Science",
  editor =       "R. Cotterill",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{linsker-88,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "Self-organization in a perceptual network",
  journal =      "IEEE Computer, {\em March}",
  volume =       "21",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "105--117",
}

@Article{linsker-89a,
  key =          "Linsker",
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "How to generate ordered maps by maximizing the mutual
                 information between input and output signals",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{linsker-89b,
  author =       "R. Linsker",
  title =        "Designing a Sensory Processing System: What Can Be
                 Learned From Principal Components Analysis?",
  number =       "RC14983 (\#66896)",
  institution =  "IBM",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{lippmann-87,
  key =          "Lippmann",
  author =       "R.~P. Lippmann",
  title =        "An introduction to computing with neural networks",
  journal =      "IEEE ASSP Magazine",
  volume =       "{\em 4}",
  pages =        "4--22",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{lippmann-89,
  key =          "Lippmann",
  author =       "R.~P. Lippmann",
  title =        "Review of neural networks for speech recognition",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  pages =        "1--38",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{lippmann-gold-87,
  author =       "R.~P. Lippmann and B. Gold",
  title =        "Neural-Net Classifiers Useful for Speech Recognition",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings ICNN",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jun,
  annote =       "Presents comparisons of single layer and multi-layer
                 networks trained via back-prop to traditional Gaussian
                 and k-nearest neighbour classifiers for isolated word
                 recognition. One interesting reult is simulation
                 evidence that 3-layer perceptrons converge much faster
                 for even simple decision surfaces. Also describe
                 Viterbi networks, an explicit network architecture that
                 uses delay lines to perform the Viterbi algorithm for
                 aligning reference and sample patterns optimally.",
}

@MastersThesis{lipscomb-87,
  author =       "John Lipscomb",
  title =        "On the Computational Complexity of Finding a
                 Connectionist Model's Stable State Vectors",
  school =       "University of Toronto, Department of Computer
                 Science",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "Toronto",
  month =        oct,
  annote =       "Computational complexity results on finding stable
                 state vectors for Hopfield like networks of binary
                 units, which may be directed or undirected. The main
                 results are that the problem is NP-complete for both
                 directed and undirected networks, if the network
                 contains both positive and negative weights. The
                 problem is tractable for networks of only positive
                 weights, but these networks have limited computing
                 power. However, for 2 layer networks of mixed weights,
                 an alorithm of O(m) exists for finding stable state
                 vectors.",
}

@Article{lisberger-88,
  key =          "Lisberger",
  author =       "S.~G. Lisberger",
  title =        "The neural basis for motor learning in the
                 vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys",
  journal =      "Trends in NeuroSciences",
  volume =       "11:4",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{lockery-kristan-90a,
  author =       "S.~R. Lockery and W.~B. Kristan Jr.",
  title =        "Distributed processing of sensory information in the
                 leech {I}: {I}nput-output relations of the local
                 bending relex",
  journal =      "Journal of Neuroscience",
  notes =        "in press",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{lockery-kristan-90b,
  author =       "S.~R. Lockery and W.~B. Kristan Jr.",
  title =        "Distributed processing of sensory information in the
                 leech {II}: Identification of interneurons contributing
                 to the local bending reflex",
  journal =      "Journal of Neuroscience",
  notes =        "in press",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{lockery-wittenberg-kristan-90a,
  author =       "S.~R. Lockery and G. Wittenberg and W.~B. Kristan Jr.
                 and N. Qian and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Neural network analysis of distributed representations
                 of sensory information in the leech",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems II",
  editor =       "David Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1990",
  pages =        "28--35",
}

@Article{longtin-milton-89,
  key =          "Longtin",
  author =       "A. Longtin and J. Milton",
  title =        "Insight into the transfer function, gain, and
                 oscillation onset for the pupil light reflex using
                 nonlinear delay-differential equations",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "51--58",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{longuet-higgins-68,
  author =       "H.~C. Longuet-Higgins",
  title =        "Holographic model of temporal recall",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1968",
  volume =       "217",
  pages =        "104",
}

@InCollection{lowerre-reddy-80,
  key =          "Lowerre",
  author =       "B. Lowerre and R. Reddy",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "The Harpy Speech Understanding System",
  editor =       "Wayne A. Lea",
  booktitle =    "Trends in Speech Recognition",
  pages =        "340--360",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall",
}

@Misc{lozanoperez-80,
  key =          "lozanoperez",
  author =       "T. Lozano-Perez",
  title =        "Automatic planning of manipulator transfer movements",
  year =         "1980",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 606",
}

@Book{luce-59,
  key =          "Luce",
  author =       "R.~D. Luce",
  year =         "1959",
  title =        "Individual choice behavior",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
}

@InCollection{luce-63,
  key =          "Luce",
  author =       "R.~D. Luce",
  year =         "1963",
  title =        "Detection and recognition",
  editors =      "R.~D. Luce, R.~R. Bush, and E. Galanter",
  booktitle =    "Handbook of mathematical psychology: Vol I.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
}

@Misc{lumer-huberman-91,
  key =          "Lumer",
  author =       "E. Lumer and B. A. Huberman",
  title =        "Binding Hierarchies: {A} Basis for Dynamic Perceptual
                 Grouping",
  year =         "1991",
  note =         "submitted to Neural Computation",
}

@Book{luria-73,
  key =          "Luria",
  author =       "A.~R. Luria",
  title =        "The Working Brain",
  address =      "London",
  publisher =    "Penguin Books",
  year =         "1973",
}

@TechReport{luttrell-90,
  key =          "Luttrell",
  author =       "S. P. Luttrell",
  title =        "A Trainable Texture Anomaly Detector Using the
                 Adaptive Cluster Expansion ({ACE}) Method",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{RSRE} Memorandum Number 4437",
  institution =  "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{lynch-85,
  author =       "G. Lynch",
  title =        "Synapses, Circuits, and the Beginnings of Memory",
  publisher =    "??",
  year =         "1985(?)",
  keywords =     "neurobiology, long-term memory, hippocampus",
  annote =       "Repetitive synaptic activity chemically stimulates the
                 formation of new synapses, yielding long-term memories.
                 Some brain networks are 'topographic' (neighbor-based):
                 vision, hearing, touch. Others are 'combinatorial'
                 (all-all): olfactory, hippocampus, cortex. Deeper
                 layers encode higher-order relations. The hippocampus
                 is hypothesized to generate \& store associations
                 between high-order signals of different modalities, eg.
                 olfactory and non-olfactory. Very technical,
                 neurophysiological paper.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:35:22 1988",
}

@Article{lynch-baudry-84,
  key =          "Lynch",
  author =       "G. Lynch and M. Baudry",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "The biochemistry of memory: a new and specific
                 hypothesis",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "224",
  pages =        "1057--1063",
}

@Misc{maclennan-89,
  key =          "maclennan",
  author =       "B. Maclennan",
  title =        "Continuous computation: taking massive parallelism
                 seriously",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@TechReport{maclennan-90,
  key =          "Maclennan",
  author =       "B. Maclennan",
  title =        "Field computation: a theoretical framework for
                 massively parallel analog computation parts {I}-{IV}",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CS-90-100",
  institution =  "University of Tennessee",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{macwhinney-87,
  title =        "The Competition Model",
  author =       "B. MacWhinney",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Mechanisms of Language Acquisition",
  pages =        "249--308",
  editor =       "Brian MacWhinney",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Article{malonek-spitzer-89,
  key =          "Malonek",
  author =       "D. Malonek and H. Spitzer",
  title =        "Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: the
                 predicted responses of several cortical cell types to
                 drifting gratings stimuli",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "469--475",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{mandler-89,
  key =          "Mandler",
  author =       "G. Mandler",
  title =        "Toward a theory of consciousness",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "To appear in H. G. Geissler, S. W. Link \& Townsend
                 (Eds.) {\it Cognition, information processing, and
                 psychophysics: Basic issues}, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum
                 Associates",
}

@Article{manelis-74,
  key =          "Manelis",
  author =       "L. Manelis",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "The effect of meaningfulness in tachistoscopic word
                 perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "16",
  pages =        "182--192",
}

@Article{mann-repp-80,
  key =          "Mann",
  author =       "V.~A. Mann and B.~H. Repp",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Influence of vocalic context on perception of the
                 [s]-[s] distinction",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "213--228",
}

@InProceedings{markowitz-ahlswede-evans-86,
  title =        "Semantically Significant Patterns in Dictionary
                 Definitions",
  author =       "J. Markowitz and T. Ahlswede and M. Evans",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    ACL-86,
  organization = ACL,
  pages =        "112--119",
  publisher =    ACL-PUB,
  address =      ACL-PUB-ADDRESS,
  note =         "New York",
}

@Article{marr-69,
  key =          "Marr",
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "A theory of cerebellar cortex",
  journal =      "Journal of Physiology (London)",
  year =         "1969",
  volume =       "202",
  pages =        "437--470",
}

@InProceedings{marr-70,
  key =          "marr",
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "A theory for cerebral neocortex",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.",
  address =      "Great Britain",
  pages =        "161--234",
  year =         "1970",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Misc{marr-71,
  key =          "marr",
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "Simple memory: a theory for archicortex",
  year =         "1971",
  note =         "Trinity College, Cambridge",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Misc{marr-75,
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "Analyzing natural images",
  year =         "1975",
  note =         "MIT A.I. Memo No. 334",
}

@Misc{marr-??,
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "Visual information processing: the structure and
                 creation of visual representations",
  year =         "19??",
}

@Misc{marr-77,
  author =       "D. Marr",
  title =        "Representing visual information",
  year =         "1977",
  note =         "MIT A.I. Memo No. 415",
}

@Book{marr-82,
  key =          "Marr",
  author =       "D. Marr",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Vision",
  address =      "San Francisco",
  publisher =    "Freeman",
}

@Misc{marr-hildreth-79,
  author =       "D. Marr and E. Hildreth",
  title =        "Theory of edge detection",
  year =         "1979",
  note =         "MIT A.I. Memo No. 518",
}

@Misc{marr-hildreth-poggio-79,
  author =       "D. Marr and E. Hildreth and T. Poggio",
  title =        "Evidence for a fifth, smaller channel in early human
                 vision",
  year =         "1979",
  note =         "MIT A.I. Memo No. 541",
}

@Misc{marr-nishihara-75,
  author =       "D. Marr and H.~K. Nishihara",
  title =        "Spatial disposition of axes in a generalized cylinder
                 representation of objects that do not encompass the
                 viewer",
  year =         "1975",
  note =         "MIT A.I. Memo No. 341",
}

@Article{marr-poggio-76,
  key =          "Marr",
  author =       "D. Marr and T. Poggio",
  title =        "Cooperative computation of stereo disparity",
  journal =      "Science",
  year =         "1976",
  volume =       "194",
  pages =        "283--287",
}

@Article{marr-palm-poggio-78,
  key =          "Marr",
  author =       "D. Marr and G. Palm and T. Poggio",
  title =        "Analysis of a cooperative stereo algorithm",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "223--229",
}

@TechReport{marr-poggio-ullman-78,
  key =          "marr",
  author =       "D. Marr and T. Poggio and S. Ullman",
  title =        "Bandpass channels, zero-crossings, and early visual
                 information processing",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "491",
  institution =  "MIT",
  year =         "1978",
}

@Misc{marroquin-83,
  key =          "marroquin",
  author =       "J.~L. Marroquin",
  title =        "Design of cooperative networks",
  year =         "1983",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Working Paper 253",
}

@PhdThesis{marroquin-85,
  key =          "Marroquin",
  author =       "J.~L. Marroquin",
  title =        "Probabilistic Solution of Inverse Problems",
  school =       "MIT",
  year =         "1985",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 17 22:47:25 1987",
}

@Article{marshall-newcombe-66,
  key =          "marshall",
  author =       "J.~C. Marshall and F. Newcombe",
  title =        "Syntactic and semantic errors in paralexia",
  journal =      "Journal of Psycholinguistic Research",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "169--176",
  year =         "1966",
}

@Article{marshall-newcombe-73,
  key =          "marshall",
  author =       "J.~C. Marshall and F. Newcombe",
  title =        "Patterns of paralexia: {A} psycholinguistic approach",
  journal =      "Journal of Psycholinguistic Research",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "175--199",
  year =         "1973",
}

@Article{marslen-wilson-73,
  author =       "W.~D. Marslen-Wilson",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very
                 short latencies",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "244",
  pages =        "522--523",
}

@Article{marslen-wilson-tyler-75,
  key =          "Marslen",
  author =       "W.~D. Marslen-Wilson and L.~K. Tyler",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Processing structure of sentence perception",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "257",
  pages =        "784--786",
}

@Article{marslen-wilson-tyler-80,
  key =          "Marslen",
  author =       "W.~D. Marslen-Wilson and L.~K. Tyler",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "The temporal structure of spoken language
                 understanding",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "1--71",
}

@Article{marslen-wilson-welsh-78,
  key =          "Marslen",
  author =       "W.~D. Marslen-Wilson and A. Welsh",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Processing interactions and lexical access during word
                 recognition in continuous speech",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "29--63",
}

@InCollection{marslen-wilson-80,
  key =          "Marslen",
  author =       "W.~D. Marslen-Wilson",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Speech understanding as a psychological process",
  editor =       "J. C. Simon",
  booktitle =    "Spoken Language Generation and Understanding",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "39--67",
  publisher =    "Reidel",
}

@Article{martinez-perez-budelli-segundo-89,
  key =          "Martinez",
  author =       "O. Martinex and P. Perez and R. Budelli and J.
                 Segundo",
  title =        "Locking, intermittency, and bifurcations in a
                 periodically driven pacemaker neuron: poincare maps and
                 biological implications",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "49--58",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{martland-89,
  author =       "D. Martland",
  title =        "Dynamic Behavior of Boolean Networks",
  booktitle =    "Neural Computing Architectures",
  editor =       "I. Aleksander",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  pages =        "00",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{massaro-cohen-77,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro and M.~M. Cohen",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "The contribution of voice-onset time and fundamental
                 frequency as cues to the /zi/-/si/ distinction",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "373--382",
}

@Article{massaro-cohen-83,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro and M.~M. Cohen",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Phonological constraints in speech perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "338--348",
}

@Article{massaro-klitzke-79,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro and D. Klitzke",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "The role of lateral masking and orthographic structure
                 in letter and word recognition",
  journal =      "Acta Psychologica",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "413--426",
}

@InCollection{massaro-oden-80a,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro and G.~C. Oden",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Speech perception: {A} framework for research and
                 theory",
  editor =       "N. Lass",
  booktitle =    "Speech and language: Advances in basic research and
                 practice, Vol. 3",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "129--165",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@Article{massaro-oden-80b,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro and G.~C. Oden",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Evaluation and integration of acoustic features in
                 speech perception",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "67",
  pages =        "996--1013",
}

@Book{massaro-75,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Experimental Psychology and information processing",
  address =      "Chicago",
  publisher =    "Rand McNally",
}

@InCollection{massaro-81,
  key =          "Massaro",
  author =       "D.~W. Massaro",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Sound to representation: An information-processing
                 analysis",
  editors =      "T. Myers, J. Laver, and J. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "The cognitive representation of speech",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "181--193",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
}

@Misc{massone-90,
  key =          "massone",
  author =       "L. Massone",
  title =        "Target-switching experiments with a sequential
                 neuro-controller",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submitted to {\it Neural Networks}",
}

@Article{mccarthy-warrington-86,
  key =          "Mccarthy",
  author =       "R. McCarthy and E.~K. Warrington",
  title =        "Phonological reading: Phenomena and paradoxes",
  journal =      "Cortex",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "359--380",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{mccarthy-warrington-88,
  key =          "Mccarthy",
  author =       "R. McCarthy and E.~K. Warrington",
  title =        "Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the
                 brain",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "334",
  pages =        "638--640",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-elman-86,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and J.~L. Elman",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "The {TRACE} Model of speech perception",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{mcclelland-johnston-77,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and J.~C. Johnston",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "The role of familiar units in perception of words and
                 nonwords",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "249--261",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-kawamoto-86,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and A.~H. Kawamoto",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Mechanisms of sentence processing: Assigning roles to
                 constituents",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{mcclelland-miller-79,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and J.~O. Miller",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "Structural factors in figure perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "26",
  pages =        "221--229",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-rumelhart-hinton-86,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and D.~E. Rumelhart and G.~E.
                 Hinton",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "The appeal of parallel distributed processing",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition. Volume 1",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{mcclelland-rumelhart-81,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and D.~E. Rumelhart",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "An interactive activation model of context effects in
                 letter perception, Part {I}: An account of basic
                 findings",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "88",
  pages =        "375--407",
}

@Article{mcclelland-rumelhart-85,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and D.~E. Rumelhart",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Distributed memory and the representation of general
                 and specific information",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  volume =       "114",
  pages =        "159--188",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-rumelhart-86,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland and D.~E. Rumelhart",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "A Distributed model of human learning and memory",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{mcclelland-76,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Preliminary letter identification in the perception of
                 words and nonwords",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "80--91",
}

@Article{mcclelland-78,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Perception and masking of wholes and parts",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "210--223",
}

@Article{mcclelland-79,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "On the time relations of mental processes: An
                 examination of systems of processes in cascade",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "86",
  pages =        "287--330",
}

@InProceedings{mcclelland-81,
  key =          "McClelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  title =        "Retrieving General and Specific Information from
                 Stored Knowledge of Specifics",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  address =      "Berkeley, California",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1981",
  pages =        "170--172",
}

@Article{mcclelland-85,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Putting knowledge in its place: {A} scheme for
                 programming parallel processing structures on the fly",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "113--146",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-86,
  key =          "Mcclelland",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "The programmable blackboard model of reading",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InCollection{mcclelland-87,
  title =        "The Case for Interactionism in Language Processing",
  author =       "J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance XII",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Book{mccullough-65,
  key =          "McCullough",
  author =       "W.~S. McCullough",
  title =        "Embodiments of Mind",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
  year =         "1965",
}

@Unpublished{mcdermott-80,
  author =       "D. McDermott",
  title =        "What {AI} needs from connectionism",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1986",
  note =         "Notes accompanying a lecture given at AAAI-86.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 31 16:37:37 1987",
}

@Article{mceliece-posner-rodemich-venkatesh-87,
  key =          "mceliece",
  author =       "R.~J. McEliece and E.~C. Posner and E.~R. Rodemich and
                 S.~S. Venkatesh",
  title =        "The capacity of the hopfield associative memory",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  volume =       "IT-33",
  pages =        "461--482",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InCollection{mcgaugh-85,
  key =          "Mcgaugh",
  author =       "J.~L. McGaugh",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Peripheral and central adrenergic influences on brain
                 systems involved in the modulation of memory storage",
  editors =      "D.~S. Olton, E. Gamzu, and S. Corkin",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  pages =        "150--161",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@InCollection{mclachlan-basford-88,
  key =          "mclachlan",
  author =       "G.~J. McLachlan and K.~E. Basford",
  title =        "Chapters 1 and 2",
  pages =        "1--69",
  year =         "1988",
  booktitle =    "Mixture models: inference and applications to
                 clustering",
  publisher =    "Marcel Dekker, Inc.",
  editor =       "McLachlan and Basford",
}

@Misc{mcmillan-mozer-smolensky-91,
  key =          "mcmillan",
  author =       "C. {McMillan} and M. Mozer and P. Smolensky",
  title =        "The Connectionist Scientist Game: Rule Extraction and
                 Refinement in a Neural Network",
  year =         "1991",
  note =         "submitted to NIPS 91??",
}

@InCollection{mcnaughton-89,
  key =          "Mcnaughton",
  author =       "B.~L. Mcnaughton",
  title =        "Neuronal mechanisms for spatial computation and
                 information storage",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Neural Connections, Mental Computations",
  publisher =    "MIT Press, Cambridge",
  editor =       "Nadel et. al. (Eds)",
}

@Misc{mcnaughton-leonard-chen-89,
  key =          "mcnaughton",
  author =       "B.~L. McNaughton and B. Leonard and L. Chen",
  title =        "Cortical-Hippocampal interactions and cognitive
                 mapping: An hypothesis based on reintegration of the
                 parietal and inferotemporal pathways for visual
                 processing.",
  note =         "{\em Psychobiology}, in press",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{mcneil-lindig-73,
  key =          "Mcneil",
  author =       "D. McNeil and K. Lindig",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "The perceptual reality of phonemes, syllables, words,
                 and sentences",
  journal =      "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "419--430",
}

@Article{mead-mahowald-88,
  key =          "Mead",
  author =       "C.~A. Mead and M.~A. Mahowald",
  title =        "A silicon model of early visual processing",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--98",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{medin-barsalou-??,
  key =          "Medin",
  author =       "D.~L. Medin and L.~W. Barsalou",
  year =         "??",
  note =         "In press",
  title =        "Categorization processes and categorical perception",
  editor =       "S. Harnad",
  booktitle =    "Categorical perception.",
  address =      "Cambridge, England",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
}

@TechReport{mel-89,
  key =          "Mel",
  author =       "B. Mel",
  title =        "{MURPHY}: {a} neurally-inspired connectionist approach
                 to learning and performance in vision-based robot
                 motion planning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CCSR-89-17A",
  institution =  "University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Center for
                 Complex Systems Research",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Book{mellish-85,
  title =        "Computer Interpretation of Natural Language
                 Descriptions",
  author =       "C.~S. Mellish",
  year =         "1985",
  publisher =    "Ellis Horwood",
  address =      "Chichester, UK",
}

@InCollection{merzenich-87,
  key =          "Merzenich",
  author =       "M. M. Merzenich",
  year =         "1987",
  title =        "Dynamic neocortical processes and the origins of
                 higher brain functions",
  editors =      "J. P. Changeux and M. Konishi",
  booktitle =    "The Neural and Molecular Bases of Learning, Dahlem
                 Konferenzen",
  publisher =    "John Wiley and Sons Limited",
  pages =        "337--358",
}

@InCollection{merzenich-allard-jenkins-recanzone-88,
  key =          "Merzenich",
  author =       "M. M. Merzenich and T. Allard and W. M. Jenkins and G.
                 Recanzone",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Self-organizing processes in adult neo-cortex",
  editors =      "W. {von Seelen}, U. M. Leimhow and G. Shaw",
  booktitle =    "Organization of neural networks: Structures and
                 models",
  publisher =    "{VCH} publishers",
}

@Article{metcalfe-82,
  author =       "Janet Metcalfe ~Eich",
  title =        "A Composite Holographic Associative Recall Model",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "89",
  pages =        "627--661",
}

@Article{metcalfe-85,
  author =       "Janet Metcalfe ~Eich",
  title =        "Levels of Processing, Encoding Specificity,
                 Elaboration, and {CHARM}",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "92",
  pages =        "1--38",
}

@Article{metropolis-53,
  key =          "Metropolis",
  author =       "N. Metropolis and A.~W. Rosenbluth and M.~N.
                 Rosenbluth and A.~H. Teller and E. Teller",
  title =        "Equations of state calculations by fast computing
                 machines",
  journal =      "Journal of Chemical Physics",
  volume =       "21 or 6",
  year =         "1953",
  pages =        "1087--1091",
  keywords =     "Statistical mechanics",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 7 23:34:07 1985",
}

@TechReport{miikkulainen-dyer-87,
  author =       "R. Miikkulainen and M.~G. Dyer",
  title =        "Building Distributed Representations Without
                 Microfeatures",
  institution =  "UCLA",
  number =       "UCLA-AI-87-17",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "distributed representations, microfeatures",
  annote =       "If we imagine a localist layer before the input layer,
                 then the imaginary weights correspond to a distributed
                 representation feeding into the input layer. This
                 'distributed representation' can be learned
                 automatically by backpropagation. Empirically
                 demonstrated with a natural language network (as in PDP
                 Ch.19). Lots of interesting ideas for future work
                 discussed at the end of the paper.",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:39:22 1988",
}

@InProceedings{miikulainen-dyer-88,
  author =       "R. Miikkulainen and M.~G. Dyer",
  title =        "Encoding Input/Output Representations in Connectionist
                 Cognitive Systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  institution =  "??",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{miikulainen-dyer-89,
  author =       "R. Miikkulainen and M.~G. Dyer",
  title =        "A Modular Neural Network Architecture for Sequential
                 Paraphrasing of Script-Based Stories",
  number =       "TR UCLA-AI-89-02",
  institution =  "UCLA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{miller-81,
  author =       "J.~L. Miller",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Effects of speaking rate on segmental distinctions",
  editors =      "P.~D. Eimas and J.~L. Miller",
  booktitle =    "Perspectives on the study of speech",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  pages =        "39--74",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InProceedings{miller-85,
  title =        "Dictionaries of the Mind",
  author =       "G.~A. Miller",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    ACL-85,
  pages =        "305--314",
  organization = ACL,
  publisher =    ACL-PUB,
  address =      ACL-PUB-ADDRESS,
  note =         "Chicago",
}

@InCollection{miller-90,
  key =          "Miller",
  author =       "K. D. Miller",
  title =        "Correlation-based models of neural development",
  editors =      "Mark A. Gluck and David E. Rumelhart",
  booktitle =    "Neuroscience and Connectionist Theory",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{miller-eimas-77a,
  key =          "Miller",
  author =       "J.~L. Miller and P.~D. Eimas",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Studies on the perception of place and manner of
                 articulation: {A} comparison of the labial-alveolar and
                 nasal-stop distinctions",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "835--845",
}

@Article{miller-eimas-77b,
  author =       "J.~L. Miller and P.~D. Eimas",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Studies on the perception of place and manner of
                 articulation: {A} comparison of the labial-alveolar and
                 nasal-stop distinctions",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "835--845",
}

@InCollection{miller-ellis-87,
  key =          "miller",
  author =       "D. Miller and A.~W. Ellis",
  title =        "Speech and writing errors in neologistic jargon
                 aphasia: {A} lexical activation hypothesis",
  pages =        "253--271",
  booktitle =    "The {C}ognitive {N}europsychology of {L}anguage",
  publisher =    "London: Erlbaum",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and G. Sartori and R. Job",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{miller-green-schermer-84,
  key =          "Miller",
  author =       "J.~L. Miller and K. Green and T.~M. Schermer",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "A distinction between the effects of sentential
                 speaking rate and semantic congruity on word
                 identification",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "329--337",
}

@Article{miller-heise-lichten-51,
  key =          "Miller",
  author =       "G. Miller and G. Heise and W. Lichten",
  year =         "1951",
  title =        "The intelligibility of speech as a function of the
                 context of the test materials",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "41",
  pages =        "329--335",
}

@Book{miller-johnson-laird-76,
  title =        "Language and Perception",
  author =       "G.~A. Miller and P.~N. Johnson-Laird",
  publisher =    "The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press",
  year =         "1976",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
}

@Article{miller-keller-stryker-89,
  author =       "K. D. Miller and J. B. Keller and M. P. Stryker",
  title =        "Ocular Dominance Column Development: Analysis and
                 Simulation",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "245",
  pages =        "605--615",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{milner-66,
  key =          "Milner",
  author =       "B. Milner",
  year =         "1966",
  title =        "Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes",
  editors =      "C.~M.~W. Whitty and O.~L. Zangwill",
  booktitle =    "Amnesia",
  address =      "London",
  pages =        "109--133",
  publisher =    "Butterworth and Co.",
}

@Article{milner-corkin-teuber-68,
  key =          "Milner",
  author =       "B. Milner and S. Corkin and H.~L. Teuber",
  year =         "1968",
  title =        "Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome:
                 14 year follow-up study of {H}. {M}.",
  journal =      "Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "215--234",
}

@TechReport{minsky-54,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  title =        "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its
                 application to the brain-model problem",
  year =         "1954",
  type =         "Ph.D. Dissertation",
  institution =  "Princeton University",
}

@Book{minsky-69,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M. Minsky and S. Papert",
  title =        "Perceptrons",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1969",
}

@InCollection{minsky-75,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  title =        "A framework for representing knowledge",
  editor =       "P.~H. Winston",
  booktitle =    "The Psychology of Computer Vision",
  publisher =    "New York: McGraw Hill",
  year =         "1975",
}

@InProceedings{minsky-77,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  title =        "Plain Talk about Neurodevelopmental Epitemology",
  booktitle =    "5th International Joint Conferences on Artificial
                 Intelligence, Vol 2",
  pages =        "1083--1092",
  year =         "1977",
}

@TechReport{minsky-79,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  title =        "{K}-Lines: {A} Theory of Memory",
  number =       "Memo \#516",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{minsky-80,
  title =        "{K}-lines, a Theory of Memory",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1980",
  pages =        "117--133",
  volume =       "4",
}

@TechReport{minsky-81,
  key =          "Minsky",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  title =        "Nature Abhors an Empty Vaccum",
  number =       "Lab Memo \#647",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1981",
}

@Book{minsky-86,
  title =        "The Society of Mind",
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky",
  publisher =    "Simon and Schuster",
  year =         "1986",
  address =      "New York, New York",
}

@Book{minsky-papert-69,
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky and S. Papert",
  title =        "Perceptrons",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1969",
}

@InBook{minsky-papert-87,
  author =       "M.~L. Minsky and S. Papert",
  chapter =      "Prologue and Epilogue",
  title =        "Perceptrons: {A} View from 1987",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1987",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
  annote =       "A well written and insightful critique of current
                 connectionist research. Main points are: need to
                 specify formally and precisely how well learning rules
                 and architectures perform on particular classes of
                 problems, including a formalism for describing task
                 domains. Also more formal analyses of scaling
                 properties are needed. Suggests that the brain is more
                 likely a collection of small, architecture adapted nets
                 that cooperate in interesting ways.",
}

@Unpublished{mitchison-durbin-88,
  key =          "Mitchison",
  author =       "G.~J. Mitchison and R.~M. Durbin",
  title =        "Bounds on the learning capacity of some multi-layer
                 networks",
  number =       "Research Memo 7",
  note =         "To appear in Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{mitchison-durbin-89,
  key =          "Mitchison",
  author =       "G. Mitchison and R. Durbin",
  title =        "Bounds on the learning capacity of some multi-layer
                 networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "345--356",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{miyata-87,
  title =        "Organization of Action Sequences in Motor Learning:
                 {A} Connectionist Approach",
  author =       "Y. Miyata",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  note =         "Learning by chunking and action hierarchy building",
}

@TechReport{mjolsness-garrett-89,
  key =          "Mjolsness",
  author =       "E. Mjolsness and C. Garrett",
  title =        "Algebraic transformations of objective functions",
  type =         "Research Report",
  number =       "YALE/DCS/RR-686",
  institution =  "Yale University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{mjolsness-gindi-anaandan-88,
  key =          "Mjolsness",
  author =       "E. Mjolsness and G. Gindi and P. Anandan",
  title =        "Optimization in model matching and perceptual
                 organization",
  institution =  "??",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{mjolsness-sharp-alpert-88,
  author =       "E. Mjolsness and D.~H. Sharp and B.~K. Alpert",
  title =        "Scaling, Machine Learning, and Genetic Neural Nets",
  institution =  "Los Alamos National Laboratory",
  year =         "1988",
  number =       "LA-UR-88-142",
  address =      "Los Alamos, NM 87545",
  annote =       "One interesting way to reduce the number of parameters
                 to be optimized in a network. The basic idea is to
                 write parameterized recursion relations which define an
                 entire family of networks of varying sizes. Then the
                 parameters are learned by training on small problems,
                 and can be used directly to generate networks that
                 solve much larger versions of the same problem. The
                 approach is limited however to problems which have a
                 very simple scaling relationship.",
}

@InProceedings{mjolness-rangarajan-garrett-91,
  key =          "mjolness",
  author =       "E. Mjolness and A. Rangarajan and C. Garrett",
  title =        "A Neural Net for Reconstruction of Multiple Curves
                 with a Visual Grammar",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artifical Neural Networks",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{moody-89,
  key =          "Moody",
  author =       "J. Moody",
  title =        "Fast learning in multiresolution hierarchies",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "YALEU-DCS-RR-681",
  institution =  "Yale University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{moody-90,
  author =       "J. Moody",
  title =        "Dynamics of lateral interaction networks",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submited January 1990 to the {\em 1990 International
                 Joint Conference on Neural Networks}, San Diego",
}

@Article{moody-darken-89,
  key =          "Moody",
  author =       "J. Moody and C. Darken",
  title =        "Fast learning in networks of locally-tuned processing
                 units",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "281--294",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{morgan-beck-kohn-bilmes-allman-beer-90,
  key =          "morgan",
  author =       "N. Morgan and J. Beck and P. Kohn and J. Bilmes and E.
                 Allman and J. Beer",
  title =        "The {RAP}: {A} ring array processor for layered
                 network calculations",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Preliminary draft of paper submitted to the {\it Intl.
                 Conf. on Application Speciofic Array Processors}",
}

@TechReport{morgan-bourlard-89,
  key =          "morgan",
  author =       "N. Morgan and H. Bourlard",
  title =        "Generalization and parameter estimation in feedforward
                 nets: some experiments",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-89-017",
  institution =  "International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley,
                 CA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@PhdThesis{morrison-83,
  key =          "Morrison",
  author =       "I. Morrison",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Computational model of visual information
                 processing.",
  school =       "Queens University, Kingston, Ontario",
}

@Article{mortensen-88,
  key =          "Mortensen",
  author =       "U. Mortensen",
  title =        "Visual contrast detection by a single channel versus
                 probabiltiy summation among channels",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "137--147",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{morton-69,
  key =          "Morton",
  author =       "J. Morton",
  year =         "1969",
  title =        "Interaction of information in word recognition",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "76",
  pages =        "165--178",
}

@InCollection{morton-79,
  key =          "Morton",
  author =       "J. Morton",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "Word recognition",
  editors =      "J. Morton and J. C. Marshall",
  booktitle =    "Psycholinguistics 2: Structures and Processes",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA.",
  pages =        "107--156",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@InCollection{morton-patterson-80,
  key =          "morton",
  author =       "J. Morton and K.~E. Patterson",
  title =        "A new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at
                 a new interpretation",
  pages =        "91--118",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "London: Routledge",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{moussoris-74,
  key =          "Moussoris",
  author =       "J. Moussoris",
  title =        "Gibbs and Markov random systems with constraints",
  journal =      "Journal of statistical physics",
  year =         "1974",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "11--33",
}

@Misc{movellan-90,
  key =          "movellan",
  author =       "J. Movellan",
  title =        "Contrastive hebbian learning in interactive networks",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submitted to {\it Neural Computation}",
}

@Article{mozer-83,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M. Mozer",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Letter migration in word perception",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "531--546",
}

@TechReport{mozer-88,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M. ~C. Mozer",
  title =        "The perception of multiple objects: {A} parallel,
                 distributed processing approach",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "8803",
  institution =  "University of California, San Diego, Institute for
                 Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{mozer-88a,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  title =        "A connectionist model of selective attention in visual
                 perception",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  pages =        "195--201",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{mozer-84,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "The perception of multiple objects: {A} parallel,
                 distributed processing approach",
}

@TechReport{mozer-88b,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer",
  title =        "A focused back-propagation algorithm for temporal
                 pattern recognition",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-88-4",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1988",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{mozer-89a,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  title =        "Skeletonization: {A} technique for trimming the fat
                 from a network via relevance assessment",
  number =       "CU-CS-421-89",
  institution =  "University of Colorado",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{mozer-89b,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  title =        "On the interaction of selective attention and lexical
                 knowledge: a connectionist account of neglect
                 dyslexia",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CU-CS-441-89",
  institution =  "University of Colorado at Boulder",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{mozer-89c,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  title =        "A focused back-propagation algorithm for temporal
                 sequence recognition",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "349--381",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Unpublished{mozer-90,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer",
  title =        "Discovering Discrete Distributed Representations with
                 Recursive Competitive Learning",
  note =         "Unpublished document, presented at {\em Neural
                 Networks for Computing}, Snowbird, Utah, April, 1990.",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{mozer-91,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  year =         "1991",
  title =        "The perception of multiple objects: {A} connectionist
                 approach",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT Press-Bradford Books",
}

@TechReport{mozer-bachrach-89,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer and J. Bachrach",
  title =        "Discovering the structure of a reactive environment by
                 exploration",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CU}-{CS}-451-89",
  institution =  "University of Colorado at Boulder",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{mozer-bachrach-90,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer and J. Bachrach",
  title =        "Discovering the structure of a reactive environment by
                 exploration",
  journal =      "Neural Information Processing Systems",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "439--446",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{mozer-behrmann-90,
  key =          "mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer and M. Behrmann",
  title =        "On the interaction of spatial attention and lexical
                 knowledge: {A} connectionist account of neglect
                 dyslexia",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuroscience",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "96--123",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{mozer-smolensky-89,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M. C. Mozer and P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Using relevance to reduce network size automatically",
  journal =      "Connection Science",
  volume =       "1(1)",
  pages =        "3--16",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{mozer-in-press,
  author =       "M. C. Mozer",
  title =        "A Focused Back Propagation Algorithm for Temporal
                 Pattern Recognition",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  year =         "1989 or 1990",
}

@Misc{mozer-91,
  key =          "Mozer",
  author =       "M. Mozer",
  title =        "Connectionist Music Composition Based on Melodic,
                 Stylistic, and Psychophysical Constraints",
  year =         "1991",
  note =         "Submitted to Cognitive Science",
}

@Article{mueller-blake-89,
  key =          "Mueller",
  author =       "T. J. Mueller and R. Blake",
  title =        "A fresh look at the temporal dynamics of binocular
                 rivalry",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "223--232",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{muhlenbein-gorges-schleuter-kramer-87,
  author =       "Kramer O. {Muhlenbein H., Gorges-Schleuter M.}",
  title =        "Evolution Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization",
  annote =       "Presents a unified framework for comparing dif. eq.
                 models of selection dynamics, statistical models of
                 selection dynamics, and genetic algorithms as
                 alternative tools for function optimization. Shows
                 equivalence between statistical an dif. eq. models in a
                 mean sense. Presents a dif. eq. algorithm for the Graph
                 partitioning problem, and a genetic algorithm for TSP.
                 TSP algorithm interesting because easily parallelized,
                 uses local notion of neighbourhood for mate
                 selections.",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{mumme-88,
  key =          "Mumme",
  author =       "D. C. Mumme",
  title =        "Storage capacity of the linear associator: beginnings
                 of a theory of computational memory",
  number =       "Technical Report No.88-1485",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "University of Illinois",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{munro-86,
  key =          "Munro",
  author =       "P. W. Munro",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "State-dependent factors influencing neural plasticity:
                 {A} partial account of the critical period",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InProceedings{munro-87,
  key =          "Munro",
  author =       "P. W. Munro",
  title =        "A dual back-propagation scheme for scalar
                 reinforcement learning",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
                 Society",
  address =      "Seattle, WA",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "connectionism",
}

@Article{murdock-82,
  author =       "Bennet ~B. Murdock",
  title =        "A Theory for the Storage and Retrieval of Item and
                 Associative Information",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "89",
  number =       "6",
  pages =        "316--338",
}

@Article{murdock-83,
  key =          "Murdock",
  author =       "B. B. Murdock",
  title =        "A Distributed Memory Model for Serial-Order
                 Information",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "90",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "316--338",
}

@Article{murdock-85,
  author =       "Bennet ~B. Murdock",
  title =        "Convolution and Matrix Systems: {A} Reply to Pike",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "92",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "130--132",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InCollection{murdock-87,
  author =       "Bennet ~B. Murdock",
  title =        "Serial-Order Effects in a Distributed-Memory Model",
  pages =        "277--310",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "MEMORY AND LEARNING: The Ebbinghaus Centennial
                 Conference",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates",
  editor =       "David ~S. Gorfein and Robert ~R. Hoffman",
  annote =       "mentions chunking of sequences",
}

@Article{nakano-niizuma-omori-89,
  key =          "Nakano",
  author =       "K. Nakano and M. Niizuma and T. Omori",
  title =        "Model of neural visual system with self-organizing
                 cells",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "195--202",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{nakano-sakaguchi-isotani-ohmori-88,
  key =          "Nakano",
  author =       "K. Nakano and R. {Sakaguchi, Y.and Isotani} and T.
                 Ohmori",
  title =        "Self-organizing system obtaining communication
                 ability",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "417--425",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{nakatani-dukes-77,
  key =          "Nakatani",
  author =       "L. Nakatani and K. Dukes",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Locus of segmental cues for word juncture",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "62",
  pages =        "714--719",
}

@Article{nameda-88,
  key =          "Nameda",
  author =       "N. Nameda",
  title =        "Solid perception mechanism by a shading pattern:
                 spatial frequency components in a corrugated wave
                 pattern",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "121--130",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{nass-75,
  key =          "Nass",
  author =       "M. M. Nass and L. N. Cooper",
  title =        "A Theory for the Development of Feature Detecting
                 Cells in Visual Cortex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "19",
  pages =        "1--18",
  year =         "1975",
}

@TechReport{natrajan-87,
  key =          "Natrajan",
  author =       "B. K. Natrajan",
  title =        "Learning functions from examples",
  type =         "Manuscript",
  institution =  "The Robotics Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University,
                 Pittsburgh",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{neal-90,
  key =          "neal",
  author =       "R. Neal",
  title =        "Learning stochastic feedforward networks",
  year =         "1990",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CRG-TR}-90-7",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  note =         "In CRG library",
}

@InProceedings{neff-byrd-rizk-88,
  title =        "Creating and Querying Lexical Data Bases",
  author =       "M. S. Neff and R. J. Byrd and O. A. Rizk",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Applied
                 Natural Language Processing",
  year =         "1988",
  organization = "organization???",
  publisher =    "publisher???",
  note =         "Austin, Texas",
}

@Article{neilson-neilson-odwyer-88,
  key =          "Neilson",
  author =       "P. D. Neilson and M. D. Neilson and N. J. O'Dwyer",
  title =        "Internal models and intermittency: a theoretical
                 account of human tracking behaviour",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "101--112",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{neilson-odwyer-neilson-88,
  key =          "Neilson",
  author =       "P. D. Neilson and N. J. O'Dwyer and M. D. Neilson",
  title =        "Stochastic prediction in pursuit tracking: an
                 experimental test of adaptive model theory",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "113--122",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{neisser-81,
  key =          "Neisser",
  author =       "U. Neisser",
  title =        "John Dean's Memory: {A} case study",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "1--22",
}

@Article{nelken-88,
  key =          "Nelken",
  author =       "I. Nelken",
  title =        "Analysis of the acitvity of single neurons in
                 stochastic settings",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "201--215",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{nelson-frost-85,
  key =          "Nelson",
  author =       "J. I. Nelson and B. J. Frost",
  title =        "Intracortical facilitation among co-oriented,
                 co-axially aligned simple cells in cat striate cortex",
  journal =      "Experimental Brain Research",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "54--61",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Article{nelson-aloimonos-88,
  key =          "Nelson",
  author =       "T. C. Nelson and J. Aloimonos",
  title =        "Finding motion parameters from spherical motion
                 fields, or the advantages of having eyes in the back of
                 your head",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "261--273",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{newcombe-marshall-80a,
  key =          "newcombe",
  author =       "F. Newcombe and J.~C. Marshall",
  title =        "Response monitoring and response blocking in deep
                 dyslexia",
  pages =        "160--175",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "London: Routledge",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@InCollection{newcombe-marshall-80b,
  key =          "newcombe",
  author =       "F. Newcombe and J.~C. Marshall",
  title =        "Transcoding and lexical stabilization in deep
                 dyslexia",
  pages =        "176--188",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "London: Routledge",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{newell-80,
  key =          "Newell",
  author =       "A. Newell",
  year =         "1980",
  title =        "Physical symbol systems",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "135--183",
}

@TechReport{newell-82,
  key =          "newell",
  author =       "A. Newell",
  title =        "Intellectual issues in the history of artificial
                 intelligence",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CMU}-{CS}-82-142",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Article{newell-shaw-simon-58,
  key =          "Newell",
  author =       "A. Newell and J.~C. Shaw and H.~A. Simon",
  year =         "1958",
  title =        "The elements of a theory of human problem solving",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "65",
  pages =        "151--166",
}

@Article{newell-soar,
  key =          "Newell",
  author =       "J.~E. Laird and P.~S. Rosenbloom and A. Newell",
  title =        "Chunking in soar: The anatomy of a general learning
                 mechanism",
  journal =      "Machine Learning",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "11--46",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{nolan-caramazza-82,
  key =          "nolan",
  author =       "K.~A. Nolan and A. Caramazza",
  title =        "Modality-independent impairments in word processing in
                 a deep dyslexia patient",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "16",
  pages =        "237--264",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Article{norman-68,
  key =          "Norman",
  author =       "D.~A. Norman",
  year =         "1968",
  title =        "Towards a theory of memory and attention",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "75",
  pages =        "522--536",
}

@Article{norman-79,
  key =          "Norman",
  author =       "D.~A. Norman and Bobrow D.~G.",
  title =        "Descriptions: An intermediate stage in memory
                 retrieval",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  year =         "1979",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "107--123",
}

@Article{norman-81,
  key =          "Norman",
  author =       "D.~A. Norman",
  title =        "Categorization of Action Slips",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "88",
  number =       "1",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InCollection{norman-86,
  key =          "Norman",
  author =       "D.~A. Norman",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Reflections on cognition and parallel distributed
                 processing",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{norris-82,
  key =          "Norris",
  author =       "D. Norris",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Autonomous processes in comprehension: {A} reply to
                 Marslen-Wilson and Tyler",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "97--101",
}

@InProceedings{norrod-oneill-gat-87,
  title =        "Feedback-Induced Sequentiality in Neural Networks",
  author =       "F.~E. Norrod and M.~C. {O'Neill} and E. Gat",
  pages =        "II:251--258",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = "IEEE",
}

@Book{noton-65,
  key =          "Noton",
  author =       "A.~R.~M. Noton",
  title =        "Introduction to Variational Methods in Control
                 Engineering",
  publisher =    "Pergamon Press",
  year =         "1965",
}

@Article{nowlan-88a,
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Gain Variation in Recurrent Error Propagation
                 Networks",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "305--320",
}

@TechReport{nowlan-88b,
  key =          "nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Gain variation in recurrent error propagation
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-88-1",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1988",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{nowlan-90a,
  key =          "Nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Max likelihood competition in {RBF} networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-2",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@InProceedings{nowlan-90b,
  key =          "nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood competitive learning",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "574--582",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{nowlan-90c,
  key =          "Nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Competing Experts: {A}n experimental investigation of
                 associative mixture models",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-5",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Unpublished{nowlan-90d,
  author =       "S. J. Nowlan",
  title =        "The Hard versus Soft Distinction in Competitive
                 Adaptation",
  note =         "Ph.D. Thesis Proposal, Department of Computer Science,
                 Carnegie-Mellon University.",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{nowlan-hinton-89,
  key =          "nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood decision directed adaptive
                 equalization",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CRG-TR}-89-8",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@Misc{nowlan-hinton-90,
  key =          "nowlan",
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood decision directed adaptive
                 equalization",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "{\it IEEE Transactions on Communications}
                 (submitted).",
}

@TechReport{nusbaum-slowiaczek-82,
  key =          "Nusbaum",
  author =       "H.~C. Nusbaum and L.~M. Slowiaczek",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "An activation model of auditory word recognition",
  number =       "Research on Speech Perception, Progress Report No. 8",
  institution =  "Department of Psychology, Indiana University",
}

@Article{oden-massaro-78,
  key =          "Oden",
  author =       "G.~C. Oden and D.~W. Massaro",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Integration of featural information in speech
                 perception",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "85",
  pages =        "172--191",
}

@Book{ogden-42,
  title =        "The General Basic English Dictionary",
  author =       "C.~K. Ogden",
  year =         "1942",
  publisher =    "W.~W. Norton",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{oguztoreh-steil-caelli-89,
  key =          "Oguztoreh",
  author =       "M. Oguztoreh and G. Steil and T. Caelli",
  title =        "Underlying neural computations for some visual
                 phenomena",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "89--106",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{ohman-66,
  key =          "Ohman",
  author =       "S.~E.~G. Ohman",
  year =         "1966",
  title =        "Coarticulation in {VCV} utterances",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "151--168",
}

@Article{oja-82,
  author =       "E. Oja",
  title =        "A Simplified Neuron Model As {A} Principal Component
                 Analyzer",
  journal =      "Journal of Mathematical Biology",
  volume =       "15",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "267--273",
  year =         "1982",
}

@Article{oja-89,
  author =       "E. Oja",
  title =        "Neural Networks, Principal Components, and Subspaces",
  journal =      "International Journal Of Neural Systems",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "61--68",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{okamoto-saikai-hayashi-88,
  key =          "Okamoto",
  author =       "M. Okamoto and T. Sakai and K. Hayashi",
  title =        "Biochemical switching device realizing McCulloch-Pitts
                 type equation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "295",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{olson-freeman-80,
  author =       "C. R. Olson and R. D. Freeman",
  title =        "Profile of the Sensitive Period for Monocular
                 Deprivation in Kittens",
  journal =      "Experimental Brain Research",
  volume =       "39",
  pages =        "17--21",
  year =         "1980",
}

@Book{olton-gamzu-corkin-85,
  key =          "Olton",
  author =       "D.~S. Olton and E. Gamzu and S. Corkin",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@InCollection{olton-84,
  key =          "Olton",
  author =       "D.~S. Olton",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Animal models of human amnesia",
  editors =      "Squire, L.~R. and Butters, N.",
  booktitle =    "The neuropsychology of memory.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Guilford Press",
}

@InCollection{olton-85,
  key =          "Olton",
  author =       "D.~S. Olton",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Strategies for the development of animal models of
                 human memory impairments",
  editors =      "D.~S. Olton, E. Gamzu, and S. Corkin",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@TechReport{omohundro-87,
  key =          "Omohundro",
  author =       "S.~M. Omohundro",
  title =        "Efficient Algorithms with Neural Network Behavior",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{UIUCDCS}-{R}-87-1331",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois
                 at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{omohundro-88,
  key =          "Omohundro",
  author =       "S.~M. Omohundro",
  title =        "Fundamentals of geometric learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{UIUCDCS}-{R}-88-1408",
  institution =  "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{omohundro-89a,
  key =          "Omohundro",
  author =       "S.~M. Omohundro",
  title =        "The delaunay triangulation and function learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "90-001",
  institution =  "International Computer Science Institute, Berekeley,
                 CA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{omohundro-89b,
  key =          "Omohundro",
  author =       "S.~M. Omohundro",
  title =        "Geometric learning algorithms",
  journal =      "Physica",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{oommen-85,
  key =          "Oommen",
  author =       "B.~J. Oomen",
  title =        "On the Futility of Arbitrarily Increasing Memory
                 Capabilities of Stochastic Learning Automata",
  booktitle =    "The 2nd Conference on Articial Intelligence
                 Applications",
  publisher =    "IEEE Computer Society",
  address =      "Miami Beach, Florida",
  month =        dec # " 9-13",
  year =         "1985",
  keywords =     "stochastic learning",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 7 14:10:31 1985",
}

@Article{paap-newsome-mcdonald-schvaneveldt-82,
  key =          "Paap",
  author =       "K.~R. Paap and S.~L. Newsome and J.~E. McDonald and
                 R.~W. Schvaneveldt",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "An activation-verification model for letter and word
                 recognition: The word-superiority effect",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "89",
  pages =        "573--594",
}

@Article{pacut-dabrowski-88,
  key =          "Pacut",
  author =       "A. Pacut and L. Dabrowski",
  title =        "Delayed-exponential approximation of a linear
                 homogeneous diffusion model of neuron",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "395--404",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{pallet-85,
  author =       "D.~S. Pallet",
  title =        "Performance Assessment of Automatic Speech
                 Recognizers",
  journal =      "Journal of Research of the National Bureau of
                 Standards",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "90",
  number =       "5",
  month =        sep,
  annote =       "Discusses procedures necessary to make meaningful
                 comparisons and assessments of speech recognizers.",
}

@Unpublished{pallet-87,
  author =       "D.~S. Pallet",
  title =        "Public Domain Speech Recognition Databases",
  note =         "Annotated List of pulbically available databases,
                 including description of contents and access method.",
  organization = "National Bureau of Standards",
  month =        mar,
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{palm-80,
  key =          "Palm",
  author =       "G. Palm",
  title =        "On Associative Memory",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "19--315",
  year =         "1980",
}

@Article{palm-aertsen-gerstein-88,
  key =          "Palm",
  author =       "G. Palm and A. Aertsen and G.~L. Gerstein",
  title =        "On the significance of correlations among neuronal
                 spike trains",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "1--11",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{palmer-75,
  key =          "Palmer",
  author =       "S.~E. Palmer",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Visual perception and world knowledge: Notes on a
                 model of sensory-cognitive interaction",
  editors =      "Norman, D.~A. and Rumelhart, D.~E.",
  booktitle =    "Explorations in cognition",
  address =      "San Francisco",
  pages =        "279--307",
  publisher =    "W. H. Freeman and Company",
}

@Article{paradiso-88,
  key =          "Paradiso",
  author =       "M.~A. Paradiso",
  title =        "A theory for the use of visual orientation information
                 which exploits the columnar structure of striate
                 cortex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "35--49",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{parberry-89,
  author =       "I. Parberry",
  title =        "Relating {B}oltzmann Machines to Conventional Models
                 of Computation",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "59--68",
}

@InProceedings{parisi-nolfi-87,
  title =        "Connectionist Modelling of Syntactic Constraints on
                 Sentence Processing",
  author =       "D. Parisi and S. Nolfi",
  pages =        "II:507--512",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = IEEE,
}

@InProceedings{park-88,
  author =       "K. Park",
  title =        "Sequential Learning: Observations on the {IN}ternal
                 Code Generation Problem",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{parker-85,
  key =          "Parker",
  author =       "D.~B. Parker",
  title =        "Learning-logic",
  institution =  "TR-47, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge,
                 Mass.",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
}

@Misc{parker-87,
  key =          "Parker",
  author =       "D.~B. Parker",
  title =        "Second order back-propagation: An optimal adaptive
                 algorithm for any adaptive network",
  year =         "1987",
  note =         "Unpublished manuscript",
}

@Article{patterson-78,
  key =          "Patterson",
  author =       "K.~E. Patterson",
  title =        "Phonemic dyslexia: Errors of meaning and meaning of
                 errors",
  journal =      "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "587--601",
  year =         "1978",
}

@Article{patterson-79,
  key =          "Patterson",
  author =       "K.~E. Patterson",
  title =        "What is right with `deep' dyslexic patients?",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "111--129",
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{patterson-81,
  key =          "Patterson",
  author =       "K.~E. Patterson",
  title =        "Neuropsychological approaches to the study of
                 reading",
  journal =      "British Journal of Psychology",
  volume =       "72",
  pages =        "151--174",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Article{patterson-marcel-77,
  key =          "Patterson",
  author =       "K.~E. Patterson and A.~J. Marcel",
  title =        "Aphasia, dyslexia and the phonological coding of
                 written words",
  journal =      "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "29",
  pages =        "307--318",
  year =         "1977",
}

@InCollection{patterson-seidenberg-mcclelland-89,
  key =          "patterson",
  author =       "K.~E. Patterson and M.~S. Seidenberg and J.~L.
                 McClelland",
  title =        "Connections and disconnections: acquired dyslexia in a
                 computational model of reading",
  pages =        "523--568",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Distributed Processing: Implications for
                 Psychology and Neurobiology",
  publisher =    "Oxford: Oxford University Press",
  editor =       "R.~G.~M. Morris",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{paul-85,
  key =          "Paul",
  author =       "D. Paul",
  title =        "Training of {HMM} recognizers by simulated annealing",
  organization = "Lincoln Lab., MIT",
  addresss =     "Lexington, MA",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Proceedings",
  pages =        "26--29",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{pavel-gluck-henkle-88,
  key =          "Pavel",
  author =       "M. Pavel and M.~A. Gluck and V. Henkle",
  title =        "Generalization by humans and multi-layer adaptive
                 networks",
  organization = "Stanford University",
  booktitle =    "Tenth Annual Confernece of the Cognitive Science
                 Society",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{pavel-gluck-henkle-89,
  key =          "Gluck",
  author =       "M. Pavel and M. Gluck and V. Henkle",
  title =        "Constraints on adaptive networks for modeling human
                 generalizations",
  booktitle =    "in press: Proceedings of the November 1988 Neural
                 Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Conference,
                 Denver, Colorado",
  address =      "Dept. of Psychology, Stanford University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{pearl-86,
  key =          "Pearl",
  author =       "J. Pearl",
  title =        "Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief
                 networks",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "29(3)",
  pages =        "241--288",
}

@Article{pearlbeliefrevision-87,
  author =       "J. Pearl",
  title =        "Distributed Revision of Composite Beliefs",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Tue Oct 27 05:35:46 1987",
}

@TechReport{pearlmutter-88a,
  key =          "Pearlmutter",
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Learning state space trajectories in recurrent neural
                 networks",
  number =       "CMU-CS-88-191",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Unpublished{pearlmutterproposal-88b,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearmutter",
  title =        "Manipulator Control using a Connectionist Network",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1988",
  note =         "Unpublished thesis proposal.",
}

@InProceedings{pearlmutter-89a,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearmutter",
  title =        "Learning State Space Trajectories in Recurrent Neural
                 Networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{pearlmutter-89b,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearmutter",
  title =        "Learning state space trajectories in recurrent neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "263--269",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{pearlmutter-89c,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Learning state space trajectories in recurrent neural
                 networks",
  booktitle =    "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "365--372",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
}

@Article{pearlmutter-90a,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Two New Learning Procedures for Recurrent Networks",
  journal =      "Neural Network Review",
  editor =       "Craig Will",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "in press",
}

@Misc{pearlmutter-90b,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Redundancy and Correctness",
  booktitle =    "Snowbird Workshop on Neural Networks for Computing",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1990",
  howpublished = "Poster presentation",
  note =         "In press as technical report",
}

@InProceedings{pearlmutter-hinton-86b,
  key =          "Pearlmutter-Hinton",
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "{G}-Maximization: An unsupervised learning procedure
                 for discovering regularities.",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "J. S. Denker",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks for Computing: American Institute of
                 Physics Conference Proceedings 151",
  pages =        "333--338",
}

@InProceedings{pearlmutter-hinton-86a,
  key =          "Pearlmutter",
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter and Hinton G.~E.",
  title =        "{G}-Maximization: An Unsupervised Learning Procedure",
  booktitle =    "Snowbird Conference on Neural Networks and Computing",
  year =         "1986",
  keywords =     "connectionism",
}

@InProceedings{peeling-bridle-86,
  key =          "Peeling",
  author =       "S. Peeling and J. Bridle",
  title =        "Experiments with a learning network for a simple
                 phonetic recognition task",
  organization = "Speech Research unit, RSRE, Malvern, Worcs., UK",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IoA Autumn Conf on Speech and Hearing",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{peeling-moore-tomlinson-86,
  key =          "Peeling",
  author =       "S. Peeling and R. Moore and M. Tomlinson",
  title =        "The multi-layer perceptron as a tool for speech
                 pattern processing research",
  organization = "Speech Research unit, RSRE, Malvern, Worcs., UK",
  booktitle =    "Proc. IoA Autumn Conf on Speech and Hearing",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{peretto-85,
  key =          "Peretto",
  author =       "P. Peretto and J. Niez",
  title =        "Stochastic dynamics of neural networks",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Transactions: Systems, Man and Cybernetics",
  year =         "1985",
  keywords =     "connectionism",
  bibdate =      "Thu Nov 21 16:46:12 1985",
}

@Article{pessa-88,
  key =          "Pessa",
  author =       "E. Pessa",
  title =        "Symmetry breaking in neural nets",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "277--281",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{peters-shapiro-87,
  title =        "A Representation for Natural Category Systems",
  author =       "S.~L. Peters and S.~C. Shapiro",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "379--390",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "Not connectionism, but interesting work on natural
                 categories.",
}

@TechReport{peterson-88a,
  key =          "Peterson",
  author =       "C. Peterson and E. Hartman",
  title =        "Explorations of the mean field theory learning
                 algorithm",
  number =       "{ACA-ST/HI}-065-88",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "MCC",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{peterson-88b,
  key =          "Peterson",
  author =       "C. Peterson",
  title =        "Track finding with neural networks",
  journal =      "Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods",
  year =         "1988",
  month =        apr,
  note =         "Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Lunc,
                 Sweden",
}

@Article{peterson-anderson-87,
  key =          "Peterson",
  author =       "C. Peterson and J.~R. Anderson",
  title =        "A mean field theory learning algorithm for neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "995--1019",
  year =         "1987",
}

ARTICLE{peterson-anderson-88,
  AUTHOR=   "C. Peterson and J.~R. Anderson",
  TITLE=    "Neural Networks and NP-complete Optimization Problems;
             A Performance Study on the Graph Bisection Problem",
  JOURNAL=  "Complex Systems",
  YEAR=     "1988",
  VOLUME=   "2"
}

@Article{peterson-hartman-89,
  author =       "C. Peterson and E. Hartman",
  title =        "Explorations of the Mean Field Theory Learning
                 Algorithm",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{peterson-soderberg-89,
  author =       "C. Peterson and B. Soderberg",
  title =        "A New Method for Mapping Optimization Problems onto
                 Neural Networks",
  journal =      "International Journal of Neural Systems",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "1",
}

@Article{pike-84,
  author =       "Ray Pike",
  title =        "Comparison of Convolution and Matrix Distributed
                 Memory Systems for Associative Recall and Recognition",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "91",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "281--294",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InProceedings{pineda-87,
  author =       "F.~J. Pineda",
  title =        "Generalization of Back Propagation to Recurrent and
                 Higher Order Neural Networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Neural Information
                 Processing Systems",
  year =         "1987",
  organization = "IEEE",
  address =      "Denver, Colorado",
  month =        nov,
  keywords =     "learning algorithms, backpropagation, recurrent
                 networks",
  annote =       "Presents a learning algorithm for general networks
                 (they may be recurrent and asymmetric), which is very
                 well-suited to analog VLSI implementation.
                 Backpropagation is seen to be a special case of this
                 algorithm. 'The new network bears a resemblance to the
                 master/slave network of Lapedes & Farber, but it is
                 architecturally simpler.'",
  bibdate =      "Tue Mar 1 19:57:36 1988",
  annote =       "Presents a derivation of a learning rule for recurrent
                 back-prop type nets, using differential equation
                 analysis for the dynamics. The solution requires
                 allowing the dynamics of two systems to reach
                 equilibrium for each update. One system represents the
                 forward dynamics, the other the reverse dynamics.",
}

@Article{pineda-88,
  author =       "F.~J. Pineda",
  title =        "Dynamics and Architecture for Neural Computation",
  journal =      "Journal of Complexity",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "4",
}

@InCollection{pinker-87,
  title =        "The Bootstrapping Problem in Language Acquisition",
  author =       "S. Pinker",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Mechanisms of Language Acquisition",
  pages =        "399--442",
  editor =       "Brian MacWhinney",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@TechReport{pinker-prince-87,
  title =        "On Language and Connectionism: {A}nalysis of a
                 Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Language
                 Acquisition",
  author =       "S. Pinker and A. Prince",
  year =         "1987",
  institution =  "Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, MIT",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA 02137",
  number =       "Occasional Paper \#33",
  note =         "Also published in Cognition, Volume 28, Numbers 1-2,
                 March 1988",
  keywords =     "connectionism, natural language",
  annote =       "Concludes that the Rumelhart-McClelland past-tense
                 model is a technical failure because: Wickelfeatures
                 are too specific (no variables); no modular structure
                 (outputs are blended with unnatural results, no
                 internal representation); Rumelhart & McClelland used
                 an unrealistic presentation of data. PDP models must be
                 more structured to attain any chance at linguistic
                 success.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 10:41:04 1988",
}

@Article{pinker-prince-88,
  title =        "On Language and Connectionism: {A}nalysis of a
                 Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Language
                 Acquisition",
  author =       "S. Pinker and A. Prince",
  year =         "1988",
  journal =      "Cognition",
  volume =       "28",
  number =       "1-2",
}

@Article{pisoni-lazarus-74,
  key =          "Pisoni",
  author =       "D. Pisoni and J.~H. Lazarus",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Categorical and non-categorical modes of speech
                 perception along the voicing continuum",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "328--333",
}

@InCollection{pisoni-sawusch-75,
  key =          "Pisoni",
  author =       "D.~B. Pisoni and J.~R. Sawusch",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Some stages of processing in speech perception",
  editors =      "A. Cohen and S. G. Nooteboom",
  booktitle =    "Structure and process in speech perception",
  address =      "New York",
  pages =        "16--34",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
}

@Article{pisoni-tash-74,
  key =          "Pisoni",
  author =       "D.~B. Pisoni and J. Tash",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Reaction times to comparisons within and across
                 phonetic categories",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "15",
  pages =        "285--290",
}

@Article{pisoni-73,
  key =          "Pisoni",
  author =       "D.~B. Pisoni",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "Auditory and phonetic memory codes in the
                 discrimination of consonants and vowels",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "13",
  pages =        "253--260",
}

@Article{pisoni-75,
  key =          "Pisoni",
  author =       "D.~B. Pisoni",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Auditory short-term memory and vowel perception",
  journal =      "Memory and Cognition",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "7--18",
}

@TechReport{plaut-84,
  key =          "Plaut",
  author =       "D.~C. Plaut",
  title =        "Visual recognition of simple objects by a connection
                 network",
  number =       "143",
  institution =  "University of Rochester",
  year =         "1984",
  month =        aug,
  keywords =     "connectionism, vision, object recognition",
  bibdate =      "Sat Sep 21 10:02:13 1985",
}

@Article{plaut-farah-90,
  key =          "plaut",
  author =       "D. Plaut and M. ~J. Farah",
  title =        "Visual object representation: {I}nterpreting
                 neurophysiological data within a computational
                 framework",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuroscience",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "320--343",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{plaut-nowlan-hinton-86,
  key =          "Plaut",
  author =       "D.~C. Plaut and S.~J. Nowlan and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Experiments on learning by back-propagation",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  address =      "Pittsburgh PA 15213",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1986",
  keywords =     "rubbish",
  number =       "CMU-CS-86-126",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jun 6 17:27:10 1986",
}

@Article{plaut-hinton-87,
  key =          "Plaut",
  author =       "D.~C. Plaut and G.~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1987",
  title =        "Learning sets of filters using back-propagation",
  journal =      "Computer Speech and Language",
}

@Article{plumbley-fallside-88,
  key =          "Plumbley",
  author =       "M. D. Plumbley and F Fallside",
  title =        "An Information-theoretic approach to unsupervised
                 connectionist models",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{poggio-73,
  author =       "T. Poggio",
  title =        "On Holographic Models of Memory",
  journal =      "Kybernetik",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "237--238",
  year =         "1973",
}

@TechReport{poggio-82,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio",
  title =        "Visual Algorithms",
  type =         "MIT AI Memo",
  number =       "683",
  institution =  "MIT, Cambridge Mass",
  month =        may,
  year =         "1982",
}

@InCollection{poggio-83,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Chapter",
  booktitle =    "Visual Algorithms",
  editor =       "O.~J. Braddick and A.~C. Sleigh",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Unpublished{poggio-89,
  author =       "T. Poggio",
  title =        "A Theory of Networks for Approximation and Learning",
  note =         "A.I. Memo No. 1140, C.B.I.P. Paper No. 31, MIT
                 Artifiacal Intelligence Laboratory, and Center for
                 Biological Information Processing, Whitaker College",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{poggio-edelman-89,
  key =          "poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and S. Edelman",
  title =        "A network that learns to recognize 3{D} objects",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "Revised",
}

@Article{poggio-gamble-little-88,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and E.~B. Gamble and J.~J. Little",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Parallel Integration of Vision Modules",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "242",
  pages =        "436--440",
}

@TechReport{poggio-girosi-89,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and F. Girosi",
  title =        "A theory of networks for approximation and learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "1140",
  institution =  "MIT AI Laboratory",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{poggio-reichardt-80,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and W. Reichardt",
  title =        "On the representation of multi-input systems:
                 computational properties of polynomial algorithms",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "37",
  pages =        "167--186",
  year =         "1980",
}

=
@InCollection{poggio-torre-78,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and V. Torre",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "A new approach to synaptic interactions",
  editors =      "R. Heim and G. Palm",
  booktitle =    "Approaches to complex systems.",
  address =      "Berlin",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
}

@Article{poggio-torre-koch-85,
  key =          "Poggio",
  author =       "T. Poggio and V. Torre and C. Koch",
  title =        "Computational vision and regularization theory",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "317:6035",
  pages =        "314--319",
  year =         "1985",
}

@PhdThesis{pollack-87a,
  title =        "On Connectionist Models of Natural Language
                 Processing",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  year =         "1987",
  school =       "Computer Science Department of the University of
                 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign",
  annote =       "Also available at technical report MCCS-87-100 from
                 Box 3CRL, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico
                 State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003",
}

@InProceedings{pollack-87b,
  title =        "Cascaded Back Propagation on Dynamic Connectionist
                 Networks",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the Cognitive
                 Science Society",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  year =         "1987",
  page =         "391-404",
}

@TechReport{pollack-88,
  key =          "Pollack",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  title =        "Recursive auto-associative memory: devising
                 compositional distributed representations",
  type =         "Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science",
  institution =  "Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State
                 University",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{pollack-89a,
  key =          "Pollack",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  title =        "Implications of recursive distributed
                 representations",
  number =       "89-JP-NIPS",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Ohio State University, Laboratory for AI Research",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{pollack-89b,
  key =          "Pollack",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  title =        "Recursive distributed representations",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Ohio State University",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{pollack-90,
  key =          "Pollack",
  author =       "J.~B. Pollack",
  title =        "Recursive distributed representations",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "46",
  number =       "1-2",
  pages =        "77--105",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{pomerleau-87,
  author =       "D.~A. Pomerleau",
  title =        "The Meta-Generalized Delta Rule: {A} New Algorithm for
                 Learning in Connectionist Networks",
  institution =  "Carnegie Mellon University",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "Computer Science",
  number =       "CMU-CS-87-165",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
  month =        sep,
  annote =       "Describes a modified version of the generalized delta
                 rule, which adds meta-connections, which are
                 connections from an input unit to another connection in
                 the network, and which modify the weights according to
                 the state of the input unit. The algorithm is shown to
                 outperform standard backprop on some simple problems,
                 and is somewhat similar to Sigma Pi units, although not
                 exactly the same.",
}

@TechReport{pomerleau-89,
  key =          "Pomerleau",
  author =       "D.~A. Pomerleau",
  title =        "{ALVINN}: An autonomous land vehicle in a neural
                 network",
  number =       "CMU-CS-89-107",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Carnegie Mellon",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{porat-89,
  key =          "Porat",
  author =       "S. Porat",
  title =        "Stability and looping in connectionist models with
                 asymmetric weights",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "335--344",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{prager-86,
  key =          "Prager",
  author =       "R. Prager and T.~D. Harrison and F. Fallside",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Boltzmann Machines for speech recognition",
  journal =      "Computer Speech and Language",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "1--20",
}

@InProceedings{pratt-kamm-91,
  title =        "Improving a Phoneme Classification Neural Network
                 Through Problem Decomposition",
  author =       "L. Y. Pratt and C. A. Kamm",
  year =         "1991",
  booktitle =    "IJCNN-91",
  organization = "INNS/IEEE",
  publisher =    "IJCNN",
  address =      "Seattle, Washington",
}

@InProceedings{prazdny-87,
  title =        "Inducing (New) Rules is Different From Adjusting (Old)
                 Parameters",
  author =       "K. Prazdny",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "979--981",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "A skeptic.",
}

@Book{press-flannery-teukolsky-vetterling-88,
  key =          "Press",
  author =       "W. H. Press and B. P. Flannery and S. A. Teukolsky and
                 W. T. Vetterling",
  title =        "Numerical Recipes in {C}",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  pages =        "353--397",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Book{procter-78,
  title =        "Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English",
  author =       "{P. Procter, {\it et al}}",
  year =         "1978",
  publisher =    "Longman Group Limited",
  address =      "Harlow, Essex, England",
}

@InProceedings{pustejovsky-bergler-87,
  title =        "The Acquisition of Conceptual Structures for the
                 Lexicon",
  author =       "J. Pustejovsky and S. Bergler",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    AAAI-87,
  organization = AAAI,
  publisher =    AAAI-PUB,
  address =      AAAI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Article{qian-sejnowski-88a,
  title =        "Predicting the secondary structure of globular
                 proteins using neural network models",
  author =       "N. Qian and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  year =         "1988",
  journal =      "Journal of Molecular Biology",
  volume =       "202",
  pages =        "865--884",
  annote =       "The best existing method for predicting the secondary
                 structure of a globular protein is a neural network:
                 Our results also indicate that only marginal
                 improvements on our performance will be possible with
                 local methods. Tertiary (3-D) structure is a much more
                 difficult problem for which there are no good methods.
                 Terry",
}

@InProceedings{qian-sejnowski-88b,
  author =       "N. Qian and T. J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Learning to solve random-dot stereograms of dense and
                 transparent surfaces with recurrent backpropagation",
  pages =        "435--443",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{quillian-67,
  title =        "Word Concepts: {A} Theory and Simulation of Some Basic
                 Semantic Capabilities",
  author =       "M.~R. Quillian",
  year =         "1967",
  journal =      "Behavioral Science",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "410--430",
  note =         "Also reprinted in Ronald J. Brachman and Hector
                 Levesque (Eds.) (1985) {\it Readings in Knowledge
                 Representation,} pages 98-118.",
}

@InCollection{quillian-68,
  key =          "Quillian",
  author =       "M.~R. Quillian",
  title =        "Semantic memory",
  editor =       "M. Minsky",
  booktitle =    "Semantic information processing",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1968",
}

@Article{rabiner-sambur-75,
  key =          "Rabiner and Sambur",
  author =       "L.~R. Rabiner and M.~R. Sambur",
  title =        "An algorithm for determining the endpoints of isolated
                 utterances",
  journal =      "Bell Systems Technical Journal",
  volume =       "54",
  pages =        "297--315",
  year =         "1975",
}

@TechReport{rapp-caramazza-88,
  key =          "rapp",
  author =       "B.~C. Rapp and A. Caramazza",
  title =        "{\em General-to-specific access to word meaning: a
                 claim re-examined}",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "38",
  institution =  "Johns Hopkins University Cognitive Neuropsychology
                 Laboratory",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{rapp-caramazza-89,
  key =          "rapp",
  author =       "B.~C. Rapp and A. Caramazza",
  title =        "General to specific access to word meaning: a claim
                 re-examined",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "251--272",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{ratcliff-78,
  key =          "Ratcliff",
  author =       "R. Ratcliff",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "A theory of memory retrieval",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "85",
  pages =        "59--108",
}

@Article{ratcliff-81a,
  key =          "Ratcliff",
  author =       "R. Ratcliff",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "A theory of order relations in perceptual matching",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "88",
  pages =        "552--572",
}

@InCollection{ratcliff-81b,
  key =          "Ratcliff",
  author =       "R. Ratcliff",
  title =        "Parallel processing mechanisms and processing of
                 organized information in human memory",
  editors =      "G.~E. Hinton and J.~A. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Models of Associative Memory",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InProceedings{ratcliff-87,
  title =        "Order Information and Distributed Memory Models",
  author =       "R. Ratcliff",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "Experimental results used to derive contraints for
                 models of memory and sequential behavior, including
                 connectionist models.",
}

@Book{ratliff-65,
  key =          "Ratliff",
  author =       "F. Ratliff",
  year =         "1965",
  title =        "Mach bands: Quantitative studies on neural networks in
                 the retina",
  address =      "San Francisco",
  publisher =    "Holden Day",
}

@Article{rayner-mcconkie-ehrlich-78,
  key =          "Rayner",
  author =       "K. Rayner and G.~W. McConkie and S. Ehrlich",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Eye movements and integrating information across
                 fixations",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "529--544",
}

@Article{rayner-75,
  key =          "Rayner",
  author =       "K. Rayner",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "The perception span and peripheral cues in reading",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "65--81",
}

@InProceedings{reddy-erman-fennell-neely-73,
  key =          "Reddy",
  author =       "D.~R. Reddy and L.~D. Erman and R.~D. Fennell and
                 R.~B. Neely",
  year =         "1973",
  title =        "The {H}earsay speech understanding system: An example
                 of the recognition process",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence",
  pages =        "185--194",
  address =      "Stanford",
}

@Article{reddy-76,
  key =          "Reddy",
  author =       "D.~R. Reddy",
  year =         "1976",
  title =        "Speech recognition by machine: {A} review",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  volume =       "64",
  pages =        "501--531",
  annote =       "Overview article of work pre-1975 on Speech. Little
                 detail, but ok overview, emphasizing multiple sources
                 of knowledge to help resove ambiguities.",
}

@Article{reichardt-57,
  author =       "W. Reichardt",
  title =        "Autokorrelationsauswertung als Funktionsprinzip des
                 Zentralnewvensystems",
  journal =      "Z Naturforsch",
  year =         "1957",
  volume =       "12b",
  pages =        "448--457",
}

@Article{reichardt-schlogl-89,
  key =          "Reichardt",
  author =       "W. Reichardt and R. Schlogl",
  title =        "A two dimensional field theory for motion
                 computation",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "23--35",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{reicher-69,
  key =          "Reicher",
  author =       "G.~M. Reicher",
  year =         "1969",
  title =        "Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness
                 of stimulus material",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "81",
  pages =        "274--280",
}

@Article{reinis-weiss-landolt-88,
  key =          "Reinis",
  author =       "S. Reinis and D.~S Weiss and J.~P. Landolt",
  title =        "Mass correlograms of multiple neuronal activity in the
                 cat's extrastriate cortex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "103--107",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{renals-rohwer-89,
  author =       "S. Renals and R. Rohwer",
  title =        "Phoneme Classification Experiments Using Radial Basis
                 Functions",
  booktitle =    "the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{renals-rohwer-90,
  author =       "S. Renals and R. Rohwer",
  title =        "A Study of Network Dynamics",
  journal =      "Journal of Statistical Physics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "825--848",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "In Press",
}

@TechReport{repp-81,
  key =          "Repp",
  author =       "B.~H. Repp",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Phonetic trading relations and context effects: New
                 experimental evidence for a speech mode of perception",
  institution =  "Haskins Status Reports on Speech Research",
  number =       "SR-67/68",
  note =         "pp. 1-40",
}

@TechReport{repp-83,
  key =          "Repp",
  author =       "B.~H. Repp",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Phonetic and auditory trading relations between
                 acoustic cues in speech perception: Further results",
  institution =  "Haskins Status Reports on Speech Research",
  number =       "SR-73",
  note =         "pp. 121-139",
}

@InCollection{repp-84,
  key =          "Repp",
  author =       "B.~H. Repp",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Categorical Perception: Issues, Methods, Findings",
  editor =       "J. Lass",
  booktitle =    "Speech and Language,",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@InCollection{repp-liberman-84,
  key =          "Repp",
  author =       "B.~H. Repp and A.~M. Liberman",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Phonetic categories are flexible",
  booktitle =    "Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research,
                 SR-77/78",
  publisher =    "??",
  pages =        "31--53",
}

@Article{repp-liberman-eccardt-pesetsky-78,
  key =          "Repp",
  author =       "B.~H. Repp and A.~M. Liberman and T. Eccardt and D.
                 Pesetsky",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Perceptual integration of acoustic cues for stop,
                 fricative and affricate manner",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "621--637",
}

@Misc{ring-?,
  author =       "M. Ring",
  title =        "Incremental Development of Complex Behaviors through
                 Automatic Construction of Sensory-motor Hierarchies",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on
                 Machine Learning",
}

@TechReport{rissanen-?,
  key =          "Rissanen",
  author =       "J. Rissanen",
  title =        "A predictive least squares principle",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "IBM Res., K54",
  institution =  "IBM",
  year =         "19??",
}

@TechReport{rissanen-88,
  author =       "J. Rissanen",
  title =        "Stochastic Complexity and the Maximum Entropy
                 Principle",
  institution =  "IBM Research Division",
  number =       "RJ 6412",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{rissanen-86,
  author =       "J. Rissanen",
  title =        "Stochastic Complexity and Modeling",
  journal =      "Annals of Statistics",
  volume =       "14",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "1080--1100",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{rissanen-langdon-81,
  key =          "rissanen",
  author =       "J. Rissanen and G.~G.~Jr. Langdon",
  title =        "Universal modeling and coding",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  volume =       "IT-27",
  pages =        "12--23",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Article{ritter-schulten-89,
  key =          "Ritter",
  author =       "H. Ritter and K. Schulten",
  title =        "Convergence properties of kohonen's topology
                 conserving maps: fluctuations, stability and dimension
                 selection",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "59--71",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{robinson-88,
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson",
  title =        "A Dynamic Connectionist Model for Phoneme
                 Recognition",
  institution =  "Cambridge University Engineering Department",
  address =      "Cambridge, England",
  year =         "1988",
}

@PhdThesis{robinson-89a,
  author =       "A.~ J. Robinson",
  title =        "Dynamic Error Propagation Networks",
  school =       "Cambridge University Engineering Department",
  address =      "Cambridge, England",
  year =         "1989",
}

@PhdThesis{robinson-89b,
  title =        "Dynamic error propagation networks",
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson",
  year =         "1989",
  school =       "Cambridge University",
  note =         "Submitted for degree",
}

@InProceedings{robinson-fallside-87,
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson and F. Fallside",
  title =        "Static and Dynamic Error Propagation Networks with
                 Application to Speech Coding",
  pages =        "632--641",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems",
  editor =       "Dana Z. Anderson",
  publisher =    "American Institute of Physics",
  address =      "New York, New York",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{robinson-fallside-88,
  key =          "Robinson",
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson and F. Fallside",
  title =        "A dynamic connectionist model for phoneme
                 recognition",
  booktitle =    "The Proceedings of NEURO '88, the First European
                 Conference on Neural Networks",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{robinson-fallside-90,
  key =          "Robinson",
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson and F. Fallside",
  title =        "Phoneme recognition from the {TIMIT} database using
                 recurrent error propagation networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CUED/F-INFENG/TR.42}",
  institution =  "Cambridge University Engineering Department",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{robinson-niranjan-fallside-88,
  key =          "Robinson",
  author =       "A.~J. Robinson and M. Niranjan and F. Fallside",
  year =         "1988",
  month =        nov,
  title =        "Generalising the nodes of the error propagation
                 network",
  institution =  "Cambridge University Engineering Department",
  number =       "CUED/F-INFENG/TR.25",
  page =         "1-9",
}

@TechReport{rohwer-00,
  key =          "Rohwer",
  author =       "R. Rohwer",
  title =        "The moving targets training method",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Edinburgh University",
  year =         "19??",
}

@Article{rosenblatt-58,
  key =          "Rosenblatt",
  author =       "F. Rosenblatt",
  title =        "The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information
                 storage and organization in the brain",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "65",
  pages =        "386--408",
  year =         "1958",
}

@Book{rosenblatt-62,
  key =          "Rosenblatt",
  author =       "F. Rosenblatt",
  year =         "1962",
  title =        "Principles of neurodynamics",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Spartan Books",
}

@Article{rosenfeld-76,
  key =          "Rosenfeld",
  author =       "A. Rosenfeld and R.~A. Hummel and S.~W. Zucker",
  title =        "Scene labeling by relaxation operations",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  year =         "1976",
  volume =       "SMC-6",
  pages =        "420--433",
}

@TechReport{rosenfeld-touretzky-87,
  author =       "R. Rosenfeld and D.~S. Touretzky",
  title =        "Four Capacity Models for Coarse-Coded Symbol
                 Memories",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  number =       "CMU-CS-87-182",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "coarse coding, storage capacity, theoretical
                 analysis",
  annote =       "Analyzes the storage capacity of four Coarse Coding
                 schemes [bounded overlap, random fixed-size receptors,
                 random receptors, partitioned binary coding], by
                 deriving P(ghost) = chance that illusory symbols will
                 arise after storing K symbols. There is a good
                 empirical comparison wiwth the capacity of Touretzky's
                 DCPS model; eg., at P(ghost)=.01 the capacity is 48
                 actual vs. 51 expected symbols.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 10:59:40 1988",
}

@Article{rosch-73,
  title =        "Natural Categories",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  year =         "1973",
  pages =        "328--350",
  volume =       "4",
}

@Article{rosch-75a,
  title =        "Cognitive Reference Points",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  year =         "1975",
  pages =        "532--547",
  volume =       "7",
}

@Article{rosch-75b,
  title =        "Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  year =         "1975",
  pages =        "192--233",
  volume =       "104",
}

@Article{rosch-mervis-75,
  title =        "Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure
                 of Categories",
  author =       "E. Rosch and C. Mervis",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  year =         "1975",
  pages =        "573--605",
  volume =       "7",
}

@Article{rosch-mervis-gray-johnson-boyes-braem-76,
  title =        "Basic Objects in Natural Categories",
  author =       "E. Rosch and C. Mervis and W. Gray and D. Johnson and
                 P. Boyes-Braem",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  year =         "1976",
  pages =        "382--439",
  volume =       "8",
}

@Article{rosch-simpson-miller-76,
  title =        "Structural Bases of Typicality Effects",
  author =       "E. Rosch and C. Simpson and R.~S. Miller",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  year =         "1976",
  pages =        "491--502",
  volume =       "2",
}

@InCollection{rosch-77,
  title =        "Human Categorization",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  year =         "1977",
  booktitle =    "Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology",
  editor =       "N. Warren",
  publisher =    "Academic",
  address =      "London",
}

@InCollection{rosch-78,
  title =        "Principles of Categorization",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  year =         "1978",
  pages =        "27--48",
  booktitle =    "Cognition and Categorization",
  editor =       "E. Rosch and B. B. Lloyd",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InCollection{rosch-81,
  title =        "Prototype Classification and Logical Classification:
                 {T}he Two Systems",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  year =         "1981",
  pages =        "73--86",
  booktitle =    "New Trends in Cognitive Representation: Challenges to
                 Piaget's Theory",
  editor =       "E. Scholnick",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InCollection{rosch-??,
  title =        "Coherences and Categorization: {A} Historical View",
  author =       "E. Rosch",
  year =         "(in press)",
  pages =        "73--86",
  booktitle =    "Festschrift for Roger Brown",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InProceedings{rosenberg-87,
  title =        "Revealing the Structure of {NET}talk's Internal
                 Representations",
  author =       "C.~R. Rosenberg",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "537--554",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Article{rubner-schulten-89,
  key =          "Rubner",
  author =       "J. Rubner and K. Schulten",
  title =        "A regularized approach to color constancy",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "29--36",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{rudnick-90,
  key =          "rudnick",
  author =       "M. Rudnick",
  title =        "A bibliography of the intersection of genetic search
                 and artificial neural networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CSE}90-001",
  institution =  "Oregon Graduate Center",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Unpublished{rumelhart-86,
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart",
  title =        "Learning {ISA} Hierarchies in a Connectionist
                 Network",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1986",
  note =         "Talk given at the 1986 Connectionist Summer School,
                 Carnegie-Mellon University.",
  bibdate =      "Tue May 17 13:40:49 1988",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-hinton-mcclelland-86,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and G.~E. Hinton and J.~L.
                 McClelland",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "A general framework for parallel distributed
                 processing",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-hinton-williams-86a,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and G.~E. Hinton and Williams R.~J.",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Learning internal representations by error
                 propagation",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{rumelhart-hinton-williams-86b,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and G.~E. Hinton and R.~J. Williams",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Learning internal representations by back-propagating
                 errors",
  journal =      "Nature",
  pages =        "533--536",
  volume =       "{\em 323}",
}

@Book{rumelhart-mcclelland-pdpresearchgroup-86,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and J.~L. McClelland and the PDP
                 research group.",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition. Vols. {I} and {II}",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-mcclelland-81a,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and McClelland J.~L.",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Interactive processing through spreading activation",
  editors =      "C. Perfetti and A. Lesgold",
  booktitle =    "Interactive processes in reading.",
  address =      "Hillsdale N. J.",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@Article{rumelhart-mcclelland-82,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "An interactive activation model of context effects in
                 letter perception, Part {II}: The contextual
                 enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the
                 model",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "89",
  pages =        "60--84",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-mcclelland-86,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Discussion and preview",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{rumelhart-mcclelland-85,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Levels Indeed! {A} response to Broadbent",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  volume =       "114",
  pages =        "193--197",
}

@Article{rumelhart-norman-82,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and D.~A. Norman",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Simulating a skilled typist: a study of skilled
                 cognitive-motor performance",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "1--36",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-smolensky-mcclelland-hinton-86,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and P. Smolensky and J. L. McClelland
                 and G.~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Schemata and sequential thought processes in {PDP}
                 models",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{rumelhart-zipser-85,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and D. Zipser",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Competitive Learning",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "75--112",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-zipser-86,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and D. Zipser",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Feature discovery by competitive learning",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-77,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Toward an interactive model of reading",
  editor =       "S. Dornic",
  booktitle =    "Attention and performance VI.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, N.J.",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-85,
  key =          "Rumelhart",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and J.~L. McClelland",
  title =        "On the acquisition of the past tense in english",
  editors =      "McClelland, J.~L. and Rumelhart, D.~E.",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the
                 Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Applications",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
  year =         "1985 in press",
}

@InCollection{rumelhart-ortony-77,
  title =        "The Representation of Knowledge in Memory",
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart and A. Ortony",
  year =         "1977",
  booktitle =    "Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge",
  editor =       "R.~C. Anderson and R.~J. Spiro and W.~E. Montague",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Misc{rushanan-zwillinger-89,
  key =          "Rushanan",
  author =       "J.~J. Rushanan and D. Zwillinger",
  title =        "Signal processing with artificial neural networks,
                 volume {II}: feedback networks",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "{MITRE} Corporation Report on Project No. 7810",
}

@Article{russel-nathan-46,
  key =          "Russel",
  author =       "W.~R. Russel and P.~W. Nathan",
  year =         "1946",
  title =        "Traumatic amnesia",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "69",
  pages =        "280--300",
}

@InProceedings{sabbah-81,
  key =          "Sabbah",
  author =       "D. Sabbah",
  title =        "Design of a Highly Parallel Visual Recognition
                 System",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 7",
  pages =        "722--727",
  year =         "1981",
}

@Article{sabbah-85,
  key =          "Sabbah",
  author =       "D. Sabbah",
  title =        "Computing with Connections in Visual Recognition of
                 Origami Objects",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "25--50",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Book{sager-81,
  title =        "Natural Language Information Processing",
  author =       "N. Sager",
  year =         "1981",
  publisher =    "Addison-Wesley",
  address =      "Reading, MA",
}

@Article{salasoo-pisoni-85a,
  key =          "Salasoo",
  author =       "A. Salasoo and D. Pisoni",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Sources of knowledge in spoken word identification",
  journal =      "Journal of Memory and Language",
  volume =       "24",
  pages =        "210--231",
}

@Unpublished{salasoo-pisoni-85b,
  key =          "Salasoo",
  author =       "A. Salasoo and Pisone D.~B.",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Perception of open and closed class words in fluent
                 speech.",
  note =         "Indiana University",
}

@InProceedings{samad-86,
  title =        "A Connectionist Network That Learns to Process Some
                 (Very) Simple Sentences",
  author =       "T. Samad",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    "ESCOL-86: The Proceedings of the Third Eastern States
                 Conference on Linguistics",
  publisher =    "Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University",
  annote =       "Simulates sequential processing in the same way that
                 Sejnowski's NETtalk does.",
}

@Article{samuel-vansanten-johnston-82,
  key =          "Samuel",
  author =       "A.~G. Samuel and J.~P.~H. {van Santen} and J.~C.
                 Johnston",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Length effects in word perception:: We is better than
                 {I} but worse than you or them",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "91--105",
}

@Article{samuel-67,
  key =          "Samuel",
  author =       "A.~L. Samuel",
  title =        "Some studies in machine learning using the game of
                 checkers, {II} - Recent progress",
  journal =      "IBM Journal of Research and Development",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "11",
}

@Article{samuel-77,
  key =          "Samuel",
  author =       "A.~G. Samuel",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "The effect of discrimination training on speech
                 perception: Noncategorical perception",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "321--330",
}

@Article{samuel-81,
  key =          "Samuel",
  author =       "A.~G. Samuel",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Phonemic restoration: Insights from a new
                 methodology",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General",
  volume =       "110",
  pages =        "474--494",
}

@InCollection{Samuels-checkers,
  key =          "Samuels",
  author =       "A.~L. Samuel",
  title =        "Some studies in machine learning using the game of
                 checkers",
  pages =        "71--105",
  year =         "1963",
  booktitle =    "Computers and Thought",
  publisher =    "McGraw-Hill",
  address =      "New York",
  editor =       "E.~A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman",
}

@Article{sartori-bruno-serena-bardin-84,
  key =          "Sartori",
  author =       "G. Sartori and S. Bruno and M. Serena and P. Bardin",
  title =        "Deep dyslexia in a patient with crossed aphasia",
  journal =      "European Neurology",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "95--99",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{sanger-88,
  key =          "Sanger",
  author =       "T. Sanger",
  title =        "Stereo disparity computation using gabor filters",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "405--418",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Unpublished{sanger-89c,
  author =       "T. D. Sanger",
  title =        "Optimal Unsupervised Learning in Feedforward Neural
                 Networks",
  note =         "M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and
                 Computer Science, MIT.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{sanger-89a,
  author =       "T. D. Sanger",
  title =        "An Optimality Principle For Unsupervised Learning",
  booktitle =    "Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems 1",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  pages =        "11--19",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{sanger-89b,
  author =       "T. D. Sanger",
  title =        "Optimal Unsupervised Learning in a Single-Layer Linear
                 Feedforward Neural Network",
  year =         "1989",
  journal =      "Neural networks",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "459--473",
}

@InProceedings{sankar-mammone-91a,
  title =        "Optimal Pruning of Neural Tree Networks for Improved
                 Generalizatoin",
  author =       "A. Sankar and R. J. Mammone",
  year =         "1991",
  booktitle =    "IJCNN-91",
  organization = "INNS/IEEE",
  publisher =    "IJCNN",
  address =      "Seattle, Washington",
}

@InProceedings{sankar-mammone-91b,
  title =        "Speaker Independent Vowel Recognitionn Using Neural
                 Network Trees",
  author =       "A. Sankar and R. J. Mammone",
  year =         "1991",
  booktitle =    "IJCNN-91",
  organization = "INNS/IEEE",
  publisher =    "IJCNN",
  address =      "Seattle, Washington",
}

@Article{santos-89,
  author =       "E.~Jr. Santos",
  title =        "A Massively Parallel Self-Tuning Context-free Parser",
  journal =      "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems",
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{saund-86,
  key =          "Saund",
  author =       "E. Saund",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Abstraction and representation of continuous variables
                 in connectionist networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on
                 Artificial Intelligence",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "Los Altos, CA",
  pages =        "638--644",
}

@Article{saund-89,
  key =          "Saund",
  author =       "E. Saund",
  title =        "Dimensionality-reduction using connectionist
                 networks",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
                 Intelligence",
  volume =       "11(3)",
  pages =        "304--314",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{sawusch-??,
  key =          "Sawusch",
  author =       "J.~R. Sawusch",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "in press",
  title =        "Auditory and Phonetic Coding of Speech",
  editors =      "E.~C. Schwab and H.~C. Nusbaum",
  booktitle =    "Perception of speech and visual form: Theorietical
                 issues, models, and research.",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
}

@TechReport{scalettar-zee-87,
  author =       "R. Scalettar and A. Zee",
  title =        "Perception of Left and Right by a Feedforward Net",
  institution =  "National Science Foundation",
  number =       "{NSF-ITP}-87-49",
  year =         "1987",
  keywords =     "perception, vision, network architectures,
                 generalization",
  annote =       "Backprop was used to teach a network to distinguish
                 between left \& right, using a 1-dimensional 'house' &
                 'tree' over 25 input units. Performance and
                 generalization to both unseen instances and variations
                 in the task improved by using 'drilling' (repetitions
                 of bad trials), lateral connections in a layer (for
                 geometry), and localized connections between layers
                 (eg. fan = 3).",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 11:04:20 1988",
}

@TechReport{scalettar-zee-86a,
  author =       "R. Scaletter and A. Zee",
  title =        "A Feed-Forward Memory with Decay",
  institution =  "??",
  year =         "1986",
  keywords =     "grandmother cells, internal representations, weight
                 decay",
  number =       "{NSF-ITP}-86-118",
  annote =       "In a binary 3-layer network using backprop
                 (exemplified by an autoassociator), {"}grandmother
                 cells{"} arise in certain circumstances: if the number
                 of Hidden Units = the number of Memories to store and
                 the memories are noisy (requiring generalization), or
                 if the number of Hidden Units > the number of Memories
                 and the weights decay (so only grandmother cells can
                 remain active).",
  bibdate =      "Thu Mar 10 15:16:27 1988",
}

@Article{scalettar-zee-88b,
  key =          "Scaletter",
  author =       "R. Scaletter and A. Zee",
  title =        "Perception of left and right by a feed forward net",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "193--201",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{schacter-tulving-82,
  key =          "Schacter",
  author =       "D.~L. Schacter and E. Tulving",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Memory, amnesia, and the episodic/semantic
                 distinction",
  editors =      "R.~L. Isaacson and N.~E. Spear,",
  booktitle =    "The expression of knowledge",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "Plenum Press",
}

@Article{schacter-85,
  key =          "Schacter",
  author =       "D.~L. Schacter",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Priming of old and new knowledge in amnesic patients
                 and normal subjects",
  journal =      "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences",
  volume =       "444",
  pages =        "41--53",
}

@InCollection{schank-73,
  title =        "Identification of Conceptualizations Underlying
                 Natural Language",
  author =       "R.~C. Schank",
  year =         "1973",
  pages =        "187--247",
  booktitle =    "Computer Models of Thought and Language",
  editor =       "R.~C. Schank and K.~M. Colby",
  publisher =    "W.~H. Freeman",
  address =      "San Francisco, CA",
}

@Book{schank-75,
  title =        "Conceptual Information Processing",
  author =       "R.~C. Schank",
  year =         "1975",
  publisher =    "North Holland",
  address =      "Amsterdam",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-90a,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Networks Adjusting Networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-125-90",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-90b,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Making the World Differentiable: On Using
                 Self-Supervised Fully Recurrent Neural Networks for
                 Dynamic Reinforcement Learning and Planning in
                 Non-Stationary Environments",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-126-90",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-90c,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Learning to generate focus trajectories for attentive
                 vision",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-128-90",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-90d,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Towards compositional learning with dynamic neural
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-129-90",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-91a,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Neural Sequence Chunkers",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-148-91",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-91b,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Adaptive Confidence and Adaptive Curiosity",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-149-91",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1991",
}

@TechReport{schmidhuber-91c,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "An ${O}(n^3)$ Learning Algorithm for Fully Recurrent
                 Networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-151-91",
  institution =  "{Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen}",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{schmidhuber-91d,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Adapitve Decomposition of Time",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artifical Neural Networks",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{schmidhuber-91e,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Using Adaptive Sequential Neurocontrol for Efficient
                 Learning of Translation and Rotation Invariance",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artifical Neural Networks",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{schmidhuber-91f,
  key =          "schmidhuber",
  author =       "J.~H. Schmidhuber",
  title =        "Learning to Generate Subgoals for Action Sequences",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the International Conference on
                 Artifical Neural Networks",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{schnakenberg-88,
  key =          "Schnakenberg",
  author =       "J.~H. Schnaakenberg",
  title =        "Can quantum-bumps in photoreceptors be constructed
                 from noise-data?",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "81--90",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{schnakenberg-89,
  key =          "Schnakenberg",
  author =       "J.~H. Schnakenberg",
  title =        "Amplification and latency in photoreceptors:
                 integrated or separated phenomena",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "421--437",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{schneider-shiffrin-77,
  key =          "Schneider",
  author =       "W. Schneider and R.~M. Shiffrin",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Controlled and automatic human information processing:
                 {I} Detection, search, and attention.",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "84",
  pages =        "1--66",
}

@Article{schnider-kwong-lenz-kwan-89,
  key =          "Schnider",
  author =       "S. Schnider and R. Kwong and F. Lenz and H. Kwan",
  title =        "Detection of feedback in the central nervous system
                 using system identification techniques",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "203--212",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{schonemann-87,
  author =       "P. H. {Sch\"{o}nemann}",
  title =        "Some Algebraic Relations Between Involutions,
                 Convolutions, and Correlations, with Applications to
                 Holographic Memories",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "56",
  pages =        "367--374",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "has references to history of holographic memory
                 models",
}

@Article{schoner-kelso-88,
  key =          "Schoner",
  author =       "G. Schoner and J.~A.~S. Kelso",
  title =        "A synergetic theory of environmetally-specified and
                 learned patterns of movement coordination",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "71--80",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{schvaneveldt-durso-dearholt-85,
  title =        "Pathfinder: Scaling with Network Structure",
  author =       "R.~W. Schvaneveldt and F.~T. Durso and D.~W.
                 Dearholt",
  year =         "1985",
  institution =  "Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State
                 University",
  number =       "MCCS-85-9",
}

@Article{schwartz-84,
  key =          "schwartz",
  author =       "M.~F. Schwartz",
  title =        "What the classical aphesia categories don't do for us
                 and why",
  journal =      "Brain and Language",
  volume =       "21",
  pages =        "3--8",
  year =         "1984",
}

@InCollection{schwartz-saffran-marin-80,
  key =          "schwartz",
  author =       "M.~F. Schwartz and E.~M. Saffran and O.~S.~M. Marin",
  title =        "Fractionating the reading process in dementia",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Routledge",
  address =      "London",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{seidenberg-mcclelland-89,
  key =          "seidenberg",
  author =       "M.~S. Seidenberg and J.~L. McClelland",
  title =        "A distributed developmental model of word recognition
                 and naming",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "96",
  pages =        "523--568",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InCollection{sejnowski-86,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Open questions about computation in cerebral cortex",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{sejnowski-88,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Neural populations revealed",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "332",
  pages =        "308",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{sejnowski-hinton-85,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Parallel stochastic search in early vision",
  editors =      "Arbib, A. and Hanson, A.~R.",
  booktitle =    "Vision, Brain, and Cooperative Computation",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
  note =         "In press",
  year =         "1985",
}

@Misc{sejnowski-hinton-kienker-schumacher-85,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski and G.~E. Hinton and P. Kienker and L.
                 Schumacher",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "In preparation",
}

@Article{sejnowski-koch-churchland-88,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski and C. Koch and P.~S. Churchland",
  title =        "Computational Neuroscience",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "241",
  pages =        "1299--1306",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{sejnowski-rosenberg-86,
  key =          "Sejnowski",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski and C.~R. Rosenberg",
  title =        "{\em NETtalk: A parallel network that learns to read
                 aloud}",
  type =         "Technical Report 86-01",
  institution =  "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
                 Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{sejnowski-rosenberg-87,
  key =          "Sejnowski and Rosenberg",
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski and C.~R. Rosenberg",
  year =         "1987",
  title =        "Parallel networks that learn to pronounce {English}
                 text",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  pages =        "145--168",
}

@InCollection{sejnowski-tesauro-89,
  author =       "T. J. Sejnowski and G. J. Tesauro",
  title =        "The {Hebb} rule for synaptic plasticity:
                 implementations and applications",
  booktitle =    "Neural Models of Plasticity",
  editors =      "J. H. Byrne and W. O. Berry",
  publisher =    "Academic Press, San Diego",
  pages =        "94--103",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{servan-schreiber-cleeremans-mcclelland-88,
  author =       "D. Servan-Schreiber and A. Cleeremans and J.~L.
                 McClelland",
  title =        "Encoding sequential structure in simple recurrent
                 networks",
  number =       "TR 88-183",
  institution =  "CMU School of Computer Science",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{shallice-78,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice",
  title =        "The dominant action system: {A}n
                 information-processing approach to consciousness",
  year =         "1978",
  booktitle =    "The stream of consciousness: {S}cientific
                 investigations into the flow of human experience",
  publisher =    "New York",
  address =      "Plenum Press",
  editor =       "K.~S. Pope and J.~L. Singer",
}

@Book{shallice-88,
  key =          "Shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "From {N}europsychology to {M}ental {S}tructure",
  publisher =    "Cambridge",
  address =      "Cambridge University Press",
}

@Article{shallice-coughlan-80,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and A.~K. Coughlan",
  title =        "Modality specific word comprehension deficits in deep
                 dyslexia",
  journal =      "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry",
  volume =       "43",
  pages =        "866--872",
  year =         "1980",
}

@InCollection{shallice-mcgill-78,
  key =          "Shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and J. McGill",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "The origins of mixed errors",
  editor =       "J. Requin",
  booktitle =    "Attention and Performance VII.",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Article{shallice-saffran-86,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and E.~M. Saffran",
  title =        "Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word
                 identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter
                 reader",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "429--458",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{shallice-warrington-75,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and E.~K. Warrington",
  title =        "Word recognition in a phonemic dyslexic patient",
  journal =      "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "187--199",
  year =         "1975",
}

@InCollection{shallice-warrington-80,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and E.~K. Warrington",
  title =        "Single and multiple component central dyslexic
                 syndromes",
  pages =        "119--145",
  year =         "1980",
  booktitle =    "Deep Dyslexia",
  publisher =    "Routledge",
  address =      "London",
  editor =       "M. Coltheart and K.~E. Patterson and J.~C. Marshall",
}

@Article{shallice-warrington-mccarthy-83,
  key =          "shallice",
  author =       "T. Shallice and E.~K. Warrington and R. McCarthy",
  title =        "Reading without semantics",
  journal =      "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "35A",
  pages =        "111--138",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{shannon-48,
  key =          "shannon",
  author =       "C.~E. Shannon",
  title =        "The bell system technical journal",
  journal =      "Mathematical Theory of Communication",
  volume =       "XXVII",
  pages =        "379--656",
  year =         "1948",
}

@Article{shannon-49,
  key =          "Shannon",
  title =        "A mathematical theory of communication. Part {III}",
  author =       "C. E. Shannon",
  year =         "1949",
  journal =      "Bell System Technical Journal",
  volume =       "XXVIII",
  pages =        "623--656",
}

@Book{shannon-64,
  author =       "C.~E. Shannon and W. Weaver",
  title =        "The Mathematical Theory Of Communication",
  publisher =    "The Univeristy Of Illinois Press",
  year =         "1964",
}

@InProceedings{sharkey-sutcliffe-wobcke-86,
  title =        "Mixing Binar and Continuous Connection Schemes for
                 Knowledge Access",
  author =       "N.~E. Sharkey and R.~F.~E. Sutcliffe and W.~R.
                 Wobcke",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    AAAI-86,
  organization = AAAI,
  publisher =    AAAI-PUB,
  address =      AAAI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@InCollection{sharkey-sharkey-87,
  title =        "{KAN}: {A} knowledge access network",
  author =       "N.~E. Sharkey and A.~J.~C. Sharkey",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Communication failure in dialogue and discourse",
  editor =       "Ronan G. Reilly",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
  address =      "Amsterdam",
}

@PhdThesis{shastrithesis-85,
  author =       "L. Shastri",
  title =        "Evidential Reasoning in Semantic Networks: {A} Formal
                 Theory and its Parallel Implementation",
  school =       "University of Rochester",
  month =        sep,
  year =         "1985",
  note =         "Available as TR 166",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 30 21:09:55 1987",
}

@Article{shastri-88,
  key =          "shastri",
  author =       "L. Shastri",
  title =        "A connectionist approach to knowledge representation
                 and limited interference",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "331--392",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{shastri-89,
  key =          "Shastri",
  author =       "L. Shastri",
  title =        "A connectionist system for rule based reasoning with
                 multi-place predicates and variables",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{MS-CIS}-89-06",
  institution =  "Dept. of Computer and Information Science, School of
                 Engineering and Applied Science, University of
                 Pennsylvannia, Philadelphia",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Unpublished{shea-lin-??,
  author =       "P.~M. Shea and V. Lin",
  title =        "Detection of explosives in checked airline baggage
                 using an artificial neural system",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "Printed by the Science Applications International
                 Corp., Calif., USA",
}

@Article{shiffrin-schneider-77,
  key =          "Shiffrin",
  author =       "R.~M. Shiffrin and W. Schneider",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "Controlled and automatic human information processing:
                 {II} Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a
                 general theory.",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "84",
  pages =        "127--190",
}

@Article{silveri-gainotti-88,
  key =          "silveri",
  author =       "M.~C. Silveri and G. Gainotti",
  title =        "Interaction between vision and language in category
                 specific impairment for living things",
  journal =      "Cognitive Neuropsychology",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "677--709",
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{simard-ottaway-ballard-87,
  author =       "P.~Y. Simard and M.~B. Ottaway and D.~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Analysis of Recurrent Backpropagation",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Rochester",
  number =       "253",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{simard-ottaway-ballard-88b,
  author =       "P.~Y. Simard and M.~B. Ottaway and D.~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Analysis of Recurrent Backpropagation",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{simard-ottaway-ballard-88,
  key =          "Simard",
  author =       "P.~Y. Simard and M.~B. Ottaway and D.~H. Ballard",
  title =        "Fixed point analysis for recurrent networks",
  organization = "University of Rochester",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing
                 Systems Conference, Denver, December, 1988",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{simic-90,
  author =       "P.~D. Simic",
  title =        "Statistical mechanics as the underlying theory of
                 elastic and neural optimizations",
  note =         "To appear in {\em NETWORK: Computation in Neural
                 Systems}, D. Amith, Ed.",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{simmons-73,
  title =        "Semantic Networks : Their Computation and Use for
                 Understanding {E}nglish Sentences",
  author =       "R. Simmons",
  year =         "1973",
  booktitle =    "Computer Models of Thought and Language",
  editor =       "R.~C. Schank and K.~M. Colby",
  pages =        "63--113",
  publisher =    "W.~H. Freeman",
  address =      "San Francisco, CA",
}

@Book{simon-69,
  key =          "Simon",
  author =       "H.~A. Simon",
  title =        "The Sciences of the Artificial",
  year =         "1969",
  place =        "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
}

@TechReport{skrzypek-89,
  key =          "skrzypek",
  author =       "J. Skrzypek",
  title =        "Neural network contribution to light adaptation:
                 feedback from horizontal cells to cones",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "89-11",
  institution =  "Machine Perception Lab, UCLA",
  year =         "1989",
}

@InProceedings{slator-wilks-87,
  title =        "Toward Semantic Structures from Dictionary Entries",
  author =       "B.~M. Slator and Y.~A. Wilks",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Second Annual Rocky Mountain
                 Conference on Artificial Intelligence",
  pages =        "85--96",
  organization = "organization???",
  publisher =    "publisher???",
  address =      "Boulder, Colorado",
}

@InCollection{small-rieger-82,
  title =        "Parsing and Comprehending with Word Experts ({A}
                 Theory and its Realization)",
  author =       "S.~L. Small and C. Rieger",
  year =         "1982",
  pages =        "89--147",
  booktitle =    "Strategies for Natural Language Processing",
  editor =       "W.~G. Lehnert and M.~H. Ringle",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Book{small-cottrell-tanenhaus-??,
  title =        "Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in the Comprehension of
                 Human Language",
  editor =       "S.~L. Small and G.~W. Cottrell and M.~K. Tanenhaus",
  year =         "19??",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  note =         "Forthcoming",
  address =      "Los Altos, CA",
}

@Book{smith-boyle-garbow-ikebe-klema-moler-74,
  author =       "B.~T. Smith and J.~M. Boyle and B.~S. Garbow and Y.~
                 Ikebe and V.~C. Klema and C.~B. Moler",
  title =        "Matrix Eigensystem Routines - {EISPACK} Guide",
  year =         "1974",
  place =        "New York",
  publisher =    "Springer-Verlag",
}

@Book{smith-medin-81,
  key =          "smith",
  author =       "E.~E. Smith and D.~L. Medin",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Categories and Concepts",
  publisher =    "Harvard University Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass",
}

@InProceedings{smolensky-83,
  key =          "Smolensky",
  author =       "P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Schema selection and stochastic inference in modular
                 environments",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial
                 Intelligence AAAI-83",
  address =      "Washington, DC",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "109--113",
}

@InCollection{smolensky-86,
  key =          "Smolensky",
  author =       "P. Smolensky",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Foundations of harmony theory: Cognitive dynamical
                 systems and the subsymbolic theory of information
                 processing",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InProceedings{smolensky-87,
  title =        "On the Connectionist Reduction of Conscious Rule
                 Interpretation",
  author =       "Paul Smolensky",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "187--194",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@TechReport{smolensky-88a,
  key =          "Smolensky",
  author =       "P. Smolensky",
  title =        "The constituent structure of connectionist mental
                 states: {A} reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn",
  type =         "Technical Report {CU}-{CS}-394-88",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Colorado, Bouldar, Colorado",
  note =         "To appear in the {\em Southern Journal of
                 Philosophy}",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{smolensky-88b,
  key =          "Smolensky",
  author =       "P. Smolensky",
  title =        "On the proper treatment of connectionism",
  journal =      "The Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "1--74",
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "connectionism, paradigms, philosophy",
  annote =       "The subsymbolic paradigm lies BETWEEN the neural and
                 conceptual levels. The goal of connectionism should be
                 to SUPPLEMENT symbolic theory, not to replace it. We
                 should show how symbolic theory emerges from
                 subconceptual dynamics, and discover & explain
                 subconceptual regularities that are invisible to the
                 symbolic level.",
}

@Article{smolensky-90,
  key =          "Smolensky",
  author =       "P. Smolensky",
  title =        "Tensor product variable binding and the representation
                 of symbolic structures in connectionist systems",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "46",
  number =       "1-2",
  pages =        "159--216",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{sontag-90,
  key =          "sontag",
  author =       "E.~D. Sontag",
  title =        "On the recognition capabilities of feedforward nets",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Unpublished Siemens Corporate Research Report SYCON
                 90-03",
}

@TechReport{sopena-88,
  key =          "Sopena",
  author =       "J.~M. Sopena",
  title =        "Verbal description of visual blocks world using neural
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "UB-DPB-88-10",
  institution =  "Universitat de Barcelona",
  year =         "1988",
}

@PhdThesis{sparck-jones-64,
  title =        "Synonymy and Semantic Classification",
  author =       "K. Sparck-Jones",
  year =         "1964",
  school =       "University of Cambridge, England",
  note =         "Published in the {\em Edinburgh Information Technology
                 Series (EDITS)}, Sidney Michaelson and Yorick Wilks
                 (Eds.), Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh,
                 Scotland, 1986.",
}

@TechReport{sparck-jones-67,
  title =        "Dictionary Circles",
  author =       "K. Sparck-Jones",
  year =         "1967",
  institution =  "System Development Corporation",
  number =       "SP-3304",
  address =      "Santa Monica, CA",
}

@Article{spoehr-smith-75,
  key =          "Spoehr",
  author =       "K. Spoehr and E. Smith",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "The role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in
                 perceiving letter patterns",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "21--34",
}

@InCollection{squire-cohen-nadel-84,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L.~R. Squire and N.~J. Cohen and L. Nadel",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "The medial temporal region and memory consolidation:
                 {A} new hypothesis",
  editors =      "H. Weingartner and E. Parker",
  booktitle =    "Memory consolidation.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum Associates",
}

@Article{squire-slater-chace-75,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L.~R. Squire and P.~C. Slater and P. Chace",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Retrograde amnesia: {T}emporal gradient in very
                 long-term memory following electro-convulsive therapy",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "187",
  pages =        "77--79",
}

@Article{squire-slater-miller-81,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L.~R. Squire and P.~C. Slater and P. Miller",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Retrograde amnesia following {ECT}: {L}ong-term
                 follow-up studies",
  journal =      "Archives of General Psychiatry",
  volume =       "38",
  pages =        "89--95",
}

@InCollection{squire-zola-morgan-85,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L.~R. Squire and S. Zola-Morgan",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "The neuropsychology of memory: {N}ew links between
                 humans and experimental animals",
  editors =      "D.~S. Olton, E. Gamzu and S. Corkin",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  pages =        "137--149",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@Article{squire-81,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L. Squire",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Two forms of amnesia: {A}n analysis of forgetting",
  journal =      "Journal of Neuroscience",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "635--640",
}

@Article{squire-82,
  key =          "Squire",
  author =       "L.~R. Squire",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "The Neuropsychology of human memory",
  journal =      "Annual Review of Neuroscience",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "241--273",
}

@InProceedings{st-john-mcclelland-87,
  title =        "Reconstructive Memory for Sentences: {A} {PDP}
                 Approach",
  author =       "M.~F. {St. John} and J.~L. McClelland",
  year =         "1987",
  editor =       "D.~R. Moates and R. Butrick",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of Inference OUIC 86",
  publisher =    "Ohio University",
}

@Misc{stallman-sussman-76,
  key =          "stallman",
  author =       "R.~M. Stallman and G.~J. Sussman",
  title =        "Forward reasoning and dependency-directed backtracking
                 in a system for computer-aided circuit analysis",
  year =         "1976",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 380",
}

@Unpublished{stanton-sejnowski-??,
  author =       "P. Stanton and T.~J. Sejnowksi",
  title =        "Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus:
                 induction of synaptic plasticity by hebbian
                 covariance",
  note =         "{\em Nature}, in press",
  organization = "Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, and The Salk
                 Institute, CA.",
  year =         "19??",
}

@TechReport{steeg-90a,
  key =          "Steeg",
  author =       "E.~W. Steeg",
  title =        "Neural Network Algorithms for {RNA} Secondary
                 Structure Prediction",
  institution =  "University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-4",
  year =         "1990",
}

@MastersThesis{steeg-89,
  key =          "Steeg",
  author =       "E.~W. Steeg",
  title =        "Neural Network Algorithms for {RNA} Secondary
                 Structure Prediction",
  school =       "University of Toronto Computer Science Dept.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{steele-sussman-78,
  key =          "steele",
  author =       "G.~L. Steele and G.~J. Sussman",
  title =        "Constraints",
  year =         "1978",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 502",
}

@Article{stephanova-89,
  key =          "Stephanova",
  author =       "Stephanova",
  title =        "The effect of temperature on a simulated
                 systematically paranodally demyelinated nerve fiber",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "73--77",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Misc{stevens-76,
  key =          "stevens",
  author =       "K.~A. Stevens",
  title =        "Occlusion clues and subjective contours",
  year =         "1976",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 363",
}

@InCollection{stevens-blumstein-81,
  key =          "Stevens",
  author =       "K. Stevens and S. Blumstein",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "The search for invariant acoustic correlates of
                 phonetic features",
  editors =      "P.~D. Eimas and J.~L. Miller",
  booktitle =    "Perspectives on the study of speech",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  pages =        "1--38",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@Article{stjohn-mcclelland-90,
  author =       "M.~F. {St. John} and J.~L. McClelland",
  title =        "Learning and Applying Contextual Constraints in
                 Sentence Comprehension",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "46",
  pages =        "217--257",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{stokbro-umberger-jertz-90,
  key =          "stokbro",
  author =       "K. Stokbro and D. Umberger and J. Hertz",
  title =        "Exploiting neurons with localized receptive fields to
                 learn chaos",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "90/28",
  institution =  "Nordita",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{stolcke-90,
  key =          "stolcke",
  author =       "A. Stolcke",
  title =        "Learning feature-based semantics with simple recurrent
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-90-015",
  institution =  "ICSI",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{Stone-74,
  key =          "Stone",
  author =       "M. Stone",
  title =        "Cross-validation choice and assessment of statistical
                 predictions",
  journal =      "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society",
  volume =       "B-36",
  year =         "1974",
  pages =        "111--147",
}

@InCollection{stone-86,
  key =          "Stone",
  author =       "G.~O. Stone",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "An analysis of the delta rule and learning statistical
                 associations",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@Article{strong-whitehead-88,
  key =          "Strong",
  author =       "G.~W. Strong and B.~A. Whitehead",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "A solution to the tag-assignment problem of neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
  pages =        "1--34",
}

@Article{stryker-harris-86,
  author =       "Michael P. Stryker and William A. Harris",
  title =        "Binocular Impulse Blockade Prevents the Formation of
                 Ocular Dominance Columns in Cat Visual Cortex",
  journal =      "The Journal of Neuroscience",
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "8",
  pages =        "2117--2133",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{studdert-kennedy-liberman-harris-cooper-70,
  key =          "Studdert",
  author =       "M. Studdert-Kennedy and A.~M. Liberman and K.~S.
                 Harris and F.~S. Cooper",
  year =         "1970",
  title =        "Motor theory of speech perception: {A} reply to Lane's
                 critical review",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "77",
  pages =        "234--249",
}

@Article{summerfield-haggard-77,
  key =          "Summerfield",
  author =       "Q. Summerfield and M. Haggard",
  year =         "1977",
  title =        "On the dissociation of spatial and temporal cues to
                 the voicing distinction in initial stop consonants",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America",
  volume =       "62",
  pages =        "435--448",
}

@InProceedings{sun-00,
  key =          "Sun",
  author =       "R. Sun",
  title =        "A discrete neural network model for conceptual
                 representation and reasoning",
  organization = "Brandeis University",
  booktitle =    "11th Cognitive Science Conference",
  year =         "00",
}

@Article{sur-garraghty-roe-88,
  author =       "M. Sur and P. E. Garraghty and A. W. Roe",
  title =        "Experimentally Induced Visual Projections into
                 Auditory Thalamus and Cortex",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "242",
  pages =        "1437--1441",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{sussmann-88,
  title =        "Learning algorithms for {B}oltzmann machines",
  author =       "H.~J. Sussman",
  year =         "1988",
  note =         IEEE,
}

@PhdThesis{sutton-84,
  key =          "Sutton",
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Temporal credit assignment in reinforcement learning",
  school =       "University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA",
  note =         "(COINS Technical Report 84-02)",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1984",
}

@TechReport{sutton-87a,
  key =          "Sutton",
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Learning to predict by the method of temporal
                 differences",
  year =         "1987",
  type =         "technical report",
  number =       "TR87-509.1",
  institution =  "GTE Laboratories",
  place =        "Waltham, MA",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  keywords =     "learning algorithms, temporal differences, bucket
                 brigade algorithms",
  annote =       "TD Methods measure the error between temporally
                 successive predictions, rather than between predicted &
                 actual outcomes. This is cheaper & easier to implement,
                 and often works better than (predicted - outcome)
                 error. TD is used by Samuel's Checker Player and
                 Holland's Bucket Brigade.",
}

@Unpublished{sutton-87b,
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Time-derivative models of pavlovian reinforcement",
  note =         "To appear in {"}Learning and Computational
                 Neuroscience{"}, J.W. Moore and M. Gabriel, Eds., MIT
                 Press",
  organization = "University of Massachusetts",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{sutton-88,
  key =          "Sutton",
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Learning to predict by the method of temporal
                 differences",
  journal =      "Machine Learning",
  volume =       "{\em 3}",
  pages =        "9--44",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{sutton-90,
  key =          "sutton",
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Integrated architectures for learning, planning, and
                 reacting based on approximating dynamic programming",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "To appear in {\it Proceedings of the Seventh
                 International Conference on Machine Learning}",
}

@Article{sutton-barto-81,
  author =       "R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto",
  title =        "Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks:
                 expectation and prediction",
  journal =      "Psychology Review",
  pages =        "135--170",
  volume =       "88",
  year =         "1981",
}

@InProceedings{sutton-pinette-85,
  title =        "The Learning of World Models by Connectionist
                 Networks",
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton and B. Pinette",
  year =         "1985",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-85,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
}

@Misc{swain-wixson-89,
  author =       "M.~J. Swain and L.~E. Wixson",
  title =        "Efficient estimation for markov random fields",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "University of Rochester, Computer Science Department",
}

@InCollection{swinney-82,
  key =          "Swinney",
  author =       "D.~A. Swinney",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "The structure and time-course of information
                 interaction during speech comprehension: Lexical
                 segmentation, access, and interpretation",
  editors =      "J. Mehler, E.~C.~T. Walker and M. Garret",
  booktitle =    "Perspectives on mental representation.",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@TechReport{szeliski-86,
  author =       "R. Szeliski",
  title =        "Cooperative Algorithms for Solving Random-Dot
                 Stereograms",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon University",
  number =       "CMU-CS-86-133",
  year =         "1986",
  keywords =     "vision, random-dot stereograms",
  annote =       "A survey of connectionist approaches to solving
                 random-dot stereograms (ie. the 'correspndence
                 problem', with constraints of compatability,
                 uniqueness, & continuity). A unit is typically assigned
                 to each dot, with hand-wired connections to neighbors;
                 the problem is to minimize an energy measure. Suggests
                 the Boltzmann Machine technique as a tool.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 11:33:39 1988",
}

@Misc{szeliski-89,
  key =          "Szeliski",
  author =       "R. Szeliski",
  title =        "Fast surface interpolation using hierarchical basis",
  year =         "1989",
  note =         "To appear in {\it CVPR'89}, June 4-8, San Diego",
}

@Misc{szeliski-90,
  author =       "R. Szeliski",
  title =        "Fast shape from shading",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submitted to CVGIP",
}

@InProceedings{szeliski-85,
  key =          "Szeliski",
  author =       "R. Szeliski and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Solving Random-Dot Stereograms Using the Heat
                 Equation",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision and
                 Pattern Recognition",
  organization = "IEEE Computer Society",
  address =      "San Francisco, CA",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1985",
  keywords =     "random-dot stereograms, heat equation, coherence,
                 support functions, disparity gradient",
  bibdate =      "Wed May 1 10:01:55 1985",
}

@InProceedings{tank-hopfield-87a,
  key =          "Tank",
  author =       "D. Tank and J. Hopfield",
  title =        "Neural computation by concentrating information in
                 time",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA",
  volume =       "84",
  pages =        "1896--1900",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{tank-hopfield-87b,
  key =          "Tank",
  author =       "D. Tank and J. Hopfield",
  title =        "Concentrating information in time: Analog neural
                 networks with applications to speech recognition
                 problems",
  booktitle =    "Proc. Int'l Conf. on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{tenorio-89,
  key =          "tenorio",
  author =       "M.~F. Tenorio",
  title =        "Self organizing neural network for optimum supervised
                 learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{TR-EE} 89-30",
  institution =  "School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University,
                 Indiana",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{teodorescu-89,
  key =          "Teodorescu",
  author =       "D. Teodorescu",
  title =        "Decomposition of stationary time series-finding the
                 highly correlated components of stochastic proceses",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "395--400",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{terzopoulos-84,
  key =          "Terzopoulos",
  author =       "D. Terzopoulos",
  title =        "Multiresolution computation of visible surface
                 representations",
  year =         "1984",
  type =         "Ph.D. Dissertation",
  institution =  "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
                 Science, MIT, Cambridge MA",
}

@Article{tesauro-86,
  title =        "Simple Neural Models of Classical Conditioning",
  author =       "G. Tesauro",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "187--200",
  year =         "1986",
}

@TechReport{tesauro-87,
  key =          "Tesauro",
  author =       "G. Tesauro",
  title =        "Scaling relationships in back-propagation learning:
                 Dependence of training set size",
  type =         "Manuscript",
  institution =  "Center for Complex Systems Research, University of
                 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign",
  year =         "1987",
}

@TechReport{tesauro-janssens-88,
  key =          "Tesauro",
  author =       "G. Tesauro and R. Janssens",
  title =        "Scaling relationships in back-propagation learning:
                 dependence on predicate order",
  type =         "Technical Report {CCSR}-88",
  institution =  "Center for Complex Systems Research, University of
                 Illinois at Urbana Champaign",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{tesauro-he-ahmad-89,
  author =       "G. Tesauro and Y. He and S. Ahmad",
  title =        "Asymptotic Convergence of Backpropagation",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "382--391",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{tesauro-yu-88,
  key =          "Tesauro",
  author =       "G. Tesauro and H. Yu",
  title =        "Asymptotic convergence of back-propagation in
                 single-layer networks",
  type =         "Technical Report {CCSR}-88-7",
  institution =  "Center for Complex Systems Research, University of
                 Illinois at Urbana Champaign",
  month =        aug,
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{thatachar-sastry-85,
  key =          "Thatachar-Sastry",
  author =       "M.~A.~L. Thatachar and P.~S. Sastry",
  title =        "Learning optimal discriminant functions through a
                 cooperative game of automata",
  year =         "1985",
  type =         "Technical Report {EE}touretzky-86b/64/1985",
  institution =  "Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
                 of Science, Bangalore-560012, India",
}

@TechReport{theriault-83,
  key =          "Theriault",
  author =       "D.~G. Theriault",
  title =        "Issues in the Design and Implementation of Act2",
  institution =  "MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab",
  number =       "728",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{thibadeau-just-carpenter-82,
  key =          "Thibadeau",
  author =       "R. Thibadeau and M.~A. Just and P.~A. Carpenter",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "A model of the time course and content of reading",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "157--204",
}

@InProceedings{thompson-84,
  key =          "Thompson",
  author =       "H. Thompson",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Word recognition: {A} paradigm case in computational
                 (psycho-)linguistics",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  address =      "Boulder",
}

@Article{toet-blom-koenderink,
  key =          "Toet",
  author =       "A. Toet and J. Blom and J.~J. Koenderink",
  title =        "The construction of a simultaneous functional order in
                 nervous systems",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "275--286",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{toet-koenderink-89,
  key =          "Toet",
  author =       "A. Toet and J.~J. Koenderink",
  title =        "Differential spatial displacement discrimination with
                 interfering stimuli",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "231--237",
  year =         "1989",
}

@TechReport{tomboulian-88,
  author =       "S. Tomboulian",
  title =        "Introduction to a System for Implementing Neural Net
                 Connections on {SIMD} Architectures",
  institution =  "Inst. for Computer Applications in Science and
                 Engineering {(ICASE)}",
  address =      "NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665",
  number =       "ICASE Report No. 88-3",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1988",
  keywords =     "Simulators, Connection Machine, Routing, SIMD
                 architecture",
  annote =       "One of the problems with implementing neural nets on
                 massively parallel machines is that it is often quite
                 difficult to simulate the large number of connections
                 with only the limited communication capabilities of
                 SIMD (single instruction multiple data) machines like
                 the Connection Machine. For instance, processors in the
                 Connection Machine can only communicate with their
                 immediate neighbors in a 2-D grid. Neural networks are
                 currently simulated on the connection machine by using
                 the router which allows a processor to talk to any
                 other. The router is expensive however in terms of
                 speed and space. This paper presents a scheme for
                 implementing neural nets with arbitrary connections on
                 machines with very limited processor communication. The
                 algorithm is both interesting and quite efficient. A
                 very good paper if you are interested in this sort of
                 thing.",
  bibdate =      "Sat Mar 5 14:13:38 1988",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-85,
  key =          "Touretzky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Symbols Among the Neurons: Details of a Connectionist
                 Inference Architecture",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 9",
  pages =        "238--243",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-86a,
  title =        "Boltz{CONS}: {R}econciling Connectionism with the
                 Recursive Nature of Stacks and Trees",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-86,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "BoltzCONS is a system that implements stacks & trees
                 by distributed activity patterns representing CONS
                 cells (Tag Car Cdr) that connect logically. The
                 architecture includes a CONS pullout network, and
                 binding spaces for Tag, Car, & Cdr; simulated annealing
                 is used. Shallow energy minima are recognized as failed
                 retrievals; this ability, along with the ability to
                 follow pointers `backwards' using associative
                 retrieval, enables BoltzCONS to traverse binary trees
                 of `unbounded' depth (limited only by the symbolic
                 alphabet size used in coarse coding), without
                 maintaining a control stack.",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-86b,
  title =        "Representing and Transforming Recursive Objects in a
                 Neural Network, or ``{T}rees {\it do} Grow on
                 {B}oltzmann Machines''",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1986 IEEE International Conference
                 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
  organization = IEEE,
  note =         "Atlanta, GA",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-86c,
  key =          "Touretzky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  title =        "Reconciling connectionism with the recursive nature of
                 stacks and trees",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the eighth annual conference of the
                 cognitive science society",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Book{touretzky-89a,
  key =          "Touretzky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1989",
  title =        "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 1",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.",
}

@TechReport{tourtezky-89b,
  key =          "tourtezky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  title =        "Controlling search dynamics by manipulating energy
                 landscapes",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CMU}-{CS}-89-113",
  institution =  "Carnegie-Mellon",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{touretzky-90,
  key =          "Touretzky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  title =        "Boltz{\sc CONS}: Dynamic symbol structures in a
                 connectionist network",
  journal =      "Artificial Intelligence",
  volume =       "{\it this volume}",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Book{touretzky-90a,
  key =          "Touretzky",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  year =         "1990",
  title =        "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-hinton-85,
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Symbols Among the Neurons: {D}etails of a
                 Connectionist Inference Architecture",
  booktitle =    "IJCAI 9",
  pages =        "238--243",
  year =         "1985",
  annote =       "A highly structured & specialized PDP architecture is
                 described, which implements a primitive production
                 system with 1st-position variable bindings, whose rules
                 are of the form {"}(=x A B) (=x C D) ==> +(=x E F) +(P
                 D Q) -(=x S T){"}. The system uses coarse coded memory.
                 It's a toy system, but it serves to refute the
                 criticism that Connectionism is incapable of symbolic
                 reasoning.",
  keywords =     "production systems, symbolic reasoning, coarse coding,
                 network architectures",
}

@TechReport{touretzky-hinton-86,
  title =        "A Distributed Connectionist Production System",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and G.~E. Hinton",
  year =         "1986",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon
                 University",
  number =       "CMU-CS-86-172",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
}

@Book{touretzky-hinton-sejnowski-88,
  key =          "touretzky",
  year =         "1988",
  title =        "Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky and G.~E. Hinton and T.~J. Sejnowski",
  address =      "Los Altos, CA",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-horty-thomason-87A,
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and J. Horty and R. Thomason",
  title =        "A clash of intuitions: {T}he current state of
                 non-monotonic multiple inheritance systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings IJCAI-87",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 19 06:02:09 1987",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-geva-87,
  title =        "A Distributed Connectionist Representation for Concept
                 Structures",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and S. Geva",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    COGSCI-87,
  organization = CSS,
  publisher =    COG-SCI-PUB,
  address =      COG-SCI-PUB-ADDRESS,
  annote =       "DUCS is a connectionist implementation of standard
                 frames (collections of named slots with fillers, which
                 are either atoms or pointers to other frames).
                 Distributed representations allowed fine semantic
                 distinctions to be recognized. Pointers were
                 implemented by 'reduced descriptions' (truncated
                 vectors which can later be clamped to associatively
                 recall the full vector). Forgetting was implemented by
                 global decay, with only retrieved concepts being
                 refreshed.",
}

@InProceedings{Touretzky-87,
  title =        "Representing Conceptual Structures in a Neural
                 Network",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "II:279--286",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    ICNN-87,
  organization = "IEEE",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-derthick-87a,
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and M.~A. Derthick",
  title =        "Symbol Processing in connectionist networks: {F}ive
                 properties and two architectures",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of IEEE Spring COMPCON87",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
  month =        feb,
  year =         "1987",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 12 13:32:44 1987",
  annote =       "Five properties (being Mobile, Meaningful, Memorable,
                 Malleable, \& Modifiable) are proposed as yardsticks
                 for `good' symbolic systems. Lisp programs fail along
                 some of these dimensions; current Connectionist systems
                 fail along other dimensions. BoltzCONS and micro-KLONE
                 are briefly described to illustrate this point.",
  keywords =     "symbolic reasoning, symbolic data structures, network
                 architectures",
}

@InProceedings{touretzky-derthick-87b,
  title =        "Symbol Structures in Connectionist Networks: Five
                 Properties and Two Architectures",
  author =       "D.~S. Touretzky and M.~A. Derthick",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE COMPCON",
  organization = "IEEE",
}

@Article{treisman-88,
  key =          "treisman",
  author =       "A. Treisman",
  title =        "Features and objects: {T}he fourteenth {B}artlett
                 {M}emorial {L}ecture",
  journal =      "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology",
  volume =       "40A(2)",
  pages =        "201--237",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{treisman-schmidt-82,
  key =          "Treisman",
  author =       "A. Treisman and H. Schmidt",
  year =         "1982",
  title =        "Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "107--141",
}

@Unpublished{treisman-souther-85,
  key =          "Treisman",
  author =       "A. Treisman and J. Souther",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Illusory words: {T}he roles of attention and of
                 top-down constraints in conjoining letters to form
                 words",
  note =         "University of British Columbia",
}

@InProceedings{tsotsos-87,
  key =          "Tsotsos",
  author =       "J.~K. Tsotsos",
  title =        "A complexity level analysis of vision",
  year =         "1987",
  booktitle =    "Proc. International Conference on Computer Vision",
}

@InProceedings{tsung-cottrell-89,
  author =       "F. Tsung and G. Cottrell",
  title =        "A sequential adder using recurrent neural networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IJCNN",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{tyler-wessels-83,
  key =          "Tyler",
  author =       "L.~K. Tyler and J. Wessels",
  year =         "1983",
  title =        "Quantifying contextual contributions to
                 word-recognition processes",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "409--420",
}

@InProceedings{uchiyama-shimohara-tokunaga-89,
  author =       "T. Uchiyama and K. Shimohara and Y. Tokunaga",
  title =        "A Modified Leaky Integrator Network for Temporal
                 Pattern Recognition",
  booktitle =    "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "469--475",
  publisher =    "IEEE",
}

@InCollection{uhr-78,
  key =          "Uhr",
  author =       "L. Uhr",
  title =        "Recognition Cones and Some Test Results",
  booktitle =    "Computer Vision Systems",
  editors =      "A.~R. Hanson and E.~M. Riseman",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1978",
}

@Misc{ullman-75,
  key =          "ullman",
  author =       "S. Ullmn",
  title =        "On visual detection of light sources",
  year =         "1975",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 333",
}

@Misc{ullman-76,
  key =          "ullman",
  author =       "S. Ullmn",
  title =        "The interpretation of structure from motion",
  year =         "1976",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 476",
}

@Article{uno-kawato-suzuki-89,
  key =          "Uno",
  author =       "Y. Uno and M. Kawato and R. Suzuki",
  title =        "Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human
                 multijoint arm movement",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{uhr-79,
  key =          "Uhr",
  author =       "L. Uhr and R. Douglass",
  title =        "A Parallel-Serial Recognition Cone System for
                 Perception: Some Test Results",
  journal =      "Pattern Recognition",
  volume =       "11",
  pages =        "29--39",
  year =         "1979",
}

@Misc{unnikrishnaan-hopfield-tank-??,
  key =          "unnikrishnan",
  author =       "K. Unnikrishnan and J. Hopfield and D. Tank",
  title =        "Connected-digit speaker-dependent speech recognition
                 using a neural network with time-delayed connections",
  year =         "19??",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Article{uras-girosi-verri-torre-89,
  key =          "Uras",
  author =       "S. Uras and F. Girosi and A. Verri and V. Torre",
  title =        "A computational approach to motion perception",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "79--87",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{uttley-70,
  key =          "Uttley",
  author =       "A. M. Uttley",
  title =        "The informon: {"A"} network for adaptive pattern
                 recognition",
  journal =      "Journal of Theoretical Biology",
  volume =       "27",
  pages =        "31--67",
  year =         "1970",
}

@Article{valiant-84,
  key =          "Valiant",
  author =       "L.~G. Valiant",
  title =        "A theory of the learnable",
  year =         "1984",
  journal =      "Communications of the ACM",
  volume =       "27",
  number =       "11",
  pages =        "1134--1142",
}

@Article{valiant-88,
  key =          "Valiant",
  author =       "L.~G. Valiant",
  title =        "Functionality in neural nets",
  year =         "1988",
  journal =      "AAAI'88",
}

@InProceedings{van-84,
  key =          "Van",
  author =       "K. Van Lehn",
  title =        "A Critique of the Connectionist Hypothesis that
                 Recognition Uses Templates, not Rules",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{van-87,
  key =          "vanorden",
  author =       "G.~C. Van Orden",
  title =        "A {ROWS} is a {ROSE}: spelling, sound and reading",
  journal =      "Memory and Cognition",
  volume =       "15",
  pages =        "181--198",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{vanopstal-vangisbergen-89,
  key =          "Vanopstal",
  author =       "A. Vanopstal and J. Vangisbergen",
  title =        "A nonlinear model for collicular spatial interactions
                 underlying the metrical properties of electrically
                 elicited saccades",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "60",
  pages =        "171--183",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{vilis-tweed-88,
  key =          "Vilis",
  author =       "T. Vilis and D. Tweed",
  title =        "A matrix analysis for a conjugate vestibulo-ocular
                 reflex",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "237--245",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{virzi-egeth-84,
  key =          "Virzi",
  author =       "R.~A. Virzi and H.~E. Egeth",
  year =         "1984",
  title =        "Is meaning implicated in illusory conjunctions?",
  journal =      "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
                 and Performance",
  volume =       "10",
  pages =        "573--580",
}

@Article{vogl-mangis-rigler-zink-alkon-88,
  key =          "Vogl",
  author =       "T.~P. Vogl and J.~K. Mangis and A.~K. Rigler and W.~T.
                 Zink and D.~L. Alkon",
  title =        "Accelerating the convergence of the back-propagation
                 method",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "257--263",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{volper-hampson-86,
  key =          "Volper",
  author =       "D.~J. Volper and S.~E. Hampson",
  title =        "Connectionist models of Boolean category
                 representation",
  year =         "1986",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "54",
  pages =        "393--406",
}

@Book{vonbekesy-67,
  key =          "vonBekesy",
  author =       "G. von Bekesy",
  title =        "Sensory inhibition",
  address =      "Princeton, NJ",
  publisher =    "Princeton University Press",
  year =         "1967",
}

@Article{vondermalsburg-73,
  key =          "Von der Malsburg",
  author =       "C. Von der Malsburg",
  title =        "Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in
                 striate cortex",
  journal =      "Kybernetik",
  year =         "1973",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "85--100",
}

@Article{wacholder-han-mann-89,
  key =          "Wacholder",
  author =       "E. Wacholder and J. Han and R. Mann",
  title =        "A neural network algorithm for the multiple traveling
                 salesmen problem",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "11--19",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{waibel-89,
  key =          "Waibel",
  author =       "A. Waibel",
  title =        "Modular construction of time-delay neural networks for
                 speech recognition",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "{\em 1}",
  pages =        "39--46",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{waibel-hanazawa-hinton-shikano-lang-89,
  key =          "Waibel",
  author =       "A. Waibel and T. Hanazawa and G. Hinton and K. Shikano
                 and K.~J. Lang",
  title =        "Phoneme recognition using time-delay neural networks",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, \& Signal
                 Processing",
  volume =       "37(3)",
  pages =        "328--339",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "TDNN's replace simple weights with individually
                 weighted brigades of delayed units. Backprop is used,
                 averaging over as many time-shifted, coordinated copies
                 of each TDNN unit as comprise their brief history, to
                 make the network time-shift invariant. After 50,000
                 iterations per training sample, performance at
                 recognizing a variety of B, D, G phonemes is 98.5% --
                 better than their best Hidden Markov Model (93.7%).",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 12:17:46 1988",
  keywords =     "applications, speech recognition, time-delay networks,
                 network architectures, hidden Markov models",
}

)

@TechReport{waibel-sawai-shikano-88,
  key =          "Waibel",
  author =       "A. Waibel and H. Sawai and K. Shiano",
  title =        "Modularity and scaling in large phonemic neural
                 networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "TR-I-0034",
  institution =  "ATR",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{walker-amsler-86,
  title =        "The Use of Machine-Readable Dictionaries in
                 Sublanguage Analysis",
  author =       "D.~E. Walker and R.~A. Amsler",
  year =         "1986",
  booktitle =    "Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains",
  editor =       "R. Grishman and R. Kittredge",
  publisher =    LEA,
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@Article{walters-87a,
  key =          "Walters",
  author =       "D. Walters",
  title =        "Selection of image primitives for general-purpose
                 visual processing",
  journal =      "Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing",
  volume =       "37",
  pages =        "261--198",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{walters-87b,
  key =          "Walters",
  author =       "D. Walters",
  title =        "Biological vs artificial representations of variables
                 in fine-grain parallel systems",
  organization = "University of New York at Buffalo",
  booktitle =    "IEEE First International Conference on Neural
                 Networks",
  volume =       "III",
  year =         "1987",
}

@InCollection{waltz-75,
  key =          "Waltz",
  author =       "D.~L. Waltz",
  title =        "Understanding line drawings of scenes with shadows",
  booktitle =    "The Psychology of Computer Vision",
  editor =       "P. Winston",
  publisher =    "McGraw-Hill",
  address =      "New York",
  year =         "1975",
  keywords =     "line labelling, relaxation labelling",
  bibdate =      "Mon May 6 17:00:34 1985",
}

@Article{waltz-pollack-85,
  title =        "Massively Parallel Parsing: {A} Strongly Interactive
                 Model of Natural Language Interpretation",
  author =       "D.~L. Waltz and J.~B. Pollack",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "51--74",
  volume =       "9",
}

@InProceedings{waltz-87,
  title =        "Connectionist Models: {N}ot Just a Notational Variant,
                 Not a Panacea",
  author =       "D.~L. Waltz",
  year =         "1987",
  pages =        "58--64",
  booktitle =    TINLAP-3,
  publisher =    ACL,
  annote =       "Abstract: Connectionist models inherently include
                 features and exhibit behaviors which are difficult to
                 achieve with traditional logic-based models. Among the
                 more important characteristics are: (1) the ability to
                 compute nearest match rather than requiring unification
                 or exact match; (2) learning; (3) fault tolerance
                 through the integration of overlapping modules, each of
                 which may be incomplete or fallible, and (4) the
                 possibility of scaling up such systems by many orders
                 of magnitude, to operate more rapidly or to handle much
                 larger problems, or both. However, it is unlikely that
                 connectionist models will be able to learn all of
                 language from experience, because it is unlikely that a
                 full cognitive system could be built via learning from
                 an initially random network; any successful large-scale
                 connectionist learning system will have to be to some
                 degree ``genetically'' prewired.",
}

@Article{warren-sherman-74,
  key =          "Warren",
  author =       "R.~M. Warren and G. Sherman",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Phonemic restorations based on subsequent context",
  journal =      "Perception and Psychophysics",
  volume =       "16",
  pages =        "150--156",
}

@Article{warrington-mccarthy-83,
  key =          "warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington and R. McCarthy",
  title =        "Category specific access dysphasia",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "106",
  pages =        "859--878",
  year =         "1983",
}

@Article{warrington-shallice-79,
  key =          "warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington and T. Shallice",
  title =        "Semantic access dyslexia",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "102",
  pages =        "43--63",
  year =         "1979",
}

@Article{warrington-shallice-84,
  key =          "warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington and T. Shallice",
  title =        "Category specific semantic impairments",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "107",
  pages =        "829--853",
  year =         "1984",
}

@Article{warrington-mccarthy-87,
  key =          "warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington and R. McCarthy",
  title =        "Categories of knowledge: Further fractionation and an
                 attempted integration",
  journal =      "Brain",
  volume =       "110",
  pages =        "1273--1296",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Article{warrington-weiskrantz-68,
  key =          "Warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington and L. Weiskrantz",
  title =        "New method of testing long-term retention with special
                 reference to amnesic patients",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "277",
  pages =        "972--974",
  year =         "1968",
}

@InCollection{warrington-85,
  key =          "Warrington",
  author =       "E.~K. Warrington",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "A disconnection analysis of amnesia",
  editors =      "D.~S. Olton, E. Gamzu and S. Corkin",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: {A}n integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

@TechReport{watrous-87,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Learning Algorithms for Connectionist Networks :
                 {A}pplied Gradient Methods of Non-Linear Optimization",
  institution =  "University of Pennsylvania",
  number =       "MS-CIS-87-51",
  year =         "1987",
  annote =       "The 'momentum' term in backprop serves to adjust step
                 size in plateaus and average out oscillations in
                 valleys. Knowledge of the higher-order shape of the
                 weight space, as approximated iteratively by the
                 Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (1970) method, allows
                 dramatically improved convergence. This was
                 demonstrated using networks for XOR and Multiplexor
                 problems.",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 12:28:48 1988",
}

@PhdThesis{watrous-88,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Speech Recognition Using Connectionist Networks",
  school =       "University of Pennsylvania",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
}

@TechReport{watrous-89,
  key =          "watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Context-modulated discrimination of similar vowels
                 using second-order connectionist networks",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CRG-TR}-89-5",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1989",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
}

@TechReport{watrous-90,
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Speaker Normalization and Adaptation using Second
                 Order Connectionist Networks",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CRG-TR}-90-6",
  note =         "In CRG library",
}

@TechReport{watrous-shastri-86,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous and L. Shastri",
  title =        "Learning Phonetic Features Using Connectionist
                 Networks: An Experiment In Speech Recognition",
  institution =  "University of Pennsylvania",
  number =       "{MS-CIS}-86-78",
  year =         "1986",
}

@Article{watrous-laedendorf-kuhn-89,
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous and B. Laedendorf and G. Kuhn",
  title =        "Complete Gradient Optimization of a Recurrent Network
                 Applied to {BDG} Descrimination",
  journal =      "Journal of the Acoustic Society",
  year =         "1989, in press",
}

@InProceedings{watrous-shastri-87,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous and L. Shastri",
  title =        "Learning Phonetic Features Using Connectionist
                 Networks: An Experiment in Speech Recognition",
  booktitle =    "IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1987",
}

@InProceedings{watrous-shastri-waibel-87,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous and L. Shastri and A. Waibel",
  title =        "Learned Phonetic Discrimination Using Connectionist
                 Networks",
  year =         "1987",
  month =        sep,
  booktitle =    "European Conference on Speech Technology",
  pages =        "377--380",
  note =         "Edinburgh",
}

@TechReport{watrous-88a,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "{GRADSIM}: {A} Connectionist Network Simulator Using
                 Gradient Optimization Techniques",
  institution =  "University of Pennsylvania",
  number =       "{MS-CIS}-88-16",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InProceedings{watrous-88b,
  key =          "Watrous",
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Connectionist Speech Recognition Using the Temporal
                 Flow Model",
  year =         "1988",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Workshop On Speech Recognition",
}

@Article{weber-88,
  author =       "Elke ~U. Weber",
  title =        "Expectation and Variance of Item Resemblance
                 Distributions in a Convolution-Correlation Model of
                 Distributed Memory",
  journal =      "Journal of Mathematical Psychology",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "32",
  pages =        "1--43",
}

@TechReport{weigend-huberman-rumelhart-90,
  key =          "weigend",
  author =       "A.~S. Weigend and B.~A. Huberman and D.~E. Rumelhart",
  title =        "Predicting the future: {A} connectionist approach",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{SSL}-90-20",
  institution =  "Palo Alto Research Center",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "Submitted to the {\it International Journal of Neural
                 Systems}",
}

@Article{weisbuch-fogelman-85,
  key =          "Weisbuch-Fogelman-Soulie",
  author =       "G. Weisbuch and F. {Fogelman-Souli\'e}",
  title =        "Scaling laws for the attractors of Hopfield networks",
  year =         "1985",
  journal =      "Journal of Physics Letters",
  volume =       "46",
  pages =        "623--630",
}

@TechReport{weiss-90a,
  key =          "weiss",
  author =       "G. Weiss",
  title =        "Learning to generate focus trajectories for attentive
                 vision",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-127-90",
  institution =  "Technische Universitat Munchen",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{weiss-90b,
  key =          "weiss",
  author =       "G. Weiss",
  title =        "Combining neural and evolutionary learning: aspects
                 and approaches",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{FKI}-132-90",
  institution =  "Technische Universitat Munchen",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{weisstein-harris-74,
  key =          "Weisstein",
  author =       "N. Weisstein and C.~S. Harris",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Visual detection of line segments: {A}n object
                 superiority effect",
  journal =      "Science",
  volume =       "186",
  pages =        "752--755",
}

@PhdThesis{werbos-74,
  author =       "P.~J. Werbos",
  year =         "1974",
  title =        "Beyond Regression: {N}ew Tools for Prediction and
                 Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences",
  school =       "Harvard University",
}

@Article{werbos-88,
  author =       "P.~J. Werbos",
  title =        "Generalization of Backpropagation with Application to
                 a Recurrent Gas Market Model",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "339--356",
}

@Article{wheeler-70,
  key =          "Wheeler",
  author =       "D.~D. Wheeler",
  year =         "1970",
  title =        "Processes in word recognition",
  journal =      "Cognitive Psychology",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "59--85",
}

@Unpublished{white-84,
  author =       "S.~R. White",
  title =        "Concepts of Scale in Simulated Annealing",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  note =         "Presented at the 1984 Simulated Annealing Workshop,
                 Yorktown Heights, NY",
  bibdate =      "Mon Oct 19 06:25:23 1987",
}

@Article{white-neely-76,
  author =       "G.~M. White and R.~B. Neely",
  title =        "Speech Recognition Experiments with Linear Prediction,
                 Bandpass Filtering, and Dynamic Programming",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal Process.",
  year =         "1976",
  volume =       "24",
  pages =        "183--188",
  month =        apr,
  annote =       "A comparative study of LPC versus bandpass filtering
                 for speech encoding. Results suggest two methods are
                 equivalent, but tests were only done on single speaker
                 data for a very small database.",
}

@Article{wickelgren-69,
  key =          "Wickelgren",
  author =       "W.~A. Wickelgren",
  year =         "1969",
  title =        "Context-sensitive coding, associative memory and
                 serial order in (speech) behavior",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "76",
  pages =        "1--15",
}

@Article{wickelgren-79,
  key =          "Wickelgren",
  author =       "W.~A. Wickelgren",
  year =         "1979",
  title =        "Chunking and consolidation: {A} theoretical synthesis
                 of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning,
                 {S}-{R} versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting,
                 the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal
                 system",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "86",
  pages =        "44--60",
}

@InProceedings{widrow-hoff-60,
  key =          "Widrow-Hoff",
  author =       "B. Widrow and M.~E. Hoff",
  title =        "Adaptive switching circuits",
  year =         "1960",
  booktitle =    "IRE WESCON Conv. Record, Part 4.",
  pages =        "96--104",
}

@Article{wiesel-hubel-65,
  keyword =      "Wiesel",
  author =       "T. N. Wiesel and D. H. Hubel",
  title =        "Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral
                 eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens",
  journal =      "Journal of Neurophysiology",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "1029--1040",
  year =         "1965",
}

@InCollection{wilks-fass-guo-mcdonald-plate-slator-88,
  title =        "A Tractable Machine Dictionary as a Resource for
                 Computational Semantics",
  author =       "Y.~A. Wilks and D~C. Fass and C. Guo and J.~E.
                 McDonald and T. Plate and B.~M. Slator",
  year =         "1988",
  booktitle =    "Computational Lexicography for Natural Language
                 Processing",
  editor =       "B.~K. Boguraev and T. Briscoe",
  publisher =    "Longman Group Limited",
  address =      "Harlow, Essex, England",
  note =         "Also in the ``Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural
                 Language Technology Planning,'' held at Blue Mountain
                 Lake, NY, Sept. 20-23, 1987, and as technical report
                 CRL-MCCS-87-105 available from Computing Research
                 Laboratory, Box 3CRL, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM 88003",
}

@TechReport{williams-85,
  key =          "Williams",
  author =       "R.~J. Willaims",
  title =        "Feature discovery through error-correction learning",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "ICS Report 8501",
  institution =  "Institute for Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1985",
}

@InCollection{williams-86a,
  key =          "Williams",
  author =       "R.~J. Williams",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "The logic of activation rules",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@TechReport{williams-86b,
  key =          "Williams",
  author =       "R.~J. Williams",
  title =        "Reinforcement learning in connectionist networks: {A}
                 mathematical analysis",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Institute for Cognitive Science, University of
                 California San Diego, La Jolla, CA",
  year =         "1986",
}

@InProceedings{williams-87,
  key =          "williams",
  author =       "R.~J. Williams",
  title =        "A class of gradient-estimating algorithms for
                 reinforcement learning in neural networks",
  booktitle =    "IEEE First annual International Conference on Neural
                 Networks",
  year =         "1987",
}

@Misc{williams-88,
  key =          "Williams",
  author =       "R. Williams",
  title =        "A learning algorithm for continually running fully
                 recurrent neural networks",
  year =         "1988",
  note =         "Unpublished",
}

@Misc{williams-peng-89,
  author =       "R.~J. Williams and J. Peng",
  title =        "Reinforcement learning algorithms as function
                 optimizers",
  note =         "To appear in {\em Proceedings of the International
                 Joint Conference on Neural Networks}, June 1989,
                 Washington, D.C.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{williams-weisstein-78,
  key =          "Williams",
  author =       "A. Williams and N. Weisstein",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "Line segments are perceived better in a coherent
                 context than alone: {A}n object-line effect in visual
                 perception",
  journal =      "Memory and Cognition",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "85--90",
}

@TechReport{williams-zipser-88,
  title =        "A Learning Algorithm for Continually Running Fully
                 Recurrent Neural Networks",
  author =       "R.~J. Williams and D. Zipser",
  institution =  "University of California at San Diego",
  number =       "ICS Report 8805",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Article{williams-zipser-89a,
  author =       "R.~J. Williams and D. Zipser",
  title =        "A Learning Algorithm for Continually Running Fully
                 Recurrent Neural Networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  volume =       "In this volume",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{williams-zipser-89b,
  author =       "R.~J. Williams and D. Zipser",
  title =        "A Learning Algorithm for Continually Running Fully
                 Recurrent Neural Networks",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  year =         "1989",
  pages =        "270--280",
}

@Article{willshaw-69,
  key =          "Willshaw",
  author =       "D.~J. Willshaw and O.~P. Buneman and H.~C.
                 Longuet-Higgins",
  title =        "Nonholographic associative memory",
  journal =      "Nature",
  year =         "1969",
  volume =       "222",
  pages =        "960--962",
}

@InCollection{willshaw-81,
  key =          "Willshaw",
  author =       "D. Willshaw",
  year =         "1981",
  title =        "Holography, associative memory, and inductive
                 generalization",
  editors =      "G.~E. Hinton and J.~A. Anderson",
  booktitle =    "Parallel models of associative memory",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
  publisher =    "Erlbaum",
}

@Article{willshaw-buneman-longuet-higgins-69,
  key =          "willshaw",
  author =       "D.~J. Willshaw and O.~P. Buneman and H.~C.
                 Longuet-Higgins",
  title =        "Non-holographic associative memory",
  journal =      "Nature",
  volume =       "222",
  pages =        "960--962",
  year =         "1969",
}

@Misc{willshaw-dayan-90,
  author =       "D. Willshaw and P. Dayan",
  title =        "Optimal plasticity from matrix memories: {W}hat goes
                 up must come down",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "85--93",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{willshaw-vondermalsburg-79,
  key =          "Willshaw",
  author =       "D.~J. Willshaw and C. Von der Malsburg",
  title =        "A marker induction mechanism for the establishment of
                 ordered neural mapping: Its application to the
                 retino-tectal connections",
  journal =      "Phil. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B",
  year =         "1979",
  volume =       "287",
  pages =        "203--243",
}

@Article{wilson-pawley-88,
  key =          "Wilson",
  author =       "G.~V. Wilson and G.~S. Pawley",
  title =        "On the stability of the travelling salesman problem
                 algorithm of hopfield and tank.",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "58",
  pages =        "63--70",
  year =         "1988",
}

@InCollection{winston-75,
  key =          "Winston",
  author =       "P.~H. Winston",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Learning structural descriptions from examples",
  editor =       "P.~H. Winston",
  booktitle =    "The psychology of computer vision.",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Harvard",
}

@Misc{winston-81,
  key =          "winston",
  author =       "P.~H. Winston",
  title =        "Learning new principles from precedents and
                 exercises",
  year =         "1981",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Memo 632",
}

@Book{wittgenstein-62,
  key =          "Wittgenstein",
  author =       "W. Wittgenstein",
  year =         "1962",
  title =        "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus",
  address =      "London",
  publisher =    "Routledge and Kegan Paul",
}

@InCollection{wolf-woods-78,
  key =          "Wolf",
  author =       "J.~J. Wolf and W.~A. Woods",
  year =         "1978",
  title =        "The {HWIM} speech understanding system",
  editor =       "W.~A. Lea",
  booktitle =    "Trends in speech recognition.",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
  publisher =    "Prentice-Hall",
}

@Article{wolford-75,
  key =          "Wolford",
  author =       "G. Wolford",
  year =         "1975",
  title =        "Pertubation model for letter identification",
  journal =      "Psychological Review",
  volume =       "82",
  pages =        "184--199",
}

@Article{wolpert-90,
  key =          "wolpert",
  author =       "D.~H. Wolpert",
  title =        "The relationship between {O}ccam's razor and
                 convergent guessing",
  journal =      "Complex Systems",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "319--368",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{wolpert-90a,
  key =          "wolpert",
  author =       "D.~H. Wolpert",
  title =        "Constructing a generalizer superior to {NET}talk via a
                 mathematical theory of generalization",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "445--452",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{wong-88,
  key =          "Wong",
  author =       "A.~J.~W. Wong",
  title =        "Recognition of general patterns using neural
                 networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "36",
  year =         "1988",
}

@Misc{woodham-berthold-78,
  key =          "woodham",
  author =       "R.~J. Woodham and K.~P. Berthold",
  title =        "Looking in the shadows",
  year =         "1978",
  note =         "MIT AI Lab Working Paper 169",
}

@Book{woodworth-38,
  key =          "Woodworth",
  author =       "R.~S. Woodworth",
  year =         "1938",
  title =        "Experimental Psychology",
  address =      "New York",
  publisher =    "Holt",
}

@TechReport{xu-oja-??,
  key =          "xu",
  author =       "L. Xu and E. Oja",
  title =        "Neural networks for optimal curve fitting and dual
                 subspace pattern recognition",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  institution =  "Lappeenranta University of Technology",
  year =         "19",
}

@InCollection{xu-pearl-89,
  key =          "xu",
  author =       "L. Xu and J. Pearl",
  title =        "Structuring causal tree models with continuous
                 variables",
  pages =        "209--219",
  year =         "1989",
  booktitle =    "Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 3",
  publisher =    "Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.",
  editor =       "L. ~N. Kanal and T.~S. Levitt and J.~F. Lemmer",
}

@Misc{yu-simmons-90a,
  key =          "yu",
  author =       "Y. Yu and R.~F. Simmons",
  title =        "Extra output biased learning",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "To appear in the {\it Proceedings of the International
                 Joint Conference on Neural Networks 1990}",
}

@Misc{yu-simmons-90b,
  key =          "yu",
  author =       "Y. Yu and R.~F. Simmons",
  title =        "Descending epsilon in back-propagation: {A} technique
                 for better generalization",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "To appear in the {\it Proceedings of the International
                 Joint Conference on Neural Networks 1990}",
}

@Article{yuille-89,
  key =          "Yuille",
  author =       "A. Yuille",
  title =        "Energy functions for early vision and analog
                 networks",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "115--123",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{yuille-kammen-cohen-89,
  key =          "Yuille",
  author =       "A. Yuille and D. Kammen and D. Cohen",
  title =        "Quadrature and the development of orientation
                 selective cortical cells by {H}ebb rules",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  volume =       "61",
  pages =        "183--194",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{zames-76,
  key =          "Zames",
  author =       "G. Zames and N.~A. Shneydor",
  title =        "Dither in Nonlinear Systems",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions of Automatic Control",
  volume =       "AC-21",
  number =       "5",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1976",
  pages =        "660--667",
  keywords =     "Dither, nonlinear systems",
  bibdate =      "Sun Apr 28 21:46:31 1985",
}

@Article{zames-77,
  key =          "Zames",
  author =       "G. Zames and N.~A. Shneydor",
  title =        "Structural Stabilization and Quenching by Dither in
                 Nonlinear Systems",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions of Automatic Control",
  volume =       "AC-22",
  number =       "3",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1977",
  pages =        "352--361",
  keywords =     "Dither, nonlinear systems",
  bibdate =      "Sun Apr 28 21:47:45 1985",
}

@Article{zames-shneydor-76,
  author =       "G. Zames and N. ~A. Shneydor",
  title =        "Dither in Nonlinear Systems",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions of Automatic Control",
  volume =       "AC-21",
  number =       "5",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1976",
  pages =        "660--667",
  keywords =     "Dither nonlinear systems",
  bibdate =      "Sun Apr 28 21:46:31 1985",
}

@InProceedings{zemel-hinton-91,
  author =       "R. S. Zemel and G. E. Hinton",
  title =        "Discovering Viewpoint-Invariant Relationships that
                 Characterize Objects",
  booktitle =    "Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems 3",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InProceedings{zemel-hinton-mozer-90,
  author =       "R. S. Zemel and G. E. Hinton and M. C. Mozer",
  title =        "{TRAFFIC:} Object Recognition Using Hierarchical
                 Reference Frame Transformations",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
  pages =        "266--273",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InCollection{zemel-mozer-hinton-90,
  key =          "zemel",
  author =       "R.~S. Zemel and M.~C. Mozer and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "{TRAFFIC}: Recognizing objects using hierarchical
                 reference frame transformations",
  pages =        "266--273",
  year =         "1990",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
}

@TechReport{zipser-86a,
  author =       "D. Zipser",
  title =        "Programming Networks to Compute Spatial Functions",
  institution =  "UCSD",
  number =       "{ICS} Report 8606",
  month =        jun,
  year =         "1986",
  keywords =     "vision, spatial computations, internal
                 representations",
  annote =       "Excellent report, describing how backprop was used to
                 teach a small number of hidden units to encode the
                 central coordinate of a fuzzy blob, employing an
                 identity mapping (ie., 10^2 - h - 10^2 encoder). Two
                 hidden units developed orthogonal graded codes; more
                 hidden units developed more complex & accurate codes.
                 Also, a network was successfully trained to extrapolate
                 the position of a 'moving' spot (given 2 input spots
                 and the resulting output position), hence developing
                 hidden representations of velocity (as activity
                 levels), and the ability to compute motion.",
  annote =       "In CRG Library",
  bibdate =      "Wed Mar 2 12:35:44 1988",
}

@InCollection{zipser-rabin-86,
  key =          "Zipser",
  author =       "D. Zipser and D.~E. Rabin",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "{P3}: {A} parallel network simulating system",
  editors =      "D.~E. Rumelhart, J.~L. McClelland, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "I",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InCollection{zipser-86,
  key =          "Zipser",
  author =       "D. Zipser",
  year =         "1986",
  title =        "Biologically plausible models of place recognition and
                 goal location",
  editors =      "J.~L. McClelland, D.~E. Rumelhart, and the PDP
                 research group",
  booktitle =    "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the
                 microstructure of cognition",
  volume =       "II",
  address =      "Cambridge, MA",
  publisher =    "Bradford Books",
}

@InCollection{zornetzer-85,
  key =          "Zornetzer",
  author =       "S.~F. Zornetzer",
  year =         "1985",
  title =        "Catecholamine system involvement in age-related memory
                 dysfunction",
  editors =      "Olton, D.~S. and Gamzu, E. and Corkin, S.",
  booktitle =    "Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and
                 human research from preclinical and clinical
                 perspectives",
  address =      "New York, NY",
  publisher =    "New York Academy of Sciences",
}

% @Comment{BIBSETS,
% }

@InCollection{jaynes-86,
  author =       "E.~T. Jaynes",
  title =        "Bayesian methods: {G}eneral Background",
  booktitle =    "Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Applied
                 Statistics",
  publisher =    "Cambridge University Press",
  year =         "1986",
  editor =       "J.~H. Justice",
  pages =        "1--25",
}

@InCollection{gull-88,
  author =       "S.~F. Gull",
  title =        "Bayesian Inductive Inference and Maximum Entropy",
  booktitle =    "Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and
                 Engineering",
  publisher =    "Kluwer Academic",
  year =         "1988",
  editor =       "G.~J. Erickson and C.~R. Smith",
}

@InCollection{gull-89,
  author =       "S.~F. Gull",
  title =        "Developments in Maximum Entropy Data Analysis",
  booktitle =    "Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods (8th Workshop)",
  publisher =    "Kluwer Academic",
  year =         "1989",
  editor =       "J. Skilling",
}

@InCollection{skilling-89,
  author =       "J. Skilling",
  title =        "Classic Maximum Entropy",
  booktitle =    "Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods (8th Workshop)",
  publisher =    "Kluwer Academic",
  year =         "1989",
  editor =       "J. Skilling",
}

@Book{jeffreys-39,
  author =       "H. Jeffreys",
  title =        "Theory of Probability",
  publisher =    "Oxford University Press",
  year =         "1939",
  note =         "Later editions 1948, 1961, 1983",
}

@Book{priestly-81,
  author =       "M.~B. Priestley",
  title =        "Spectral Analysis and Time Series",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Book{priestly-88,
  author =       "M.~B. Priestley",
  title =        "Non-linear and Non-stationary Time Series Analysis",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{tong-lim-80,
  author =       "H. Tong and K.~S. Lim",
  title =        "Threshold autoregression, limit cycles, and cyclical
                 data",
  journal =      "Journal Royal Statistical Society B",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "42",
}

@TechReport{he-lapedes-91,
  author =       "X. He and A. Lapedes",
  title =        "Nonlinear modelling and prediction by successive
                 approximation using {R}adial {B}asis {F}unctions",
  institution =  "Los Alamos National Laboratory",
  year =         "1991",
  number =       "LA-UR-91-1375",
}

@Article{nowlan-hinton-92,
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Simplifying Neural Networks by Soft Weight-Sharing",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  year =         "1992",
  note =         "In press.",
}

@Article{hinton-nowlan-90,
  key =          "Hinton",
  author =       "G.~E. Hinton and S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "The bootstrap {W}idrow-{H}off rule as a
                 cluster-formation algorithm",
  journal =      "{\it Neural Computation}",
  publisher =    "MIT",
  pages =        "355--362",
  volume =       "2",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{Neal-91,
  author =       "R.~M. Neal",
  title =        "Bayesian mixture modeling by {M}onte {C}arlo
                 simulation",
  institution =  "Connectionist Research Group, University of Toronto",
  year =         "1991",
  number =       "CRG-TR-91-2",
  note =         "Forthcoming.",
}

@PhdThesis{MacKay-91,
  author =       "David J.~C. MacKay",
  title =        "Bayesian Modelling and Neural Networks",
  school =       "Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute
                 of Technology",
  year =         "1991",
  address =      "Pasadena, CA",
}

@InProceedings{Bellini88,
  author =       "S. Bellini and F. Rocca",
  title =        "Near Optimal Blind Deconvolution",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
                 Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "vol. 4 pp2236--2239",
}

@InProceedings{Bellini86,
  author =       "S. Bellini",
  title =        "Bussgang Techniques for Blind Equalization",
  booktitle =    "IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference Record",
  year =         "1986",
  pages =        "1634--1640",
  month =        dec,
}

@Article{Godfrey-Rocca-81,
  author =       "R. Godfrey and F. Rocca",
  title =        "Zero Memory Non-linear Deconvolution",
  journal =      "Geophysical Prospecting",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "29",
  pages =        "189--228",
}

@Article{Benveniste-et-al-80,
  author =       "A. Benveniste and M. Goursat and G. Ruget",
  title =        "Robust Identification of a Nonminimum Phase System:
                 Blind Adjustment of Linear Equalizer in Data
                 Communications",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Automat. Control",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "AC-25",
  pages =        "385--399",
}

@Article{Stockham-Cannon-Ingebretsen-75,
  author =       "T. Stockham and T. Cannon and R. Ingebretsen",
  title =        "Blind Deconvolution through Digital Signal
                 Processing",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  year =         "1975",
  volume =       "63",
  pages =        "678--692",
}

@PhdThesis{Gray-79,
  author =       "W. Gray",
  title =        "Variable Norm Deconvolution",
  school =       "Stanford University",
  year =         "1979",
  address =      "Stanford, Ca.",
}

@Article{Walden-85,
  author =       "A.~T. Walden",
  title =        "Non gaussian reflectivity, entropy, and
                 deconvolution",
  journal =      "Geophysics",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "50",
  pages =        "2862--2888",
}

@Article{Tugnait-87,
  author =       "J.~K. Tugnait",
  title =        "Identification of linear stochastic systems via second
                 and fourth order cumulant matching",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "IT-33",
  pages =        "393--407",
}

@TechReport{Pratt-90,
  author =       "L.~Y. Pratt",
  title =        "Toward Knowledge-Base Neural Networks: Experiments in
                 Problem Decomposition",
  institution =  "Computer Science Department, Rutgers University",
  year =         "1990",
}

@TechReport{Pearlmutter-90,
  author =       "B.~A. Pearlmutter",
  title =        "Dynamic Recurrent Neural Networks",
  institution =  "School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
                 University",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "CMU-CS-90-196",
  month =        dec,
}

@InCollection{Jacobs-Jordan-91,
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs and M.~I. Jordan",
  title =        "A competitive modular connectionist architecture",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems 3",
  year =         "1991",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@InProceedings{Levin-91,
  author =       "E. Levin",
  title =        "Modeling Time Varying Systems using a Hidden Control
                 Neural Network Architecture",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems 3",
  year =         "1991",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  note =         "Preprint.",
}

@InProceedings{Zemel-Hinton-91,
  author =       "R.~S. Zemel and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Discovering and using the single viewpoint
                 constraint",
  booktitle =    "Neural Information Processing Systems 3",
  year =         "1991",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
  note =         "Preprint.",
}

@MastersThesis{Craig-91,
  author =       "M.~W. Craig",
  title =        "Lossless Image Compression using Connectionist
                 Networks",
  school =       "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Toronto",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{Rabiner-89,
  author =       "L.~R. Rabiner",
  title =        "A tutorial on hidden {M}arkov models and selected
                 applications in speech recognition",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "77",
  pages =        "257--286",
}

@InProceedings{lecun-boser-etal-90,
  author =       "Y. {Le Cun} and B. Boser and J.~S. Denker and D.
                 Henderson and R.~E. Howard and W. Hubbard and L.~D.
                 Jackel",
  title =        "Handwritten Digit Recognition with a Back-Propagation
                 Network",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "396--404",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kauffman",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@Article{weigend-et-al-90,
  author =       "A.~S. Weigend and B.~A. Huberman and D.~E. Rumelhart",
  title =        "Predicting the future: {A} Connectionist Approach",
  journal =      "International Journal of Neural Systems",
  volume =       "1",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Misc{rumelhart-88,
  author =       "D.~E. Rumelhart",
  title =        "Learning and generalization",
  howpublished = "IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, San
                 Diego",
  year =         "1988",
  note =         "Plenary Address.",
}

@Article{durbin-szeliski-yuille-89,
  author =       "R. Durbin and R. Szeliski and A. Yuille",
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                 travelling salesman problem",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "348--358",
}

@InProceedings{Luttrell-89,
  author =       "S.~P. Luttrell",
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE Internation Conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  address =      "San Diego",
}

@Article{Friedman-Tukey-74,
  author =       "J.~H. Friedman and J.~W. Tukey",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Computers",
  year =         "1974",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "881--889",
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@Article{Friedman-Stuetzle-81,
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  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "76",
  pages =        "817--823",
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@Article{Friedman-Stuetzle-Schroeder-84,
  author =       "J.~H. Friedman and W. Stuetzle",
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  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "79",
  pages =        "599--608",
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@TechReport{watrous-90,
  author =       "R.~L. Watrous",
  title =        "Speaker Normalization and Adaptation using Second
                 Order Connectionist Networks",
  institution =  "University of Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  type =         "Technical Report",
  number =       "{CRG-TR}-90-6",
}

@Book{Fano-61,
  author =       "R.~M. Fano",
  title =        "Transmission of Information: {A} Statistical Theory of
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  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1961",
  address =      "Cambridge, Mass.",
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@Article{Cleary-Witten-84,
  author =       "J. G. Cleary and I. H. Witten",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "IT-30",
  number =       "2",
  month =        "March",
  pages =        "306--315",
}

@Article{Cleary-Witten-84,
  author =       "J. G. Cleary and I. H. Witten",
  title =        "Data compression using adaptive coding and partial
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "COM-32",
  number =       "4",
  month =        "April",
  pages =        "396--402",
}

@InProceedings{Shannon-59,
  author =       "C.~E. Shannon",
  title =        "Coding theorems for a discrete source with a fidelity
                 criterion",
  booktitle =    "IRE National Convention Record",
  year =         "1959",
  pages =        "142--163",
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@Article{Linde-Buzo-Gray-80,
  author =       "Y. Linde and A. Buzo and R.~M. Gray",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "COM-28",
  pages =        "84--95",
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@Article{Buzo-et-al-80,
  author =       "A. Buzo and A.~H. Gray and R.~M. Gray and J.~D.
                 Markel",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
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  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "ASSP-28",
  pages =        "562--574",
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@Article{Gersho-Cuperman-83,
  author =       "A. Gersho and V. Cuperman",
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  journal =      "IEEE Communications Magazine",
  year =         "1983",
  pages =        "15--21",
  month =        dec,
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@InProceedings{Adoul-et-al-78,
  author =       "J.~P. Adoul and C. Collin and D. Dalle",
  title =        "Block encoding and its application to data compression
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings Canadian Communications EHV Conference",
  year =         "1978",
  pages =        "145--148",
  address =      "Montreal, P.Q., Canada",
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@InProceedings{Chen-77,
  author =       "D.~T.~S. Chen",
  title =        "On two or more dimensional optimum quantizers",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Speech,
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  year =         "1977",
  pages =        "640--643",
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@InProceedings{Baker-Gray-83,
  author =       "R.~L. Baker and R.~M. Gray",
  title =        "Differential vector quantization of achromatic
                 imagery",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings International Picture Coding Symposium",
  year =         "1983",
  month =        mar,
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@InProceedings{Budge-Baker-85,
  author =       "S.~E. Budge and R.~L. Baker",
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings IEEE International Conference on
                 Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing",
  year =         "1985",
  pages =        "129--132",
  month =        apr,
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@InProceedings{Yamada-et-al-80,
  author =       "Y. Yamada and K. Fujita and S. Tazaki",
  title =        "Vector quantization of video signals",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings Annual Conference of IECE",
  year =         "1980",
  pages =        "1031",
}

@Article{Murakami-et-al-82,
  author =       "T. Murakami and K. Asai and E. Yamazaki",
  title =        "Vector quantizer of video signals",
  journal =      "Electronics Letters",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "1005--1006",
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@InProceedings{Gray-Abut-82,
  author =       "R.~M. Gray and H. Abut",
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings IEEE Conference on Acoustics, Speech and
                 Signal Processing",
  year =         "1982",
  pages =        "593--596",
  month =        may,
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@Article{Gray-Linde-82,
  author =       "R.~M. Gray and Y. Linde",
  title =        "Vector quantization and predictive quantizers for
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "COM-30",
  pages =        "381--389",
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@InProceedings{Nasrabadi-Feng-88,
  author =       "N.~M. Nasrabadi and Y. Feng",
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Neural
                 Networks",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "I101--I105",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jul,
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@TechReport{Lloyd-57,
  author =       "S.~P. Lloyd",
  title =        "Least Squares Quantization in {PCM}'s",
  institution =  "Bell Telephone Laboratories",
  year =         "1957",
  address =      "Murray Hill, NJ",
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@Article{Lloyd-82,
  author =       "S.~P. Lloyd",
  title =        "Least-squares quantization in {PCM}",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1982",
  volume =       "IT-28",
  pages =        "129--137",
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@InProceedings{MacQueen-67,
  author =       "J. MacQueen",
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  year =         "1967",
  pages =        "281--296",
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@Article{Rissanen-78,
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  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "14",
  pages =        "465--471",
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@InProceedings{Akaike-73,
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  year =         "1973",
  editor =       "B.~N. Petrov and F. Csaki",
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@Article{Nasrabadi-88,
  author =       "N.~M. Nasrabadi and R.~A. King",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "COM-36",
  pages =        "957--971",
}

@Article{Jain-81,
  author =       "A.~K. Jain",
  title =        "Image Data Compression: {A} Review",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "69",
  pages =        "349--389",
}

@Article{Netravali-Limb-80,
  author =       "A.~N. Netravali and J.~O. Limb",
  title =        "Picture Coding: {A} Review",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "68",
  pages =        "366--406",
}

@InProceedings{Hedgcock-et-al-89,
  author =       "M.~W. {Hedgcock Jr.} and T.~S. Levitt and S. Smith",
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  booktitle =    "Proceedings of Medical Imaging IV",
  year =         "1990",
  address =      "Newport Beach, CA",
}

@Article{Riskin-et-al-90,
  author =       "E.~A. Riskin and T. Lookabaugh and P.~A. Chou and
                 R.~M. Gray",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "290--298",
}

@Article{Hang-Woods-85,
  author =       "H. Hang and J.~W. Woods",
  title =        "Predictive vector quantization of images",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
                 Processing",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "ASSP-33",
  pages =        "1208--1219",
}

@Article{Tzou-87,
  author =       "K. Tzou",
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                 comparison of techniques",
  journal =      "Optical Engineering",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "26",
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@Article{Hecht-24,
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  year =         "1924",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "241",
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@InCollection{Sakrison-Halter-Mostafavi-70,
  author =       "D.~J. Sakrison and M. Halter and H. Mostafavi",
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  booktitle =    "New Directions in Signal Processing in Communications
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  publisher =    "Noordhoff International, NATO Advanced Studies
                 Institute Series",
  year =         "1970",
  address =      "Groningen, Netherlands",
}

@Article{Roos-et-al-88,
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "7",
  pages =        "328--336",
}

@TechReport{Jain-Jain-79,
  author =       "J.~R. Jain and A.~K. Jain",
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                 images",
  institution =  "Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
                 University of California at Davis",
  year =         "1979",
  type =         "Signal and Image Processing Lab",
  month =        aug,
}

@Article{Karhunen-47,
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  title =        "Uber {L}ineare {M}ethoden in der
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  year =         "1947",
  volume =       "Ser. A.I. 37",
  note =         "see translation by I. Selin, The Rand Corp., Doc.
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}

@Article{Hotelling-33,
  author =       "H. Hotelling",
  title =        "Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into
                 principal components",
  journal =      "Journal Educ. Psychology",
  year =         "1933",
  volume =       "24",
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@InProceedings{Pratt-Andrews-68,
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  title =        "Fourier transform coding of images",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on
                 System Sciences",
  year =         "1968",
  month =        jan,
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@Article{Ahmed-et-al-74,
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  year =         "1974",
  volume =       "C-23",
  pages =        "90--93",
}

@Article{Landau-Slepian-71,
  author =       "H.~J. Landau and D. Slepian",
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  year =         "1971",
  volume =       "50",
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}

@Article{Wintz-72,
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  journal =      "Proceedings of the IEEE",
  year =         "1972",
  volume =       "60",
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}

@MastersThesis{Craig-90,
  author =       "M. Craig",
  title =        "Lossless Image Compression via {A} Mixture Predictor",
  school =       "Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto",
  year =         "1991",
}

@Article{Sanger-90,
  author =       "T.~D. Sanger",
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  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks",
  year =         "1990",
  month =        jun,
  note =         "submitted",
}

@Article{Ehrman-67,
  author =       "L. Ehrman",
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  journal =      "Proceedings IEEE",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "278--287",
}

@Article{Davisson-68,
  author =       "L.~D. Davisson",
  title =        "Data compression using straight line interpolation",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1968",
  volume =       "IT-14",
  pages =        "390--394",
}

@Article{Gabor-Hill-61,
  author =       "D. Gabor and P.~C.~J. Hill",
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  year =         "1961",
  volume =       "108B",
  pages =        "303--313",
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@Article{Schreiber-63,
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  year =         "1963",
  month =        jan,
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@Article{Graham-67,
  author =       "D.~N. Graham",
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  journal =      "Proceedings IEEE",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "336--346",
}

@InProceedings{Endoh-Yamazaki-86,
  author =       "T. Endoh and Y. Yamazaki",
  title =        "Progressive coding scheme for multi-level images",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Picture Coding Symposium",
  year =         "1986",
  pages =        "21--22",
  address =      "Tokyo",
}

@PhdThesis{Pasco-76,
  author =       "R. Pasco",
  title =        "Source coding algorithms for fast data compression",
  school =       "Stanford University",
  year =         "1976",
  address =      "Palo Alto, CA",
}

@Article{Rissanen-Langdon-79,
  author =       "J. Rissanen and G. G. {Langdon Jr.}",
  title =        "Arithmetic coding",
  journal =      "IBM Journal of Research and Development",
  year =         "1979",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "149--162",
}

@Book{Rosenfeld-Kak-82,
  author =       "A. Rosenfeld and A.~C. Kak",
  title =        "Digital Picture Processing",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  year =         "1982",
  address =      "Orlando, FL",
  edition =      "2nd",
}

@Article{Witten-Neal-Cleary-87,
  author =       "I.~H. Witten and R.~M. Neal and J.~G. Cleary",
  title =        "Arithmetic Coding for Data Compression",
  journal =      "Communications of the ACM",
  year =         "1987",
  volume =       "30",
  pages =        "520--540",
}

@Article{Huffman-52,
  author =       "D.~A. Huffman",
  title =        "A method for the construction of minimum redundancy
                 codes",
  journal =      "Proceedings of the Institute of Electronics and Radio
                 Engineers",
  year =         "1952",
  volume =       "40",
  pages =        "1098--1101",
}

@Article{Ziv-Lempel-78,
  author =       "J. Ziv and A. Lempel",
  title =        "Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate
                 coding",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory",
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "IT-24",
  pages =        "530--536",
}

@Article{Daugman-88,
  author =       "J. Daugman",
  title =        "Complete discrete 2-{D} Gabor transforms by neural
                 networks for image analysis and compression",
  journal =      "IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
                 Processing",
  year =         "1988",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "1169--1179",
}

@InCollection{Daugman-90,
  author =       "J. Daugman",
  title =        "An Information Theoretic View of Analog Representation
                 in Striate Cortex",
  booktitle =    "Computational Neuroscience",
  publisher =    "MIT Press",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "E.~L. Schwartz",
  chapter =      "31",
}

@Article{banzhaf-haken-90,
  author =       "W. Banzhaf and H. Haken",
  title =        "Learning in a Competitive Network",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "3",
  pages =        "423--435",
}

@Book{Bertsekas-89,
  author =       "D.~P. Bertsekas and J.~N. Tsitsikilis",
  title =        "Parallel and distributed computation: numerical
                 methods",
  publisher =    "Prentice Hall",
  year =         "1989",
  address =      "Englewood Cliffs, N.J.",
}

@TechReport{Rose-et-al-90a,
  author =       "K. Rose and E. Gurewitz and G.~C. Fox",
  title =        "A deterministic annealing approach to clustering",
  institution =  "California Institute of Technology",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "C3P-857",
  note =         "To be published in Pattern Recognition Letters",
}

@TechReport{Rose-et-al-90b,
  author =       "K. Rose and E. Gurewitz and G.~C. Fox",
  title =        "Statistical Mechanics and Phase Transitions in
                 Clustering",
  institution =  "California Institute of Technology",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "CFP-895",
}

@Article{Yuille-90,
  author =       "A.~L. Yuille",
  title =        "Generalized Deformable Models, Statistical Physics,
                 and Matching Problems",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "1--24",
}

@Article{grabec-90,
  author =       "I. Grabec",
  title =        "Self-organization of Neurons described by the
                 Maximum-Entropy Principle",
  journal =      "Biological Cybernetics",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "63",
  pages =        "403--409",
}

@TechReport{Rose-et-al-90c,
  author =       "K. Rose and E. Gurewitz and G.~C. Fox",
  title =        "Constrained clustering as an optimization method",
  institution =  "California Institute of Technology",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "CFP-901",
}

@InProceedings{Templeman-88,
  author =       "J.~N. Templeman",
  title =        "Race Networks: {A} Theory of Competitive Recognition
                 Networks based on the rate of reactivation of neurons
                 in cortical columns",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
                 Neural Networks",
  year =         "1988, Vol II",
  pages =        "28--45",
  address =      "San Diego",
  month =        jul,
}

@Unpublished{Lowe-89,
  author =       "D. Lowe",
  title =        "Adaptive Radial Basis Function Nonlinearities, and the
                 Problem of Generalisation",
  note =         "Submitted to IEEE International Conference on Neural
                 Networks, 1989.",
  year =         "1989",
}

@Article{Hathaway-86a,
  author =       "R.~J. Hathaway",
  title =        "Another interpretation of the {EM} algorithm for
                 mixture distributions.",
  journal =      "Statistics \& Probability Letters",
  year =         "1986",
  volume =       "4",
  pages =        "53--56",
}

@Article{Everitt-84a,
  author =       "B.~S. Everitt",
  title =        "Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters in a
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                 comparison of different algorithms.",
  journal =      "The Statistician",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "33",
  pages =        "205--215",
}

@Article{Titterington-84a,
  author =       "D.~M. Titterington",
  title =        "Recursive parameter estimation using incomplete
                 data.",
  journal =      "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "46",
  pages =        "257--267",
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@Article{Newcomb-1886,
  author =       "S. Newcomb",
  title =        "A generalized theory of the combination of
                 observations so as to obtain the best result.",
  journal =      "American Journal of Mathematics",
  year =         "1886",
  volume =       "8",
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@Article{Pearson-1894,
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  journal =      "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
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  year =         "1894",
  volume =       "185",
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}

@Book{Everitt-Hand-81,
  author =       "B.~S. Everitt and D.~J. Hand",
  title =        "Finite Mixture Distributions",
  publisher =    "Chapman and Hall",
  year =         "1981",
  address =      "London",
}

@Book{Titterington-Smith-Makov-85,
  author =       "D.~M. Titterington and A.~F.~M. Smith and U.~E.
                 Makov",
  title =        "Statistical Analysis of Finite Mixture Distributions",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1985",
  address =      "New York",
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@Article{Huber-64,
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  title =        "Robust estimation of a local parameter.",
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  year =         "1964",
  volume =       "35",
  pages =        "73--101",
}

@Article{Srivastava-Lee-84,
  author =       "M.~S. Srivastava and G.~C. Lee",
  title =        "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient
                 when sampling from a mixture of two bivariate normal
                 densities: robustness and outliers.",
  journal =      "Canadian Journal of Statistics",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "2",
  pages =        "119--133",
}

@InCollection{Tukey-60,
  author =       "J.~W. Tukey",
  title =        "A survey of sampling from contaminated
                 distributions.",
  booktitle =    "Contributions to Probability and Statistics",
  publisher =    "Stanford University Press",
  year =         "1960",
  editor =       "I. Olkin and S.~G. Ghurye and W. Hoeffding and W.~G.
                 Madow and H.~B. Mann",
  pages =        "448--485",
}

@Article{Aitkin-Anderson-Hinde-81,
  author =       "M. Aitkin and D. Anderson and J. Hinde",
  title =        "Statistical modelling of data on teaching styles (with
                 discussion)",
  journal =      "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "144",
  pages =        "419--461",
}

@Article{Bhattacharya-67,
  author =       "C.~G. Bhattacharya",
  title =        "A simple method for resolution of a distribution into
                 its Gaussian components.",
  journal =      "Biometrics",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "115--135",
}

@Article{Cassie-54,
  author =       "R.~M. Cassie",
  title =        "Some uses of probability paper for the graphical
                 analysis of polymodal frequency distributions.",
  journal =      "Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research",
  year =         "1954",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "513--522",
}

@Article{Charlier-Wicksell-24,
  author =       "C.~V.~L. Charlier and S.~D. Wicksell",
  title =        "On the dissection of frequency functions.",
  journal =      "Arkiv f{\"{}o}r Mathematik, Astronomi och Fysik",
  year =         "1924",
  volume =       "18",
  number =       "6",
}

@Article{Cohen-67,
  author =       "A.~C. Cohen",
  title =        "Estimation in mixtures of two normal distributions.",
  journal =      "Technometrics",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "15--28",
}

@Article{Cox-Small-78,
  author =       "D.~R. Cox and N.~J.~H. Small",
  title =        "Testing multivariate normality",
  journal =      "Biometrika",
  year =         "1978",
  volume =       "65",
  pages =        "263--272",
}

@Article{Day-69,
  author =       "N.~E. Day",
  title =        "Estimating the components of a mixture of two normal
                 distributions.",
  journal =      "Biometrika",
  year =         "1969",
  volume =       "56",
  pages =        "463--474",
}

@Article{Fryer-Robertson-72,
  author =       "J.~G. Fryer and C.~A. Robertson",
  title =        "A comparison of some methods for estimating mixed
                 normal distributions",
  journal =      "Biometrika",
  year =         "1972",
  volume =       "59",
  pages =        "639--648",
}

@Article{Ganesalingam-McLachlan-79,
  author =       "S. Ganesalingam and G.~J. {McLachlan}",
  title =        "A case study of two clustering methods based on
                 maximum likelihood.",
  journal =      "Statistical Neerlandica",
  year =         "1979",
  volume =       "33",
  pages =        "81--90",
}

@Book{Gnanadesikan-77,
  author =       "R. Gnanadesikan",
  title =        "Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of Multivariate
                 Observations",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1977",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{Harding-48,
  author =       "J.~P. Harding",
  title =        "The use of probability paper for the graphical
                 analysis of polymodal frequency distributions.",
  journal =      "Journal of the Marine Biology Association U.K.",
  year =         "1948",
  volume =       "28",
  pages =        "141--153",
}

@Article{Harris-83,
  author =       "C.~M. Harris",
  title =        "On finite mixtures of geometric and negative binomial
                 distributions.",
  journal =      "Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "987--1007",
}

@Article{Hawkins-81,
  author =       "D.~M. Hawkins",
  title =        "A new test for multivariate normality and
                 homoscedasticity",
  journal =      "Technometrics",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "23",
  pages =        "105--110",
}

@Article{Kanji-85,
  author =       "G.~K. Kanji",
  title =        "A mixture model for wind shear data",
  journal =      "Journal of Applied Statistics",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "12",
  pages =        "49--58",
}

@Article{Larson-Dinse-85,
  author =       "M.~G. Larson and G.~E. Dinse",
  title =        "A mixture model for the regression analysis of
                 competing risks data",
  journal =      "Applied Statistics",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "201--211",
}

@Book{Lazarsfeld-Henry-68,
  author =       "P.~F. Lazarsfeld and N.~W. Henry",
  title =        "Latent Structure Analysis",
  publisher =    "Houghton Mifflin",
  year =         "1968",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{Mardia-74,
  author =       "K.~V. Mardia",
  title =        "Applications of some measures of multivariate skewness
                 and kurtosis in testing normality and robustness
                 studies",
  journal =      "Sankhy\={a} B",
  year =         "1974",
  volume =       "36",
  pages =        "115--128",
}

@Article{Basford-McLachlan-85,
  author =       "K.~E. Basford and G.~J. {McLachlan}",
  title =        "Estimation of allocation rates in a cluster analysis
                 context.",
  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  year =         "1985",
  volume =       "80",
  pages =        "286--293",
}

@InCollection{McLachlan-82a,
  author =       "G.~J. {McLachlan}",
  title =        "The classification and mixture maximum likelihood
                 approaches to cluster analysis",
  booktitle =    "Handbook of Statistics (vol. 2)",
  publisher =    "North-Holland",
  year =         "1982",
  editor =       "P.~R. Krishnaiah and L.~N. Kanal",
  pages =        "199--208",
}

@Book{Rao-52,
  author =       "C.~R. Rao",
  title =        "Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1952",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{Tan-Chang-72,
  author =       "W.~Y. Tan and W.~C. Chang",
  title =        "Some comparisons of the method of moments and the
                 method of maximum likelihood in estimating parameters
                 of a mixture of two normal distributions.",
  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  year =         "1972",
  volume =       "67",
  pages =        "702--708",
}

@Article{Wilk-Gnanadesikan-68,
  author =       "M.~B. Wilk and R. Gnanadesikan",
  title =        "Probability plotting methods for the analysis of
                 data",
  journal =      "Biometrika",
  year =         "1968",
  volume =       "55",
  pages =        "1--17",
}

@TechReport{Wolfe-67,
  author =       "J.~H. Wolfe",
  title =        "{NORMIX}: Computational methods for estimating the
                 parameters of multivariate normal mixtures of
                 distributions",
  institution =  "U.S. Naval Personnel Research Activity",
  year =         "1967",
  number =       "SRM 68-2",
  address =      "San Diego",
}

@PhdThesis{Brown-84b,
  author =       "P.~F. Brown",
  title =        "The Acoustic-Modelling Problem in Automatic Speech
                 Recognition",
  school =       "Carnegie Mellon University",
  year =         "1984",
  address =      "Pittsburgh",
}

@InProceedings{Levin-90,
  author =       "E. Levin",
  title =        "Word recognition using hidden control neural
                 architecture",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of ICASSP",
  year =         "1990",
  address =      "Albuquerque, NM",
  month =        apr,
}

@Book{Anderson-84b,
  author =       "T.~W. Anderson",
  title =        "An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1984",
  address =      "New York",
  edition =      "Second",
}

@Article{Aitkin-Tunnicliffe-Wilson-80,
  author =       "M. Aitkin and G. {Tunnicliffe Wilson}",
  title =        "Mixture models, outliers, and the {EM} algorithm",
  journal =      "Technometrics",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "22",
  pages =        "325--331",
}

@Article{McCulloch-Pitts-43,
  author =       "W.~S. McCulloch and W. Pitts",
  title =        "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous
                 activity.",
  journal =      "Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics",
  year =         "1943",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "115--133",
}

@Article{Baum-Eagon-67,
  author =       "L.~E. Baum and J.~A. Eagon",
  title =        "An inequality with applications to statistical
                 estimation for probabilistic functions of Markov
                 processes and to a model for ecology.",
  journal =      "Bulletin of American Mathematical Society",
  year =         "1967",
  volume =       "73",
  pages =        "360--363",
}

@Article{Baum-et-al-70,
  author =       "L.~E. Baum and T. Petrie and G. Soules and N. Weiss",
  title =        "A maximization technique occurring in the statistical
                 analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains.",
  journal =      "Annals of Mathematical Statistics",
  year =         "1970",
  volume =       "41",
  pages =        "164--167",
}

@InProceedings{Baum-72,
  author =       "L.~E. Baum",
  title =        "An inequality and associated maximization technique in
                 statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of
                 Markov processes.",
  booktitle =    "Inequalities, III: Proceedings of a Symposium",
  year =         "1971",
  editor =       "Shisa and Qved",
  publisher =    "Academic Press",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{Ceppellini-55,
  author =       "R. Ceppellini and M. Siniscalco and C.~A. Smith",
  title =        "The estimation of gene frequencies in a random-mating
                 population",
  journal =      "Annals of Human Genetics",
  year =         "1955",
  volume =       "20",
  pages =        "97--115",
}

@Article{Hasselblad-66,
  author =       "V. Hasselblad",
  title =        "Estimation of parameters for a mixture of normal
                 distributions.",
  journal =      "Technometrics",
  year =         "1966",
  volume =       "8",
  pages =        "431--444",
}

@Article{Hasselblad-69,
  author =       "V. Hasselblad",
  title =        "Estimation of finite mixtures of distributions from
                 the exponential family.",
  journal =      "Journal of the American Statistical Association",
  year =         "1969",
  volume =       "64",
  pages =        "1459--1471",
}

@Article{Wolfe-70,
  author =       "J.~H. Wolfe",
  title =        "Pattern clustering by multivariate mixture analysis.",
  journal =      "Multivariate Behavioural Research",
  year =         "1970",
  volume =       "5",
  pages =        "329--350",
}

@Book{Rao-65,
  author =       "C.~R. Rao",
  title =        "Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1965",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Article{Redner-81,
  author =       "R.~A. Redner",
  title =        "Note on the consistency of the maximum likelihood
                 estimate for nonidentifiable distributions",
  journal =      "Annals of Statistics",
  year =         "1981",
  volume =       "9",
  pages =        "225--228",
}

@Article{Redner-Walker-84,
  author =       "R.~A. Redner and H.~F. Walker",
  title =        "Mixture densities, maximum likelihood and the {EM}
                 algorithm",
  journal =      "SIAM Review",
  year =         "1984",
  volume =       "26",
  pages =        "195--239",
}

@InProceedings{Ghosh-Sen-85,
  author =       "J.~K. Ghosh and P.~K. Sen",
  title =        "On the asymptotic performance of the log likelihood
                 ratio statistic for the mixture model and related
                 results.",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings Berkeley Conference in Honor of Jerzy
                 Neyman and Jack Kiefer (Vol II.)",
  year =         "1985",
  editor =       "L.~M. Le Cam and R.~A Olsen",
  pages =        "789--806",
  publisher =    "Wadsworth",
  address =      "Monterey",
}

@Article{Lehmann-80,
  author =       "E.~L. Lehmann",
  title =        "Efficient likelihood estimators.",
  journal =      "American Statistician",
  year =         "1980",
  volume =       "34",
  pages =        "233--235",
}

@Book{Lehmann-83,
  author =       "E.~L. Lehmann",
  title =        "Theory of Point Estimation",
  publisher =    "Wiley",
  year =         "1983",
  address =      "New York",
}

@Unpublished{Becker-90b,
  author =       "S. Becker",
  title =        "Unpublished research.",
  note =         "Personal communication.",
}

@InCollection{Intrator-90b,
  author =       "N. Intrator",
  title =        "A Neural Network for Feature Extraction",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "719--726",
}

@InProceedings{Intrator-90c,
  author =       "N. Intrator",
  title =        "Feature Extraction using an Unsupervised Neural
                 Network",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1990 Connectionist Models Summer
                 School",
  year =         "1990",
}

@Article{JJNH-90,
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs and M.~I. Jordan and S.~J. Nowlan and
                 G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Adaptive Mixtures of Local Experts",
  journal =      "Neural Computation",
  year =         "1991",
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
}

@PhdThesis{Nowlan-91,
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Soft Competitive Adaptation: {N}eural Network Learning
                 Algorithms based on Fitting Statistical Mixtures",
  school =       "School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
                 University",
  year =         "1991",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
  month =        apr,
}

@TechReport{Nowlan-90c,
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Competing Experts: An Experimental Investigation of
                 Asssociative Mixture Models",
  institution =  "Department of Computer Science, University of
                 Toronto",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "CRG-TR-90-5",
}

@InCollection{Nowlan-90b,
  author =       "S.~J. Nowlan",
  title =        "Maximum Likelihood Competitive Learning",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "574--582",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@InCollection{Weigend-91,
  author =       "A.~S. Weigend and D.~E. Rumelhart and B.~A. Huberman",
  title =        "Generalization by Weight-Elimination with Application
                 to Forecasting",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1991",
  editor =       "R.~P. Lippmann and J.~E. Moody and D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "875--882",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@Unpublished{Buntine-Weigend-91,
  author =       "W.~L. Buntine and A.~S. Weigend",
  title =        "Bayesian Back-Propagation",
  note =         "Submitted for Publication",
  year =         "1991",
}

@InCollection{lang-hinton-90,
  author =       "K.~J. Lang and G.~E. Hinton",
  title =        "Dimensionality Reduction and Prior Knowledge in
                 {E}-set Recognition",
  booktitle =    "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2",
  publisher =    "Morgan Kaufmann",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "D.~S. Touretzky",
  pages =        "178--185",
  address =      "San Mateo, CA",
}

@Article{Jacobs-Jordan-Barto90,
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs and M.~I. Jordan and A.~G. Barto",
  title =        "Task decomposition through competition in a modular
                 connectionist architecture: {The} what and where vision
                 tasks.",
  journal =      "Cognitive Science",
  year =         "1990",
  note =         "In Press.",
}

@Article{ambrosingerson-granger-lynch90,
  author =       "J. Ambros-Ingerson and R. Granger and G. Lynch",
  title =        "Simulation of Paleocortex Performs Hierarchical
                 Clustering",
  journal =      "Science",
  year =         "1990",
  volume =       "247",
  pages =        "1344--1348",
}

@Unpublished{Mozer-90,
  author =       "M.~C. Mozer",
  title =        "Discovering Discrete Distributed Representations with
                 Recursive Competitive Learning",
  note =         "Unpublished paper, presented at {\em Neural Networks
                 for Computing}, Snowbird, Utah",
  year =         "1990",
  month =        apr,
}

@Article{Gerstman-68,
  author =       "L.~J. Gerstman",
  title =        "Classification of Self-Normalized Vowels",
  journal =      "IEEE Trans. on Audio and Electroacoustics",
  year =         "1968",
  volume =       "AU-16",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "78--80",
}

@Article{Mishkin-Ungerleider-Macko83,
  author =       "M. Mishkin and L.~G. Ungerleider and K.~A. Macko",
  title =        "Object vision and spatial vision: {Two} cortical
                 pathways.",
  journal =      "Trends in Neuroscience",
  year =         "1983",
  volume =       "6",
  pages =        "414--417",
}

@PhdThesis{Jacobs-90,
  author =       "R.~A. Jacobs",
  title =        "Task Decomposition Through Competition in a Modular
                 Connectionist Architecture",
  school =       "University of Massachusetts, Department of Computer
                 and Information Sciences",
  year =         "1990",
}

@InProceedings{Sutton-86,
  author =       "R.~S. Sutton",
  title =        "Two problems with backpropagation and other
                 steepest-descent learning procedures for networks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the
                 Cognitive Science Society",
  year =         "1986",
  pages =        "823--831",
}

@InProceedings{Graf-Lalonde-88,
  author =       "D.~H. Graf and W.~R. Lalonde",
  title =        "A neural controller for collision-free movement of
                 general robot manipulators",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Neural
                 Networks",
  year =         "1988",
  pages =        "I--77",
  organization = "IEEE",
  address =      "San Diego, CA",
}

@Article{Ritter-Martinetz-Schulten-89,
  author =       "H.~J. Ritter and T.~M. Martinetz and K.~J. Schulten",
  title =        "Topology-conserving maps for learning visuo-motor
                 coordination",
  journal =      "Neural Networks",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "159--168",
}

@TechReport{Fahlman-Lebiere-90,
  author =       "S.~E. Fahlman and C. Lebiere",
  title =        "The Cascade-Correlation Learning Architecture",
  institution =  "School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
                 University",
  year =         "1990",
  number =       "CMU-CS-90-100",
  address =      "Pittsburgh, PA",
}

@Book{Jones-47,
  author =       "D. Jones",
  title =        "An Outline of English Phonetics",
  publisher =    "W. Heffer and Sons Ltd.",
  year =         "1947",
  address =      "Cambridge, England",
}

@InCollection{Sejnowski-81,
  author =       "T.~J. Sejnowski",
  title =        "Skeleton filters in the brain.",
  booktitle =    "Parallel Models of Associative Memory",
  publisher =    "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates",
  year =         "1981",
  editor =       "G.~E. Hinton and J.~A. Anderson",
  address =      "Hillsdale, NJ",
}

@InProceedings{Maxwell-Giles-Lee-Chen-86,
  author =       "T. Maxwell and C.~L. Giles and Y.~C. Lee and H.~H.
                 Chen",
  title =        "Nonlinear dynamics of artificial neural systems",
  booktitle =    "Neural Networks for Computing",
  year =         "1986",
  organization = "AIP Conference Proceedings 151",
}

@InProceedings{Yeung-Bekey-89,
  author =       "D.~Y. Yeung and G.~A. Bekey",
  title =        "Using a context-sensitive learning network for robot
                 arm control.",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Conference on Robotics
                 and Automation, 3",
  year =         "1989",
  pages =        "1441--1447",
  organization = "IEEE",
}

@Article{Rueckl-Cave-Kosslyn-89,
  author =       "J.~G. Rueckl and K.~R. Cave and S.~M. Kosslyn",
  title =        "Why are ``what'' and ``where'' processed by separate
                 cortical visual systems?",
  journal =      "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience",
  year =         "1989",
  volume =       "1",
  pages =        "171--186",
}

@InCollection{Shepherd-90,
  author =       "G.~M. Shepherd",
  title =        "The Signifigance of Real Neuron Architectures for
                 Neural Network Simulations",
  booktitle =    "Computational Neuroscience",
  year =         "1990",
  editor =       "E. Schwartz",
}
