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@InProceedings{Abel88,
  author =       "D. J. Abel",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Relational Data Management Facilities for Spatial
                 Information Systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "9--18",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Progress in technical database management systems
                 offers alternative strategies for spatial information
                 systems database design and implementation. Desirable
                 extensions in the user data types and database
                 management and approaches to their implementation are
                 reviewed. A prototype spatial database tool-kit,
                 SIRO-DBMS, which provides some spatial data types and
                 spatial access methods as external attachments to a
                 kernel relational database management system is
                 described. An ability to fragment a large set of
                 entities into several relations while retaining the
                 ability to search the full set as a logical unit is
                 provided. Implementation of the spatial data types is
                 based on mapping the data types into a set of
                 attributes of the atomic types supported by the kernel
                 and specifying the relational designs for the set of
                 atomic attributes.",
}

@InProceedings{Allen88,
  author =       "Kathleen M. Allen",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Trade Networks and European Contact: {A} Case Study
                 Using Geographic Information Systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "367--385",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "The advent of European contact profoundly altered the
                 social, political, and economic systems of native
                 Americans. Entire cultures were decimated or
                 transformed by trade. There are many questions about
                 the nature of interregional and intraregional trade and
                 how it was operationalized before, during, and after
                 contact. This paper focuses on early historic trade
                 networks that developed as a result of European contact
                 and demand for furs, using the historic European trade
                 items that are found in Iroquoian villages occupied in
                 the 1500s and 1600s in New York State as a data base.
                 Two models for early historic trade are operationalized
                 through the Network system of ARC/INFO. In this
                 framework, settlement areas and the European trade
                 centers are the centers while demands and impedances
                 are varied. The Allocation function is used
                 extensively. Different flow, demand, and impedance are
                 evaluated. I model this early historic trade process
                 using information on populations and site locations as
                 well as their dates. Native populations are placed in
                 their respective locations across the state and
                 European trading posts and forts are added as they
                 developed over time. The movement of trade goods is
                 very simply modeled as moving out from these centers
                 over hydrological routes.",
}

@InProceedings{Ang88,
  author =       "Chuan-Heng Ang and Hanan Samet",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Fast Region Expansion for Quadtrees",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "19--37",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "A one-pass algorithm is presented to perform region
                 expansion in images that are represented in quadtrees.
                 The algorithm changes to BLACK those WHITE pixels
                 within a specified distance of any BLACK node in the
                 image. This process is sometimes referred to as polygon
                 expansion or image dilation. The algorithm is
                 especially well-suited to images that are represented
                 using a pointer-less representation such as the linear
                 quadtree. The algorithm yields a significant
                 improvement over previous approaches by (1) reducing
                 the number of BLACK nodes that must be considered for
                 expansion, and (2) reducing the number of nodes that
                 must be inserted as a result of the expansion. This is
                 achieved by the introduction of the concepts of a
                 merging cluster and a vertex set. Empirical tests show
                 that the execution time of this algorithm generally
                 decreases as the radius of expansion increases, whereas
                 for previous approaches the execution time generally
                 increases with the radius of expansion. The algorithm
                 is an important component of a graphics editor for
                 applications in cartography, computer-aided design, and
                 robotics.",
}

@InProceedings{Cowen88,
  author =       "David J. Cowen and John R. Jensen and W. Lynn Shirley
                 and Michael Fischer",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "The Integration of Thematic Mapper and Digital Line
                 Graphs for Timber and Stand Assessment",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "39--55",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "This paper describes the first stages of a major study
                 that is exploring various approaches to developing a
                 consistent economic model to determine the value of
                 timber stands in a portion of the State of South
                 Carolina, which is located in the Southeastern United
                 States. The focus of this paper is on the role of
                 wetland delineation and on how such information, once
                 determined, can be integrated into a corporate GIS
                 database. While from one perspective this research is
                 merely a study in applied economic geography (Cowen,
                 1987), from another perspective it represents one of
                 the first attempts to integrate both vector based
                 cartographic data and raster based remotely sensed data
                 within a vector based GIS environment. Although the
                 findings presented here are the result of just the
                 first step in an on-going research project, the paper
                 does address several important questions regarding the
                 integration of diverse data layers and does identify
                 several issues that need to be resolved in future
                 research.",
}

@InProceedings{Cromley88,
  author =       "Robert G. Cromley",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "A Vertex Substitution Approach to Numerical Line
                 Simplification",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "57--64",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "An important preprocessing component of a spatial data
                 handling system are simplification operators.
                 Simplification operators are needed to generalize
                 digital geographic base files because these files are
                 collected at one scale but the objects they represent
                 are displayed at many other scales. One objective in
                 simplification is to match the amount of information to
                 be displayed with the capability of a map (or the
                 resolution of a display device) to represent it at a
                 given scale (see Robinson, et al, 1984, p. 126). As one
                 changes geographical scale, the amount of map space
                 available for displaying cartographic features also
                 changes. The purpose of this paper is to present a
                 vertex substitution heuristic for solving the problem
                 of line simplification. The vertex substitution method
                 was originally developed to solve the facility location
                 problem of selecting p origins to supply n destinations
                 but it is adapted here to the related problem of line
                 simplification.",
}

@InProceedings{Dillencourt88,
  author =       "Michael B. Dillencourt and Hanan Samet",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Extracting Region Boundaries from Maps Stored as
                 Linear Quadtrees",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "65--77",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Region representation plays a key role in Geographic
                 Information Systems (GIS) and automated cartography.
                 Many methods of region representation have been
                 proposed. Because each method has its own advantages
                 and disadvantages, it is desirable to be able to
                 efficiently convert from one representation to another.
                 In this paper, we are concerned with boundary
                 extraction from a map or image represented as a linear
                 quadtree; that is, with determining the boundaries of
                 the regions in a map from a quadtree- based
                 representation of the map. This process is a form of
                 raster to vector conversion. It can serve as the first
                 step of a number of operations that a GIS may want to
                 perform, such as computing a buffer zone of a given
                 width about a region boundary, drawing a map on a
                 vector device (such as a plotter), or displaying a map
                 using a polygon-fill type algorithm.",
}

@InProceedings{Egenhofer88,
  author =       "Max J. Egenhofer and Andrew U. Frank",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Designing Object-Oriented Query Languages for {GIS}:
                 Human Interface Aspects",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "79--96",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Spatial information systems deal with large,
                 heterogenous collections of spatial and non-spatial
                 data which require flexible methods for interactive
                 inquiries and representation. Current database query
                 languages, which are well-suited to treat alphanumeric
                 data, do not reflect the properties of spatial data.
                 Due to these properties, query languages and interfaces
                 for spatial information systems are more complex than
                 purely lexical systems. In order to visualize the power
                 needed for a spatial query language, a user interface
                 is designed which give specific considerations to the
                 coexistence of representations, such as graphical
                 renderings and lexical tables. The different properties
                 of spatial and non-spatial data give rise to lexical
                 formulations of queries in combination with references
                 to graphical {"}objects{"} or areas on maps. In
                 particular, immediate reference to objects on drawings,
                 with direct manipulation devices, as a crucial
                 technique must be embedded in the interaction.
                 Variation of graphical presentations of colors,
                 patterns, etc. demands for appropriate tools in the
                 interface to manipulate the presentation of spatial
                 objects. Interface snapshots are used to simulate the
                 interaction, giving prospective users a close
                 impression of the actual interaction during the design
                 phase.",
}

@InProceedings{Goodchild88,
  author =       "Michael F. Goodchild and Wang Min-hua",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Modelling Error in Raster-Based Spatial Data",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "97--106",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "This paper examines the problems of error in GIS
                 products. Despite the high precision with which spatial
                 data handling systems process data, ground truth will
                 frequently conflict with query or analysis results. The
                 GIS operations contributing directly to error, class
                 membership probabilities, and cartographic distortion
                 are discussed. Research on error in GIS has two
                 objectives: first, to minimize error in products, and
                 second, to develop models of error which can be used to
                 compute measures of uncertainty. A model is presented
                 for error estimation.",
}

@InProceedings{Horn88,
  author =       "Mark Horn and John O'Callaghan and Barry Garner",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Design of Integrated Systems for Spatial Planning
                 Tasks",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "107--116",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "This paper deals with issues which arise when the
                 cartographic and data handling functions of a
                 geographic information system (GIS) are combined with
                 algorithms and interactive techniques for solving
                 spatial planning problems. A brief survey is given of
                 the location-allocation and spatial aggregation
                 problems, and elements common to both classes of
                 problems are identified. The problem solving task is
                 then considered, with special emphasis on the use of
                 heuristic procedures and design aids in an interactive
                 problem- solving framework. As a focus for discussion a
                 prototype system called ITA is described, together with
                 an account of the authors' experience in using ITA to
                 plan administrative districts for fire inspectors.",
}

@InProceedings{Hutchinson88,
  author =       "Michael F. Hutchinson",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Calculation of Hydrologically Sound Digital Elevation
                 Models",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "117--133",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "A recently developed procedure which calculates
                 digital elevation models (DEMs), in the form of regular
                 grids, from surface specific point elevation data,
                 contour line data and stream line data is described.
                 The two principal innovations of the procedure are a
                 drainage enforcement algorithm which automatically
                 removes spurious sinks or pits in the fitted elevation
                 grid, in recognition of the fact that sinks are
                 normally quite rare in nature, and an algorithm which
                 automatically calculates ridge and stream lines from
                 points of locally maximum curvature on contour lines.
                 These features are coupled to an efficient iterative
                 finite difference interpolation technique which is
                 based on minimising a rotation invariant roughness
                 penalty. The roughness penalty can be adjusted to yield
                 good results in conjunction with the drainage
                 enforcement algorithm when interpolating either point
                 data or contour line data. It maintains stable,
                 artifact free behaviour of the fitted surface away from
                 data points. The drainage enforcement algorithm yields
                 DEMs which may be used in hydrological process studies.
                 Moreover, it facilitates the detection of errors in
                 point elevation data that would not be detected by more
                 conventional statistical means and forms a sound
                 physical basis for cartographic generalization. The
                 automatic calculation of stream lines and ridge lines
                 from contour data enables much of the fine structure in
                 contour data to be reliably interpolated across the
                 area between contour lines. It simultaneously yields a
                 classification of terrain into simple approximately
                 planar elements that can be used to simplify the
                 analysis of hydrological processes.",
}

@InProceedings{Kainz88,
  author =       "Wolfgang Kainz",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Application of Lattice Theory to Geography",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "135--142",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Set-inclusion relations between geographical objects
                 lead to the application of mathematical order
                 structures of posets and lattices. Lattice algebra
                 provides a useful tool for structuring overlays by mere
                 algebraic means and without looking at topological
                 properties. Since posets can be regarded as directed
                 acyclic graphs, data structures of graph theory can be
                 successfully applied to the computer processing of
                 lattices.",
}

@InProceedings{McMaster88,
  author =       "Robert B. McMaster",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Modeling Community Vulnerability to Hazardous
                 Materials Using Geographic Information Systems",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "143--156",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "During the past decade, society has become
                 increasingly concerned with the manufacture, storage ,
                 transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials. In
                 the United States incidents involving unintentional
                 releases of hazardous materials into the environment
                 occur frequently. Recently, Johnson and Zeigler (1986)
                 have identified a crucial component in mitigating the
                 potential impact of such accidents: anticipatory hazard
                 management. Such management begins by anticipating an
                 area's exact hazard distribution (in terms of both
                 diversification and total amount) and determining
                 exactly what might be done to prevent a serious
                 accident. This paper discusses a recent project at UCLA
                 designed to (1) identify the hazards present in the
                 community and define the hazard zone associated with
                 each substance and (2) identify the population
                 distribution to be superimposed on the hazard zone map,
                 along with the various social and economic
                 characteristics of the population. A grid-based
                 geographic information system is used to build a
                 spatial model for risk-assessment using these data.",
}

@InProceedings{Miller88,
  author =       "S. W. Miller",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Automatic Production of Near-Cartographic Quality
                 Contours",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "157--184",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a proposed data model for a
                 spatial data base with integrated thematic data
                 including conventional forms of feature data and a
                 surface model. The integrated data base concept is
                 examined from the standpoint of automatically
                 generating contours from a surface model. A generic
                 operational flow for automated contour generation is
                 also presented. The process of contour line smoothing
                 is examined in particular in order to illustrate the
                 concept of using feature information to enhance terrain
                 data processing.",
}

@InProceedings{Mounsley88,
  author =       "Helen Mounsley",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "{CORINE}: An Environmental Database for the European
                 Community",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "387--406",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "The CORINE Programme (Co-ORdinated INformation on the
                 Environment) has been underway since 1985, and aims to
                 produce a geographic information system (GIS) and
                 database of the physical environment of the European
                 Community, in a form suitable to assist in policy
                 making. Such data must be accurate, up-to-date,
                 integrated, readily available from that which already
                 exists in member countries, and easily available to the
                 personnel for whom the system is designed. The system
                 must also be capable of handling large amounts of
                 spatial data, drawn from many different sources,
                 provided in a wide variety of formats, and must operate
                 at minimal cost. The use of a GIS is therefore
                 essential. This paper describes the development of a
                 prototype database using Arc/Info at Birbeck College.
                 Some 300 mbytes of data relating to topography,
                 climate, soils and water resources have already been
                 installed; problems in data collection and validation
                 are discussed. Storage requirements for such a dataset
                 are not insignificant, and attempts to improve the
                 speed of access to the database through spatial
                 partitioning are examined. Problems of updating the
                 database are some of those which still have to be
                 faced. Finally, a long term problem lies in the quality
                 of the basic data, which could determine future use of
                 the CORINE database. Although still under construction,
                 use is now beginning to be made of the database. Use is
                 currently on a bureau basis, through a small number of
                 skilled users. However, wider and easier access is
                 desirable, but requires an understanding of individual
                 datasets. Such understanding can only be achieved
                 through a programme of user education.",
}

@InProceedings{Noronha88,
  author =       "Valerian T. Noronha",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "A Survey of Hierarchical Partitioning Methods for
                 Vector Image",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "185--200",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Vector image data formats have some unique functional
                 capabilities, but spatial objects are difficult to
                 retrieve on a two-dimensional key. This article
                 examines a number of strategies for speeding up the
                 object retrieval process by partitioning an image into
                 manageable subsets. The emphasis is on solutions that
                 can be implemented on microcomputers, for image data
                 bases up to about 10 Mb.",
}

@InProceedings{Palmer88,
  author =       "Bruce L. Palmer and Andrew U. Frank",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Spatial Languages",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "201--209",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "There has been considerable research and work in data
                 structures while very little has been done in the
                 information grouping area. This can be likened to
                 deciphering a message in an unknown language with only
                 the aid of a dictionary. Think how much additional
                 information is present in the sentence structure and
                 could be learned if a grammar book were available! The
                 research currently underway involves looking at the way
                 information is encoded in the structure of spatial
                 data. For example, the structure of the chart could be
                 diagrammed as we would a sentence. It is expected that
                 different types of spatial information will yield
                 different {"}grammars{"} and that once these are known
                 the processing of spatial data will be significantly
                 enhanced.",
}

@InProceedings{Peuquet88,
  author =       "Donna J. Peuquet",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Toward the Definition and Use of Complex Spatial
                 Relationships",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "211--223",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Existing geographic information systems (GIS)
                 technology requires the use of a limited set of
                 {"}built-in{"} spatial relationships. Some of these
                 relationships are also defined as simple geometric
                 models that are only crude approximations of how a
                 human would interpret them in most given situations.
                 The ability to handle multiple relationships in single
                 queries is also very restricted. This means that
                 complex spatial queries must be constructed by the user
                 through a sequence of simpler commands. With the
                 extremely large data volumes currently being
                 anticipated for such systems, it has been recognized
                 that the ability to deal with complex, ad-hoc spatial
                 queries in GIS can greatly improve system efficiency.
                 Efforts concerned with system power and efficiency
                 so-far tend to reveal more of the complexities of the
                 issues involved rather than offer solutions. This paper
                 attempts to provide some insights toward improving
                 current capabilities by looking at the task from a
                 broad perspective. First, geometric and perceptual
                 characteristics of two example spatial relationships
                 will be examined. Then, some principles from
                 linguistics are discussed that may provide a means of
                 providing better definitions of context-dependent
                 relationships that take both geometric and perceptual
                 characteristics into account. Finally, various
                 techniques for implementing and combining these
                 relationships in complex queries within a computer
                 context will be discussed.",
}

@InProceedings{Pullar88,
  author =       "David V. Pullar and Max J. Egenhofer",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Toward Formal Definitions of Topological Relations
                 Among Spatial Objects",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "225--241",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Using strict mathematical methods, the vagueness of
                 natural language description of relations among spatial
                 objects can be overcome. A systematically derived set
                 of various types of relationships is analyzed. A
                 minimal set of fundamental topological relationships is
                 defined in terms of the two operators boundary and
                 interior. These topological relationships can be
                 detailed by considering different types of orderings.",
}

@InProceedings{Rhind88,
  author =       "David Rhind",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "The Chorley Committee and {"}Handling Geographic
                 Information{"}",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "407--421",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "In 1985, the UK government set up a Committee of
                 Enquiry into the handling of geographic information by
                 computer. This was chaired by Lord Chorley and reported
                 in early 1987. Whilst it included mapping in its
                 pervue, this was by no means the dominant concern:
                 rather it concerned itself with all information which
                 is described in relation to space and which could hence
                 be used either singly or in combination. This paper
                 briefly describes the tasks undertaken by the
                 Committee, its composition and method of operation, the
                 major {"}discoveries{"} it made and the recommendations
                 put forward to government. In particular --- and
                 despite the rapid growth in interest in GIS --- those
                 items which, according to Chorley, constitute
                 bottlenecks to development are discussed. A total of 64
                 recommendations were made including those on digital
                 topographic mapping (in particular Ordnance Survey and
                 its relationship to major customers and data consumers
                 such as the utilities). This paper assesses the
                 significance of the particular form in which the
                 results were produced. It is concluded that, though the
                 application areas of GIS are exceedingly diverse and
                 apparently very different, there is much underlying
                 commonality of concepts and tools utilised. Moreover,
                 the supply of geographical data --- much of which
                 already exists --- in a form which preserve
                 confidentiality (where necessary) yet is useful and
                 also provides significant revenue to the {"}data
                 owners{"} is clearly a major difficulty; nonetheless,
                 the importance of signposts to data sources is
                 critical. The post-1979 societal changes in the UK
                 indicate that radical approaches to data supply and
                 exploitation (e.g. through franchising) may well be
                 appropriate. The government's published response to the
                 Chorley Report is examined, particularly with regard to
                 the proposed Centre for Geographic Information. The
                 subsequent moves towards a consortium to bring this
                 about are described.",
}

@InProceedings{Robertson88,
  author =       "Philip K. Robertson",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Choosing Data Representations for the Effective
                 Visualisation of Spatial Data",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "243--252",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Visual representations of data aim to exploit
                 effectively the ability of the human visual system to
                 recognise spatial data structure and patterns. This can
                 provide the key to critical and comprehensive
                 appreciation of the data, benefitting subsequent
                 analysis, processing or decision-making. Visualisation
                 techniques are increasingly based on realistic scene
                 representation, this being the type of information the
                 human visual system is most experienced an adept at
                 interpreting. In such displays, data variables are
                 represented by identifiable properties of
                 three-dimensional scenes. There are many scene
                 properties that can be used to represent data;
                 different representations can reveal quite different
                 characteristics of the data. Thus effective and
                 unambiguous interpretation of data characteristics can
                 depend critically on whether their visual
                 representations are chosen appropriately. This paper
                 treats two issues: the types of visual representations
                 that can be applied to single and multi-dimensional
                 spatial data, and the formalisation of methods for
                 guiding representation choices. These methods are based
                 on matching the informative capabilities of visual
                 representations to the intrinsic properties of the
                 data, and the aims for its interpretation.",
}

@InProceedings{Sandhu88,
  author =       "J. S. Sandhu and Duane F. Marble",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "An Investigation into the Utility of the {CRAY}
                 {X}-{MP} Supercomputer for Handling Spatial Data",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "253--267",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Supercomputers have revolutionized some branches of
                 scientific research by allowing the handling of complex
                 simulations in real time, the ability to handle much
                 larger data sets, and generally creating the ability to
                 work on problems that had previously been considered
                 intractable. In this paper we present results of some
                 initial tests dealing with comparative performance of
                 selected spatial data handling and visualization
                 algorithms on a CRAY X- MP/24 supercomputer.",
}

@InProceedings{Sen88,
  author =       "Lalita Sen",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Expansion of the Analytical Capabilities of {GIS}:
                 Integrating an Optimization Programming Package With
                 {OSU} {MAP}-for-the-{PC}",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "269--291",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "One of the greatest advances made in the support and
                 technology associated with Geographic Information
                 Systems has occurred through the rapidly advancing
                 hardware technology which allows GISs to be utilized at
                 PC workstations, either standing independently or
                 interconnected as part of a networked system. This
                 movement towards integration is occurring in hardware,
                 software, and application. Currently the least
                 developed portion of the GIS appears to be in the area
                 of analytical capabilities. It is with this purpose
                 that this research paper focuses on exploring the
                 integration of existing analytical packages with GIS
                 software to enhance the analytical capabilities of the
                 GIS. The GIS software selected for this research is OSU
                 MAP-for- the-PC which was designed to emphasize the
                 analytical capabilities of the GIS. The selection of a
                 raster-based GIS package was strongly influenced by the
                 data requirements of the mathematical programming
                 package. This program is ideally suited for landuse and
                 natural resource management issues at a regional scale.
                 The mathematical programming software was selected for
                 the purpose of testing the potential for integrating
                 statistical and mathematical analysis packages with OSU
                 MAP-for-the-PC.",
}

@InProceedings{Slocum88,
  author =       "Terry A. Slocum",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Developing an Information System for Choropleth Maps",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "293--305",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "Although a greater proportion of maps is being
                 produced by automated methods, software designers are
                 not taking advantage of automated capabilities.
                 Designers frequently attempt to duplicate the
                 appearance of printed maps rather than bearing in mind
                 that the goal of a map is to communicate spatial
                 information to users. Thus, computer-assisted methods
                 are often used to produce a single map that is
                 presumably used in the same manner as a traditional
                 printed map. Instead, software designers should take
                 advantage of the speed and interactive capabilities
                 found in computer graphics systems because traditional
                 printed maps do not always function in an acceptable
                 fashion. Advantages of computer graphics for mapping
                 are discussed, as are a prototype software system,
                 specific options, and future directions.",
}

@InProceedings{Smith88,
  author =       "J. L. Smith",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Knowledge Based Decision Support for Environmental
                 Planning",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "307--320",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "The problem which motivated the knowledge-based system
                 described in this paper falls into the category of
                 region use planning. Activities which are permitted in
                 a region have to be determined according to the
                 various, usually conflicting, needs of a community.
                 This operation is often called zoning. In order to plan
                 successfully, there must be sufficient information
                 about each zone available to the planner. Part of this
                 information base consists of statistics such as a
                 population census, cadastral, service and utility data,
                 and other information on the existing environment, both
                 natural and man-made. There must also be a logical
                 interpretation of the policy which is set down to guide
                 planning decisions. Thus the zoning problem is both a
                 spatial problem and decisions have to be inferred from
                 an information base as well. Therefore, any automated
                 system must act as a decision support system rather
                 than an expert system for planning. The SPECS system
                 described here is a tool comprised of three main
                 modules: the inference module, the spatial database and
                 the display tools.",
}

@InProceedings{Waterfeld88,
  author =       "W. Waterfeld and A. Wolf and D. U. Horn",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "How to Make Spatial Access Methods Extensible",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "321--335",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "We describe how well-known methods for the management
                 of spatial data (Gridfile, R-Tree, etc.) can be made
                 extensible. These methods, originally introduced for
                 simple geometrical objects like points or rectangles,
                 can be applied for any user-defined geometrical
                 description. In addition, it is shown how spatial
                 access methods can be used to obtain spatial clustering
                 on arbitrary geometries. Finally, we integrate these
                 extended access methods and different geometrical
                 descriptions as extensions into DASDBS, our prototype
                 database system.",
}

@InProceedings{Youngmann88,
  author =       "Carl Youngmann",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Spatial Data Structures for Modeling Subsurface
                 Features",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "337--340",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "An important step in the integration of geophysical
                 and geological analyses is the creation of a
                 comprehensive model of the earth's crust. This model
                 must accommodate a variety of data inputs, including
                 both raw data and interpretations from wells, seismic
                 surveys and other measures. Utility comes from the ease
                 with which the model can be developed, modified and
                 analyzed. A common integration method for this data is
                 to combine surface maps with fence diagrams.
                 Alternative solutions have been sought in geometric
                 solids modeling and topological volume models. The goal
                 is the identification of an editable model that
                 encompasses the structure of the original information
                 and permits the generation and re-integration of
                 auxiliary analyses.",
}

@InProceedings{Zubrow88,
  author =       "Ezra Zubrow",
  editor =       "Duane Marble",
  title =        "Concurrence, Simultaneity and the Buffalo Shuffle:
                 Demographic Modelling with {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
                 Spatial Data Handling",
  pages =        "341--366",
  address =      "Sydney, Australia",
  year =         "1988",
  abstract =     "For the last fifteen years I have been interested in
                 modelling demographic processes. These include long
                 term growth, competitive interactions of different
                 populations, and migration. In addition, I have been
                 engrossed in testing these models against real data.
                 These processes require a clear understanding of
                 geographic phenomena as well as large quantities of
                 testable data. Most recently, I have been relying upon
                 Arc Info to model and examine the spread of prehistoric
                 and historic populations in the state of New York. The
                 three steps of the research consisted of (1) building
                 the interactive demographic populations which exist at
                 particular locations, (2) allowing these populations to
                 interact demographically and spatially, and (3) testing
                 the model's predictions against real demographic and
                 spatial data. In the process of trying to expand this
                 work, I detected some problems in concurrence,
                 simultaneity, and geometric replicability.",
}
