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@InProceedings{Aifandopoulou95,
  author =       "Georgia Aifandopoulou and Teti Nathanail and Demetrios
                 Panayotakopoulos",
  title =        "{ETIS} : {A} {GIS} technology based tool for
                 supporting strategic environmentally friendly planning
                 of urban transport infrastructure development",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Strategic transportation planning for an urban area
                 constitutes a complicated process which requires
                 extensive data collection and analysis, and the
                 implementation of a number of travel demand
                 forecasting, environmental assessment models and
                 evaluation methodologies. At present, there are a
                 number of available software packages supporting
                 individual tasks of the strategic transportation
                 planning process. However, these tasks, heavily
                 interrelated to each other, indicate the need for an
                 integrated computer environment which facilitates the
                 overall planning process by providing automated data
                 exchange among the packages, scenarios development and
                 simultaneous evaluation of the results obtained by each
                 package. ETIS (Environment Transport Integrated
                 planning System) constitutes a state-of-the-art system
                 which supports the integrated application of all the
                 tasks involved in the transportation planning process,
                 i.e. travel demand forecasting, development of
                 alternative transport infrastructure and policy
                 scenarios, evaluation of the socioeconomic, traffic,
                 and environmental impacts of the scenarios,
                 cost-benefit analysis, comparison of alternative
                 scenarios, and graphical representation of the involved
                 evaluation indices.",
}

@InProceedings{Bakiri95,
  author =       "Ghulumi Bakiri",
  title =        "Integrating desktop {GIS} with a {PABX} remote
                 monitoring and maintenance system for the Bahrain
                 Telecommunications Company ({BATELCO})",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "PBX-RMMS is a comprehensive system developed by
                 MicroCenter (Bahrain) for the remote monitoring and
                 maintenance of a large number of PABXs installed at
                 geographically dispersed customer sites but owned and
                 operated by the Bahrain Telecommunications Company
                 (BATELCO). The system is built around the client-server
                 model and consists of a number of client modules (one
                 for each client PABX that needs to be monitored) and a
                 Center system - located at BATELCO's headquarters at
                 Hamala. The Client modules are directly connected -
                 each to a client PABX - capturing messages, warnings,
                 and errors generated by each PABX in real time. Each
                 client module can be customized to filter out the
                 significant, serious and major errors and report these
                 to the Center through a dial up telephone connection.
                 The Center system is extensive and handles numerous
                 inter-related tasks. Its main function is to receive
                 the errors reported by the various clients, alert the
                 appropriate technician responsible for the particular
                 client site and present a highly user-friendly
                 interface for the visualization, interpretation and
                 clearing of the reported errors. This paper discusses
                 the integration of the system with the ARCView 2
                 desk-top GIS. Errors received at the Center are
                 displayed in real time in GIS format, color coded by
                 the severity of the error. ARCVIEW 2 allows users to
                 focus at will on certain categories of errors, restrict
                 attention to errors in a certain area or to selected
                 important sites and provides an easy to use interface
                 for the technicians to connect to any PABX to
                 clear/rectify faults. Several other advantages of
                 utilizing ARCVIEW 2 are discussed in the paper. The
                 technology described can be applied to any type of
                 system in which real time (or semi-real time)
                 monitoring is required.",
}

@InProceedings{Balikov95,
  author =       "Susan E. Balikov",
  title =        "The Wilderness Society's Center for Landscape
                 Analysis: Outreach and cooperation efforts",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Wilderness Society's (TWS) GIS and remote sensing
                 program, The Center for Landscape Analysis, has grown
                 into a strong contributor to the national and regional
                 conservation efforts of many organizations. These
                 organizations include other environmental groups,
                 federal, state and local government agencies, and
                 Congressional offices. This paper will describe past,
                 current and future efforts to cooperate with, and
                 contribute to, the work of these organizations.
                 Outreach and cooperative efforts take many forms
                 including a series of workshops to explain and clarify
                 President Clinton's Northwest forest plan. The
                 workshops were attended by over 250 citizen activists.
                 Aside from this project, the Center continues to fill
                 general requests for mapped information with help from
                 volunteers trained in GIS at the Center. The Center
                 also distributes its ancient forest, Pacific salmon and
                 Northwest forest plan data in digital and mapped
                 formats to a number of environmental groups,
                 governmental agencies and private industries.
                 Volunteers and staff of other environmental
                 organizations such as the Greater Ecosystem Alliance
                 and Sierra Club have been using the facilities of the
                 Center to learn and build their GIS skills while
                 creating and analyzing data for their own uses. In the
                 future, the Center will cooperate on projects and
                 provide information to the Forest Service, the Park
                 Service, the Environmental Protection Agency,
                 LightHawk, Sierra Club, Washington Wilderness
                 Coalition, and many others.",
}

@InProceedings{Barnett95,
  author =       "Chris Barnett and Yan Zhou and Steven Vance and
                 Christopher Fulcher",
  title =        "Wellhead protection area delineation for identifying
                 potential contamination sources",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In 1986, amendments to the federal Safe Drinking Water
                 Act established a Wellhead Protection Program to
                 protect wells and well fields supplying public water
                 from contamination. Two key elements within this plan
                 are the definition of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs)
                 and determining potential sources of groundwater
                 contamination within the WHPA. These WHPAs serve as an
                 educational tool to inform citizens of activities that
                 affect their drinking water supplies. The objective of
                 this project is to investigate the feasibility of using
                 a GIS for WHPA delineation and contaminant source
                 identification on a state wide basis. Twenty-five
                 wellheads are selected for delineating wellhead
                 protection areas in this pilot project. For each WHPA,
                 a GIS layer is generated from orthophotos using a
                 limited set of land use categories. A series of base
                 maps are produced which will allow persons in each
                 community to perform a ground survey. Highly detailed
                 information will be gathered at the local level and
                 placed on the maps. These maps will then be used to
                 update the GIS layer which can be used to determine
                 potential threats to public drinking water within the
                 area.",
}

@InProceedings{Beardsley95,
  author =       "Karen Beardsley and Harvey Chinn and James F. Quinn",
  title =        "California Rivers Assessment On-Line Query System",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "California's widely diverse rivers are among the
                 state's most valuable resources. Rivers are also among
                 California's most damaged ecosystems because of the
                 many demands placed upon them over time. In 1992, the
                 California Resources Agency determined there was a need
                 to develop a good foundation of river-related
                 information to assist planning and decision-making. The
                 California River's Assessment (CARA) was thus begun and
                 now comprises more than twenty federal, state and local
                 agencies, and private organizations. The purpose of
                 CARA is to develop an information system that can
                 provide a comprehensive inventory and evaluation of
                 California's river resources and to make this
                 information easily accessible to decision- makers and
                 the general public. The World-Wide Web serves as a
                 vehicle for disseminating this data in a user-friendly
                 fashion. Our intention is to move beyond the simple
                 display of static snapshots of river data by allowing
                 non-specialist users to query public information on
                 river resources. The strategy is to make the GIS and
                 databases accessible through the World-Wide Web using
                 readily-available access software, which is also being
                 incorporated by the commercial on-line services.
                 Equally important is the ability to remotely submit
                 updates and corrections using the same software
                 systems.",
}

@InProceedings{Biggs95,
  author =       "Brian Biggs and Kimberly Patraw and R. Douglas Ramsey
                 and Allan Falconer",
  title =        "World Wide Web access to {ARC}/{INFO} databases",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "With the advent of the global information society
                 there is a need to efficiently transfer user-specified
                 spatial information over the Internet. To satisfy this
                 need, a prototype data server for ARC/INFO formatted
                 geographic databases was compiled and is accessible
                 through the World Wide Web via its Universal Resource
                 Locator: http://www.nr.usu.edu/ned. The server is a
                 hypertext markup language FORMS interface which sends
                 user-specified criteria to a PERL script which parses
                 the request and posts it to a file. The file is then
                 read by another PERL program during off-peak hours, and
                 sends each request to an ARC/INFO Arc Macro Language
                 (AML) program which creates a map and posts it to a
                 file to be retrieved on the next day by the user.",
}

@InProceedings{Block95,
  author =       "Donald R. Block",
  title =        "Using {ARC}/{INFO} as a {GIS} server on the World Wide
                 Web",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The World Wide Web (WWW) has been experiencing a
                 tremendous increase in use over the last year. Several
                 approaches have been suggested for providing
                 interactive GIS features in the WWW client-server
                 environment. This presentation focuses on one approach
                 to using ARC/INFO as a GIS server for the batch
                 processing of custom map and data requests in the WWW
                 environment. Using a prototype population estimation
                 application, information on how to utilize the WWW
                 environment to create a user interface and to pass
                 spatial and textual information to and from the GIS
                 server are discussed.",
}

@InProceedings{Blosser95,
  author =       "Margo M. Blosser",
  title =        "Modeling Address Ranges",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "A fundamental database for many Urban GIS applications
                 is a roads centerline file with address ranges.
                 Geocoding events to a range based system is essential
                 for CRIME ANALYSIS, TRANSPORTATION STUDIES AND
                 EMERGENCY DISPATCH. Early address matching efforts at
                 Clark County used Census TIGER files and the county
                 parcels centroids layer. The number of correctly
                 matched addresses was low. Missing address ranges were
                 responsible for most of the unmatched addresses. Clark
                 County is currently assigning address ranges to the
                 roads centerline file. This new layer is being
                 developed as a modeling process rather than a data
                 entry or conflation process. The model assigns
                 theoretical address ranges based on intersecting block
                 numbers. Before address ranges are assigned all arcs
                 are flipped based on an address datum. This model uses
                 a turntable as its primary data structure.",
}

@InProceedings{Bohard95,
  author =       "Eric Bohard",
  title =        "Determining developable vacant lands through a growth
                 management process",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc",
  abstract =     "As part of Washington State's Growth Management
                 legislation, municipalities needed to inventory and
                 forecast the amount of lands available for future
                 urbanized growth, specifically residential, commercial
                 and industrial buildable vacant lands. In a very high
                 growth area as exists in Clark County, Washington,
                 fears of not enough future land to develop erupted from
                 the building and real estate community, whereas fears
                 that massive urban sprawl will occur greatly concerned
                 the environmental advocates. A method needed to be
                 devised to spatially show where developable lands
                 currently exist and, based on future land use and
                 zoning scenarios, where and how much land would exist
                 in the future. Through ARC/INFO GIS, Clark County,
                 Washington developed a comprehensive model which
                 answered all these questions. Based on numerous land
                 use and critical land criteria, this model mapped and
                 provided land inventories. This model also greatly
                 assisted in defining the urban growth boundaries of
                 seven cities based on projected buildable land needs
                 and population projections for the next 20 years. This
                 paper will describe the process used to determine
                 buildable vacant lands and how the model was developed
                 and tested.",
}

@InProceedings{Boulanger95,
  author =       "Marc Boulanger",
  title =        "Multi attribute polygon labelling: When screen editing
                 was the only way to do it...",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper presents an overview of an ArcInfo based
                 multiple attribute polygon labelling application
                 (Positext), for natural resources inventory mapping.
                 Description of the software, the business domain it is
                 aimed at, software design, functions, operation, and
                 operational capacities are also presented. Finally the
                 benefits are further described.",
}

@InProceedings{Bowlin95,
  author =       "Stovy Bowlin and Shu Liang",
  title =        "Pilot project design: The application of {GIS}
                 technology in groundwater quality management",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation
                 District began GIS operations in July 1994. One of the
                 first orders of business was the development of a
                 comprehensive pilot project to synthesize temporal
                 water quality parameters collected for and reported in
                 the District's Water - Research Study of the Barton
                 Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer (September
                 1994). The project was a complex database management
                 design which helped the District GIS staff to identify
                 and overcome many potential GIS database management
                 problems before moving on to full system integration.
                 Of primary concern was the design of the INFO tables to
                 organize the water quality data and the development of
                 a graphical user interface (GUI) to enable District
                 technical staff to query, graphically display and
                 output the information in an efficient and effective
                 way. With this expanded ability to quantify large
                 amounts of complex temporal site data, District
                 personnel are better able to monitor, analyze, and
                 understand problems affecting groundwater quantity and
                 quality and to evaluate the impact man's activities are
                 having on the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards
                 Aquifer.",
}

@InProceedings{Brandt95,
  author =       "Carol Brandt",
  title =        "Progress report on automated file matching and {TIGER}
                 data base update",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Bureau of the Census (BOC) is actively examining
                 methods to improve the quality of the TIGER
                 (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
                 Referencing) data base. One method in development is a
                 semi-automated process where the BOC matches a provider
                 file with the appropriate county partition of the TIGER
                 data base. First, we convert the provider file to a
                 TIGER-like format. Then we can perform matching
                 operations using software developed in- house. We may
                 perform a rubber-sheeting operation on one of the
                 files. Then we add new features and the associated
                 attributes to the TIGER data base. We intend to discuss
                 the process to-date as well as the problems
                 encountered, successes achieved, desired format for
                 files we accept from a provider, possible information
                 we can return to the provider, and future plans.",
}

@InProceedings{Bratt95,
  author =       "Robert K. Bratt and Joseph R. {Lake, Jr.} and Theresa
                 Whistler",
  title =        "Implementation of {GIS} at local law enforcement
                 agencies",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In August 1994, the Criminal Division of the
                 Department of Justice initiated an outreach program to
                 test the viability of using its Geographic Information
                 System (GIS) to assist law enforcement agencies
                 surrounding the Washington, D.C. area. Two
                 pilot-project sites were chosen to participate in the
                 program: the Warrenton Police Department in Virginia,
                 and the Montgomery County Police Department
                 headquartered in Rockville, Maryland. The focus of the
                 projects is to measure how effectively GIS boosts
                 criminal analysis capabilities and law enforcement
                 performance. Both projects entail a needs assessment,
                 system design, application development, software and
                 hardware installations, database development, and
                 Arc/Info and ArcView 2.0 training. This presentation
                 will introduce the scopes of work, systems designed for
                 each site, the applications for customization and
                 automation, how GIS is used in criminal analysis, and
                 the significance of GIS to both the departments and
                 their communities.",
}

@InProceedings{Breuer95,
  author =       "Gregory S. Breuer and Luther W. {Sanders, Jr.}",
  title =        "Automated flight planning - {GIS} style",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Flight application automates and adds accuracy to
                 the aerial photography process. Prior to the
                 development of this application, photographers and
                 pilots used landmarks and guesswork to determine a
                 flight line's beginning and ending location. This
                 application provides an accurate georeferenced flight
                 path. Pilots, utilizing an onboard GPS receiver, are
                 able to fly the predetermined flight lines. The
                 Missouri Highway and Transportation Department has
                 developed an efficient method of determining and
                 executing an accurate flight line by coordinating GIS
                 and GPS technology.",
}

@InProceedings{Bryant95,
  author =       "Greg Bryant and Steve Schmitzer",
  title =        "Lawn irrigation return flow modeling using {GRID}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Denver Water desires to fully use its water supplies.
                 This includes quantifying and reusing water used for
                 lawn irrigation that is not fully consumed and returns
                 to streams through shallow aquifers. Techniques for
                 quantifying ground water returning to a stream as a
                 result of lawn irrigation can be automated using
                 ARC/INFO GRID tools. This paper describes a method
                 developed by Denver Water using GRID in combination
                 with analytical equations described by Glover (1977)
                 and Schroeder (1987) to quantify irrigation return
                 flows. Glover return flow factors for the lower Cherry
                 Creek basin in metropolitan Denver were calculated
                 based on aquifer saturated thickness, specific yield,
                 and hydraulic conductivity, in combination with
                 distance to stream and width of the aquifer. Lawn
                 irritation data and Glover return flow factors were
                 then used to determine irrigation return flow patterns
                 over an 18-year period.",
}

@InProceedings{Burke95,
  author =       "Lauretta Burke",
  title =        "Urban and municipal {GIS} applications in developing
                 countries - the problems and the potential",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper provides an overview of issues and
                 considerations for implementing a GIS to support urban
                 and municipal planning in developing countries,
                 supported by descriptions of project experience. Topics
                 include data availability and access, organizational
                 and institutional issues, staffing and training,
                 hardware and software selection and support. Project
                 experience includes a rapid land use assessment
                 application in four cities in the Philippines, and a
                 municipal planning project in San Pedro Sula,
                 Honduras.",
}

@InProceedings{Tzemos95,
  author =       "S. Tzemos and R. A. Burnett",
  title =        "Use of {GIS} in the Federal Emergency Management
                 Information System ({FEMIS})",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Federal Emergency Management Information System
                 (FEMIS) is a decision support system that integrates
                 all phases of emergency management. FEMIS is designed
                 to support the emergency manager in planning,
                 coordination, response, training, and exercise. FEMIS
                 uses a classic client-server architecture. The FEMIS
                 component modules include a Human-Computer Interface
                 (HCI), a relational database management system (RDBMS),
                 an electronic mail system, a report generator, a
                 project management system, a geographic information
                 system (GIS), and hazard specific modeling and analysis
                 tools. Of these systems, the RDBMS and the evacuation
                 model reside on a Unix platform. All other software
                 resides on networked personal computer (PC)
                 workstations. ArcView 2.0 is the GIS product used to
                 support FEMIS at each PC workstation. ARC/INFO is
                 loaded on the Unix-based server and is used to prepare
                 the spatial data. This paper describes the way GIS
                 support for FEMIS was built using Avenue scripts and
                 the inter-process communications available through
                 ArcView 2.0. It also identifies the limitations
                 encountered and the way the HCI was built to overcome
                 them. The final product is a fully integrated
                 responsive, user-oriented decision support system,
                 capable of linking the planning, response, recovery,
                 and mitigation phases of emergency management.",
}

@InProceedings{Burt95,
  author =       "Kirsty Burt and Vicki Evans",
  title =        "City of Seattle {CGDB} user support package abstract",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The CGDB (Central Geographic Data Base) User Support
                 Package is being created to provide an information
                 source about the CGDB elements for use by the technical
                 GIS users in the City of Seattle and to create a
                 sharing mechanism for GIS data, tools and applications.
                 As the project development of the CGDB in the City of
                 Seattle's Engineering Department concludes, the CGDB is
                 becoming the base data the City is using in most
                 applications and map products. Technical GIS users have
                 had problems in using the CGDB, including difficulty in
                 finding the information they need, knowing the
                 appropriate uses for certain data elements, and in
                 duplicating efforts with data and programs. The CGDB
                 User Support Package will support technical GIS users
                 with four key elements. 1. An on-line data dictionary
                 that includes metadata. 2. A menu with a series of
                 useful tools. 3. Bulletin board. 4. General information
                 about the CGDB. This paper and application spotlight
                 demonstration of the package will describe the
                 requirements, design, and technical components of the
                 CGDB User Support Package, as well as the development
                 and maintenance processes, and ideas for future
                 enhancements.",
}

@InProceedings{Bushing95,
  author =       "William W. Bushing",
  title =        "Identifying regions of persistent giant kelp
                 (Macrocystis pyrifera) around Santa Catalina Island for
                 designation as marine reserves",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This study utilized a GIS to investigate the influence
                 of submarine and terrestrial topography on the
                 distribution of giant bladder kelp around an island off
                 the southern California coast. Macrocystis pyrifera is
                 an important species in the marine environment, serving
                 both as structural habitat and food for a wide range of
                 marine invertebrates and fishes. Santa Catalina
                 Island's highly dissected, 54-mile leeward and windward
                 coastline offers a wide range of microhabitats with
                 respect to storm exposure, temperature and the
                 nearshore light regime. GIS data layers included a
                 digital terrain model, digital bathymetric model,
                 submarine slope, submarine aspect, bottom relief, a
                 series of solar insolation models (monthly, seasonal,
                 annual), significant wave height, and kelp distribution
                 maps from several survey years. Definite patterns in
                 distribution were observed relative to aspect, depth,
                 slope, temperature, surface insolation and bottom
                 insolation. GIS overlay methods used on the
                 multi-temporal kelp distribution maps generated a layer
                 representing the spatial persistence of kelp.
                 Correlations between persistence and the physical
                 variables were used to characterize regions suitable
                 for designation as marine reserves. The most
                 interesting {"}finding{"} in this study was that many
                 marine scientists are not yet convinced GIS can offer
                 them a new tool to investigate ecological phenomena at
                 different spatial and temporal scales from those
                 conventionally employed in field or laboratory
                 research.",
}

@InProceedings{Butler95,
  author =       "Charles P. Butler",
  title =        "Simplifying the data conversion process",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "One of the downsides of implementing a GIS is the huge
                 cost of the data which it will contain. This fact is
                 particularly true when it involves a custom data
                 product which can only be reproduced from it's source.
                 Huge database conversion costs however can be greatly
                 reduced and made more predictable by simplifying the
                 process through documentation and an effective AML
                 interface. Costs are lowered, made more predictable and
                 product quality is maintained by allowing lesser
                 skilled individuals to perform the {"}nuts and bolts{"}
                 of the conversion work by building programmatic
                 intelligence into the interface based on orderly
                 documentation. This paper presents an innovative
                 project approach which was developed for a major
                 metropolitan water utility to largely automate and
                 simplify the conversion of their water and sewer
                 facility maps.",
}

@InProceedings{Bynum95,
  author =       "Curt Bynum and Jeff Ackerman",
  title =        "A {"}{LOJIC}-al{"} approach to updating a digital
                 photogrammetric base map",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In 1994, the Louisville/Jefferson County Information
                 Consortium (LOJIC) completed the first update of its
                 Arc/Info planimetric and topographic base map of
                 Jefferson County, Kentucky. The base map update began
                 with a detailed change detection effort performed by
                 LOJIC staff utilizing satellite imagery and aerial
                 photography to determine those areas of the county that
                 most required updating. Update areas were quantified
                 and prioritized based on the magnitude of change, user
                 requirements and budgetary limitations. The resultant
                 project, completed by Analytical Surveys, Inc. (ASI)
                 through the use of photogrammetric superimposition
                 techniques, involved the update of nearly one half of
                 the 390 square miles of LOJIC base mapping. This paper
                 describes the change detection process, project
                 specifications, general compilation techniques and
                 quality control procedures used for the base map
                 update, as well as subsequent modifications and
                 retiling of the base map to enhance the functionality
                 of the overall photogrammetric database.",
}

@InProceedings{Cargin95,
  author =       "Jeff Cargin and John Dwyer",
  title =        "Pennsylvania's low-level radioactive waste disposal
                 facility siting project: process summary",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Federal law requires that each state be responsible
                 for ensuring that low-level radioactive waste generated
                 within its borders is disposed of safely. A state may
                 do this individually, or may combine their efforts with
                 other states and form a compact. Pennsylvania,
                 Maryland, West Virginia and Delaware have joined to
                 form the Appalachian Compact, with Pennsylvania
                 agreeing to site the first low-level radioactive waste
                 disposal facility (LLRWDF) for the Compact. The
                 screening process, designed to locate a suitable site
                 for the facility, is now underway. This statewide
                 screening is a time-consuming, rigorous effort, and a
                 Geographic Information System (GIS) has necessarily
                 become an integral part of the process. Screening is
                 divided into two major portions: Disqualification
                 (determining where the facility cannot be located),
                 followed by Evaluation (determining where the facility
                 should be located). This paper will discuss the siting
                 process in general, focusing on the use of the GIS to
                 track data, automate tasks and simplify the overall
                 process. Topics covered include: incorporation of
                 regulations into a spatial database; quality assurance
                 procedures involved in the Project; and involvement of
                 the public in the siting process.",
}

@InProceedings{Cargin95a,
  author =       "Jeff Cargin and John Dwyer",
  title =        "Pennsylvania's low-level radioactive waste disposal
                 facility siting project: data in, data out",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The process for locating a site for Pennsylvania's
                 Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
                 (PALLRWDF) requires the use of a wide-ranging array of
                 publicly available information obtained from a variety
                 of agencies at the Federal, State, County and Municipal
                 levels. In addition to data collection, the process
                 also requires the dissemination of project information
                 to the public. Although the earliest stages of the
                 Project were performed at smaller scales, the standard
                 base scale for the majority of the Project has been
                 1:24,000. This paper will discuss a number of the
                 problems solved and lessons learned in using a
                 Geographic Information System (GIS) to manage the
                 spatial database necessary to perform a state-wide site
                 screening at such a large scale. Among these are
                 included: locating the agency that is the true source
                 of the data being used; identifying and correcting
                 mis-located data in an agency's database without
                 validating the entire data set; processing very large
                 GIS coverages; and making project information usable,
                 understandable and accessible to the public.",
}

@InProceedings{Cargin95b,
  author =       "Jeff Cargin and John Dwyer",
  title =        "Pennsylvania's low-level radioactive waste disposal
                 facility siting project: special {GIS} operations",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The process for locating a site for Pennsylvania's
                 Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
                 (PALLRWDF) has made extensive use of the Project's
                 Geographic Information System (GIS). All spatial data
                 used in the Project is accessable in some manner
                 through the GIS. Much of the information is processed
                 manually; however, because of the immense size of the
                 project, automation of these processes wherever
                 possible is essential. This paper will discuss several
                 of the special operations that have been performed
                 using the GIS to reduce the level of manual effort
                 required for the project. These operations include:
                 preparation of overlays to reduce duplication of work;
                 automatic disqualification of wetlands; evaluation of
                 road hazards using network applications; evaluation of
                 minimum area requirements for candidate areas; and
                 incorporation of a public values survey. In addition,
                 the paper will discuss the use of the GIS in
                 preparation of displays for the development of an
                 integrated information system for site selection and
                 site characterization.",
}

@InProceedings{Carroll95,
  author =       "Bruce Carroll and Vaughan Landrum and Lisa Pious",
  title =        "Timber harvest scheduling with adjacency constraints:
                 using {ARC}/{INFO} to make {FORPLAN} realistic",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "FORPLAN is used by the Forest Service and private
                 industry to schedule the management of forestland over
                 time. However, FORPLAN is non-spatial and cannot model
                 Oregon, Washington and California regulations that
                 constrain timber harvesting based on whether adjacent
                 stands have been recently harvested. Therefore, FORPLAN
                 may produce solutions that cannot be implemented in the
                 field. To resolve this problem, Boise Cascade
                 Corporation retained Pacific Meridian Resources to link
                 ARC/INFO with FORPLAN to produce an application (the
                 Spatial Feasibility Test, or SFT) that tests the
                 feasibility of FORPLAN solutions against adjacency
                 constraints. SFT applies a FORPLAN solution to a
                 coverage of timber stands (up to 100,000 polygons have
                 been tested). The user specifies a maximum adjoining
                 size for any set of silvicultural treatments (e.g.
                 maximum of 120 acres for clearcuts) in any period. SFT
                 can also apply a regulation in which stands that are
                 adjoining for less than a given percent (e.g. ten
                 percent in Washington) of their perimeter are not
                 considered adjacent. SFT produces reports and coverages
                 that itemize how well SFT was able to apply the FORPLAN
                 solution to the ground. Boise Cascade will use SFT in
                 an iterative manner: Run FORPLAN; run SFT to apply
                 adjacency constraints; re-formulate FORPLAN to more
                 closely match SFT outputs; re-run FORPLAN and SFT; and
                 continue until SFT is able to fully allocate the
                 FORPLAN solution. The resulting FORPLAN solution will
                 then be implementable under adjacency constraints.",
}

@InProceedings{Casey95,
  author =       "Liza Casey and Tom Pederson",
  title =        "Urbanizing {GIS}: Philadelphia's strategy to bring
                 {GIS} to neighborhood planning",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Urban planners have a need to differentiate between
                 the qualitative aspects of environments but maps have a
                 tendency to sterilize reality. Even when colored
                 thematically, they some how lack sufficient expression
                 to depict the character of a neighborhood. In
                 Philadelphia, our parcel base map depicting Ludlow, a
                 neighborhood where the average value of a single family
                 home is less than \$5,000, looks just the same as the
                 one in Rittenhouse Square where the average home value
                 is over \$300,000. The average parcel size is just
                 about the same. The streets have the same width. There
                 are areas coded as parks in both vicinities. Somehow,
                 the maps do not convey the stark hopelessness of Ludlow
                 or the old world affluence of Rittenhouse Square. They
                 lack any intuitive indication of quality of life.
                 Philadelphia has decided to encourage its neighborhood
                 based planners to take advantage of the City's
                 investment in GIS by allocating funds to Community
                 Development Corporations (CDCs) for GIS hardware,
                 software and training and by providing base maps of the
                 neighborhoods. The hope is that the CDCs will be able
                 to create unprecedented views of their neighborhoods
                 and present development proposals and grant
                 applications that can better illustrate both need and
                 impact. What the CDCs need to show--quality and
                 character of environment -- cannot be classified with
                 the same ease with which one can classify soil types.
                 As a tool, GIS, had its roots in environmental studies.
                 This paper is a discussion of how Philadelphia is
                 trying to apply GIS effectively to the complex and
                 emotional circumstances that surround neighborhood
                 planning in its dense, troubled, urban environment.",
}

@InProceedings{Char95,
  author =       "Stephen J. Char and Jennifer B. Sieverling",
  title =        "Preanalysis processing of continuous {GRID} data sets
                 for resolution approximation",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In the production of a contour map, a method was
                 developed within GRID1, the cell-based geoprocessing
                 software of ARC/INFO, for degrading the detail of a
                 high-resolution raster geographic data set (grid) to
                 approximate that of a low-resolution grid. This
                 preanalysis process was necessary so that a surface
                 resulting from the subtraction of one surface from
                 another would not produce a grid that appeared to be
                 more detailed than the lowest resolution grid used. The
                 high-resolution grid was derived from 7.5-minute U.S.
                 Geological Survey Digital Elevation Model data. The
                 low-resolution grid was derived from well data. The
                 high-resolution grid was processed using the GRID
                 function FOCALMEAN with a circular neighborhood option
                 to produce a low-resolution grid. Various radii for the
                 FOCALMEAN function were evaluated by producing test
                 plots of contours derived from the resultant grids. A
                 radius equal to one-half the average distance between
                 wells produced a grid that best represented the general
                 character of the high-resolution grid while
                 approximating the level of detail of the low-resolution
                 grid.",
}

@InProceedings{Christensen95,
  author =       "Lindsay G. Christensen and James G. Rigsby",
  title =        "{GIS} applications to radon hazard studies - An
                 example from Nevada",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Indoor radon hazards in Nevada have been investigated
                 by the staff of the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology
                 in conjunction with the Nevada Division of Health under
                 grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
                 Using the GIS software ARC/INFO, a potential indoor
                 radon hazard map of Nevada was generated by combining
                 data sets consisting of indoor radon measurements,
                 geology, soils, and aerial radiometric gamma-ray
                 surveys. Analyzing these data with GIS techniques,
                 three indoor radon hazard zones were defined for
                 Nevada: a High zone, an Intermediate zone, and a Low
                 zone. The High zone comprises 19\% of the area of the
                 state, the Intermediate zone 71\% of the state, and the
                 Low zone 10\%. The procedures used in data capture and
                 creation of the potential indoor radon hazard zones are
                 presented.",
}

@InProceedings{Cunningham95,
  author =       "Mark Cunningham and Kevin Woodley",
  title =        "A vacant land study for the City of Anderson, {SC}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The City of Anderson, South Carolina has been growing
                 for the past several years and that growth is expected
                 to continue. The entire Interstate-85 corridor between
                 Atlanta, Georgia and Charlotte, North Carolina has
                 optimistic economic forecasts. Anderson has already
                 benefitted by its close proximity to I-85 and would
                 like to take advantage of further growth. Within
                 Anderson's city limits are several hundred vacant land
                 parcels with unique characteristics and possibilities.
                 Prior to this project, the City did not have a complete
                 list of these parcels. Because economic growth is a top
                 priority for Anderson, this project will help build the
                 City's GIS capabilities and prove to be a powerful tool
                 for the future of the municipality.",
}

@InProceedings{Day95,
  author =       "Curtis Day",
  title =        "{"}Pushbutton{"} viable ecosystems",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Over the last two years the Ochoco National Forest in
                 central Oregon has had a team developing a Viable
                 Ecosystems Policy. The aim of the policy is to base all
                 land management practices on the maintenance of a
                 functioning and viable ecosystem across the landscape.
                 Implementing the policy requires the use of GIS and
                 classified LANDSAT imagery to give resource specialists
                 indications of seral and structural stages that are out
                 of balance with historical vegetation. By studying
                 records dating back to 1870 the team was able to
                 estimate {"}ranges of historical variation{"} that
                 occurred on the Forest. A simple menu system allows the
                 GIS operator to select the watershed for analysis and
                 update LANDSAT-derived vegetation mapping. The model
                 then generates seral stages by combining LANDSAT-
                 derived species data with field-mapped plant
                 associations; combines these seral stages with a
                 LANDSAT-derived size/structure layer; performs a
                 neighborhood analysis to develop stands; and outputs a
                 report and map showing stands that are outside
                 historical ranges of variability.",
}

@InProceedings{Fraipont95,
  author =       "Paul De Fraipont and Didier Georgieff and Jean-Daniel
                 Hennemann and Alain Lefeuvre",
  title =        "The monitoring of an agricultural environmental
                 measurement through {GIS} and spatial remote sensing
                 data-central ried of Alsace",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The central plain of Alsace, between Strasbourg and
                 Colmar, constitutes a resting and feeding zone for
                 migratory birds taking the Rhine corridor and it itself
                 shelters a particular sedentary bird population. The
                 rate of conversion of prairies to corn tillage has been
                 so marked in the last two decades, that the European,
                 national and regional authorities have set up programs
                 inciting agricultural practices that respect the
                 environment (prairies upkeep, livestock burden
                 limitations, nitrate fertilizer limitations). The
                 fusion of information relating to: diachronous landuse
                 (monitored through SPOT and LANDSAT data), faunal and
                 floral ecological value, to the parcel reference map,
                 allows the management of subvention dossiers, the
                 ecological impact evaluation of socio-economic policy,
                 and the proposition of spatially orientated policies
                 globally coherent with other socio-economic and
                 territorial planning activities. The intervention
                 zone's 130 km2 is comprised of 20,000 cadastral
                 parcels. The monitoring of 350 dossiers concerning
                 3,000 parcels under four different management modes is
                 undertaken through a G.I.S. Using SPOT imagery, a
                 parcel based classification algorithm is applied
                 diagnosing agricultural activity in order to evaluate
                 the distribution of funding while insuring an optimal
                 ecological return.",
}

@InProceedings{Deckers95,
  author =       "Frank Deckers and Frank Wardenburg",
  title =        "Hydrological information management for the Danubian
                 Lowland, integration of Arc/Info and {MIKE} {SHE}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Danubian Lowland Information System (DLIS) is an
                 information system based on and integration of Arc/Info
                 GIS with INFORMIX database and DHI's mathematical
                 modelling systems MIKE SHE, MIKE11 and MIKE 21. The
                 DLIS is one of the tools which are being used by
                 Slovak, Dutch and Danish scientist in their
                 investigations of the complex environmental problems of
                 the Danubian Lowland located between Bratislava and
                 Komarno in the Slovak Republic. The DLIS has been
                 established as part of the project {"}Danubian Lowland
                 - Ground Water Model{"}, which is undertaken by a
                 Danish-Dutch consortium comprising six organizations
                 headed by DHI. The project is sponsored under the EU
                 PHARE programme and focuses on a variety of
                 environmental issues related to: -Ground Water Flow and
                 Ground Water Chemistry -River and Reservoir
                 Hydrodynamics -Water Quality and Sediment Transport in
                 Rivers and Reservoirs -Agricultural Production and
                 Nitrate Leaching, and -Aquatic and Floodplain Ecology
                 The scientific basis of the project is provided by an
                 integration of DHI's modelling systems MIKE11, MIKE21
                 and MIKE SHE, the core of which is MIKE SHE. The model
                 area comprises about 3,500 km2 of the Danubian Lowland
                 between Bratislava and Komarno. Within this area, the
                 Gabcikovo hydropower scheme was finalized in October
                 1992, and the related reservoir and various hydraulic
                 structures have major impacts on the hydrological
                 regime and the ecosystem in the region. The Gabcikovo
                 hydropower scheme causes the most important of the
                 man-induced impacts, and the immediate project
                 objective is to develop an integrated modelling system
                 that can be used as the technical/scientific basis for
                 future management decisions. Such a multidisciplinary
                 project involves large amounts of different data to be
                 used for model setup, calibration and validation, which
                 together with the requirements in terms of presentation
                 and interpretation of results, calls for efficient GIS
                 functions. The DLIS has been developed to meet these
                 requirements. The technical approach of the project as
                 well as the DLIS in particular are described.",
}

@InProceedings{Djokic95,
  author =       "Dean Djokic and Andrew Coates and James E. Ball",
  title =        "{GIS} as integration tool for hydrologic modeling: {A}
                 need for generic hydrologic data exchange format",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "GIS provides numerous tools for hydrologic modeling.
                 They can be broadly classified as data management
                 (manipulation, preparation, extraction, etc.),
                 visualization, and interface development tools. These
                 tools can be two-way, that is, GIS can provide its
                 services to hydrologic models, but also, hydrologic
                 models can provide their services to GIS. This kind of
                 operational synergy has been already successfully
                 obtained through several GIS-model-GIS interfaces. The
                 major problem in advancing the usefulness of such
                 operations, and expanding the scope by integrating
                 several models into a unified modeling environment, is
                 the lack of a consistent and standard way of exchanging
                 data between GIS and models, and between the models
                 themselves. This is a longstanding problem that has
                 hindered integration of different hydrologic models. A
                 solution is proposed in a form of a generic,
                 non-proprietary, data exchange file format that would
                 allow different 'users' of hydrologic data (GIS,
                 hydrologic or economic models, etc.) to exchange data
                 regardless of the source, type, or nature of the data,
                 or the platform on which they were generated. The
                 exchange file format would be open-ended and flexible
                 to accommodate expanding data types and supported
                 programs. It would be maintained on-line to enable easy
                 and timely access, and would be open for discussion to
                 users and developers.",
}

@InProceedings{Duffy95,
  author =       "William Duffy and Stephen M. Dickson",
  title =        "Using {GRID} and {GRAPH} to quantify and display
                 shoreline change",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "When faced with displaying subtle shoreline changes,
                 coastal geologists are often forced to choose between
                 two compromises. They can use very large scale maps
                 that capture the detail but display only a limited
                 portion of the shoreline at a time. Or they can average
                 the change for various shoreline segments and display
                 these less detailed data in graphic form next to a map
                 of the coast. This paper will describe a methodology
                 for preparing and displaying shoreline change data
                 digitized from ortho-corrected aerial photographs of
                 Maine's coast. By using GRID and the Arcplot GRAPH
                 commands, all the detail of the original data is
                 maintained on maps of a reasonable scale. Once the data
                 are in this format, it is also easy to resample them at
                 various intervals for use in erosion rate models being
                 used to develop coastal setback zones in Maine.",
}

@InProceedings{Doganis95,
  author =       "Thanos Doganis",
  title =        "The use of {G}.{I}.{S} technology for the production
                 of high quality school maps",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In this paper the procedure to design and produce
                 school atlases is presented. The decision criteria for
                 the scale, layout colour and information to be included
                 in school maps are discussed. Also technical issues
                 concerning data transfer and processing between
                 Arc/Info and DTP packages are presented. Finally for
                 this project new features such as Cartographic
                 extensions and National Language Support are
                 discussed.",
}

@InProceedings{Duncan95,
  author =       "Donald Duncan and Mark S. Lopez",
  title =        "{GIS} in a public information environment: Database
                 maintenance and querying",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Reduction in staff, lack of accurate information,
                 increased liability, duplication of efforts,
                 out-of-date manually drafted maps, and other related
                 problems have plagued Riverside County in their
                 responsibility to provide accurate landuse and planning
                 information to the public. Fortunately by this time,
                 the County's Geographic Information System has been
                 fully implemented and with this, many of the critical
                 data sets have already been converted to replace the
                 old manual system. This paper will focus on the
                 progress that Riverside County has made towards
                 implementation of a GIS based public information
                 counter. It will highlight the benefits and problems
                 that have occurred in order to provide quick and
                 reliable information to in-house staff and to the
                 public and private sector.",
}

@InProceedings{Eastman95,
  author =       "Roger E. Eastman",
  title =        "Developing and using a {GIS} with only a 11/2 - person
                 staff: The approach taken by the City of Sedona",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The City of Sedona, Arizona, has been slowly
                 developing its GIS (Geographic Information System)
                 since the City's incorporation in 1988. By attending
                 GIS conferences and keeping up-to-date with GIS
                 publications, staff members have noted that little
                 emphasis has been placed on GIS applications in small
                 communities. Indeed, many of the extraordinary GIS
                 applications showcased in conferences and expositions
                 are usually applied to cities or regions that encompass
                 large study areas with seemingly massive amounts of
                 good data and the GIS software, tools, staff and
                 budgets to produce outstanding applications and
                 results. Often this is not possible for small
                 communities where poor or non-existent data, a lack of
                 awareness of the potential of GIS by elected and
                 appointed officials, limited resources, staffing and
                 significant budget constraints can hinder the
                 development of a viable, functioning GIS. A GIS,
                 however, is as valuable a planning and research tool in
                 a small community such as Sedona, as it is in a larger
                 or more sophisticated study area. This paper will
                 describe the approach taken by the City of Sedona, with
                 its small one-and-a-half-person staff, to develop and
                 apply its GIS. Approaches taken by the City to attempt
                 to resolve the problems discussed above will be
                 addressed. Emphasis will be placed on the methods used
                 by the City to address such issues as data acquisition,
                 education of public officials on the possibilities of
                 GIS, developing support for the GIS program, funding,
                 current GIS applications and the City's future vision
                 for a comprehensive MIS (Management of Information
                 Systems) Division.",
}

@InProceedings{Ehler95,
  author =       "Geoffrey Ehler and David Cowen and Halkard Mackey",
  title =        "Design and implementation of a spatial decision
                 support system for site selection",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) have evolved
                 out of the need to provide geographic information
                 systems (GIS) users with the proper tools for which to
                 resolve complex geoanalytical problems. Given these
                 tools, the user is able to make well informed decisions
                 based on the problem at hand. The issue of site
                 planning, including analysis and selection, is a task
                 that is well suited for such a system. A SDSS is
                 currently under development that will provide the
                 casual, desktop GIS user with a user-friendly site
                 evaluation and selection system. The system was
                 developed using AML programming to customize the user
                 interface, and incorporates both the vector and GRID
                 based modeling functions of ArcInfo. ArcView 2.0 serves
                 as the front end for accessing these site selection
                 tools. Topics discussed include needs assessment,
                 system design, graphical user interfaces, incorporation
                 of the spatial model, and cartographic display.",
}

@InProceedings{Emrani95,
  author =       "Yazdan T. Emrani and Henry He and Lisa R. Morgan",
  title =        "Multiple level database security measures for {GIS}
                 facilities management map maintenance activities",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Department of Public Works for the City of
                 Houston, Texas has undertaken a major GIS Data
                 Conversion and Applications project titled the GIMS
                 Project. As part of this effort, the Graphics and
                 Engineering Management Branch must audit and accept the
                 converted data. They also need to perform initial data
                 edits and long term data updates utilizing a city wide
                 network with DEC/OSF1 v.3 running on an Alpha System
                 and customized GIS software. To accommodate these tasks
                 an extensive database security system has been
                 developed which enables separate privileges for viewing
                 and editing of data, utilizing user group
                 classifications which are divided by privileges, and a
                 Work Flow Model to be performed on an expansive
                 hardware and software network configuration. The
                 configuration calls for five levels of database
                 security. The first level of security is for the
                 Database Administrator and requires write access to the
                 data and the ability to copy data from working to
                 permanent storage. The second level is for the
                 Supervisors who will assign data to editors from the
                 working library to the local workstation and copy the
                 updated data to the preliminary permanent storage
                 library. The third level involves the Editors who
                 require write access to update the data which is
                 contained on the Editors local workstation. The fourth
                 level is for auditing data in a read only mode. The
                 final level is the Database Operator who has only the
                 privilege to load the data from 4mm tape onto the
                 system. Additionally, there are three ARC/INFO map
                 libraries and twelve workstations each with local data
                 storage capacity with different levels of security.
                 There are four remote user sites with plans to add at
                 least one more, each with local graphical data storage
                 in a map library. In the customized editing software
                 program, Editors have exclusive write access to one map
                 for updates while the auditors can have read access to
                 the same data if necessary. The editors also have read
                 access to any neighboring data as required. The purpose
                 of this paper will be to examine more closely how
                 multiple levels of database security have been provided
                 for a comprehensive and expansive GIS through work flow
                 models, access privileges, hardware and software
                 configurations.",
}

@InProceedings{Fletcher95,
  author =       "David R. Fletcher and Thomas E. Henderson and John
                 {Espinoza, Jr.}",
  title =        "Integrated approach to transportation planning",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This Pooled Fund Study - sponsored by the US Federal
                 Highway Administration, the US Federal Transit
                 Administration, Sandia National Laboratories, 41 US
                 State and Canadian Provincial Departments of
                 Transportation, the District of Columbia and nine
                 private sector companies - is developing a
                 comprehensive information framework supporting
                 multi-jurisdictional, multi-modal transportation
                 planning. This framework consists of a set of
                 non-proprietary information models, system designs and
                 prototype demonstrations incorporating the United
                 States' Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency
                 Act of 1991 (ISTEA) requirements for statewide and
                 metropolitan transportation planning activities plus
                 the requirements for seven management and monitoring
                 systems: highway pavement, bridges, highway safety,
                 traffic congestion, public transportation facilities
                 and equipment, intermodal transportation facilities and
                 systems and traffic monitoring for highways. These
                 models provide organizational and technologically
                 independent perspectives of these functional areas
                 concentrating on providing a consensus based framework
                 suitable for individual agency adaptation and
                 modification. The USD \$ 1.5 Million Study began in
                 November 1993 and will conclude in October 1995. This
                 paper provides an overview of the Study and discusses
                 the results of the first Phase of the Study.",
}

@InProceedings{Fain95,
  author =       "Mickey A. Fain",
  title =        "Quality assurance: How to build {QA} into the
                 conversion process",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Data is a critical link to the usefulness of a GIS and
                 the applications that are created based on GISs.
                 Whether data conversion is done in-house or by an
                 outside vendor, the quality assurance process is key to
                 the long term reliability of the resulting database.
                 The database created for a GIS is large, generally
                 containing hundreds of thousands of pieces of
                 information. This information is spatially-oriented and
                 contains attributes in related databases. Any quality
                 assurance process must address both the spatial data
                 and the attribute data. To verify quality within these
                 broad parameters is a monumental task. Total Quality
                 Management and Statistical Quality Control techniques
                 provide a foundation upon which processes that can tame
                 the quality assurance issue can be built. A Zero-Defect
                 approach that allows organizations to actually build
                 quality into the conversion process is explained in
                 this paper. Also discussed are the ways in which this
                 approach to data conversion can ultimately reduce both
                 conversion costs and implementation times.",
}

@InProceedings{Filian95,
  author =       "Ron Filian and Jeff Higelin",
  title =        "Traffic engineering in a {GIS} environment:
                 Highlighting progress of The County of Riverside
                 Geographic Information System Based Accident Records
                 System ({GIS}-{BARS})",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The County of Riverside Geographic Information System
                 Based Accident Records System (GIS-BARS) is being
                 developed to provide more effective and efficient
                 accident reporting capabilities to identify high
                 accident roadway segments and intersections for traffic
                 safety improvements. The project is funded through a
                 grant from the State of California Office of Traffic
                 and Safety as well as County funds. Accident data can
                 be obtained from the State Wide Integrated Traffic
                 Records System (SWITRS), but is not available until 3-6
                 months after the end of each quarter. Initial phases of
                 project development has involved a substantial amount
                 of communication and co-operation between the County,
                 Cities, and Law Enforcement agencies to determine data
                 entry and transfer options for improving accident
                 information retrieval via GIS-BARS. Automated data
                 conversion routines for converting SWITRS data to
                 ArcInfo data-files and point topology have been
                 completed. Current development includes expansion of
                 the existing Centerline layer to include Traffic
                 Volumes, Pavement Management data (such as Surface
                 Types and Number of Lanes), and the creation of a
                 Traffic Control Device Inventory (TCDI). These layers
                 will improve accident analysis capabilities using
                 ArcInfo Routing, Dynamic Segmentation, Statistics and
                 Buffering functions for over 12,000 miles of roadway.
                 The project is scheduled to examine emerging
                 technologies including Digital Imagery for video-log
                 applications, and GPS systems for vehicle location and
                 accident reconstruction applications.",
}

@InProceedings{Fischl95,
  author =       "Paula Fischl and Wesley Geloneck and Douglas Munch",
  title =        "Making maps of tomorrow-- today",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This study is part of an assessment of water supply
                 needs and sources in which the St. Johns River Water
                 Management District (SJRWMD) has been required to
                 identify areas expected to have inadequate water
                 resources to meet the water supply demand in the year
                 2010. SJRWMD conducted this assessment using seven
                 regional numerical MODFLOW ground water flow models and
                 several local analytical ground water flow models. Two
                 of the most important aspects of the ground water
                 evaluation were (1) the projection of the 2010
                 potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer and (2)
                 the change in the potentiometric surface of the
                 Floridan aquifer between 2010 and the current
                 hydrologic condition. A GIS approach was selected to
                 synthesize the results of the various analyses. The
                 numerical and analytical ground water flow models were
                 run to produce a data set of hydraulic heads. A data
                 set in excess of 800 water level monitoring well points
                 was used as the base and quality control for the study.
                 A monitoring well coverage with 1988 water levels was
                 processed using the ARC/INFO triangulated irregular
                 network (TIN) module, then contoured to generate a 1988
                 potentiometric surface map of the Floridan aquifer. The
                 grid and resultant hydraulic head values for each grid
                 cell of the numerical models were imported into GIS
                 format. Control well points were matched against model
                 grid cells to select hydraulic head values for the year
                 2010 to be contoured. Using the algebraic function in
                 the GRID module of ARC/INFO, the 2010 surface was
                 subtracted from the 1988 surface to generate a surface
                 representing the projected change in the potentiometric
                 surface of the Floridan aquifer between 1988 and
                 2010.",
}

@InProceedings{Frew95,
  author =       "James Frew and Larry Carver and Christoph Fischer and
                 Michael Goodchild and Mary Larsgaard and Terence Smith
                 and Qi Zheng",
  title =        "The Alexandria Rapid Prototype: Building a digital
                 library for spatial information",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "A first step toward the Alexandria Project's goal of a
                 distributed digital library for spatially-indexed
                 information is a {"}rapid prototype{"} system. The
                 system was built in a period of six months, with a
                 small team, almost entirely from commercial
                 {"}off-the-shelf{"} software and hardware, at a single
                 site, and populated with a limited set of heterogeneous
                 spatial data. We are currently using the system to
                 evaluate such issues as: implementing spatial metadata
                 standards in a relational schema; using high-level
                 scripting languages to customize large software
                 packages and {"}glue{"} them together; and the relative
                 merits of map-based versus forms-based user interfaces.
                 These evaluations are helping drive the ongoing design
                 of Alexandria's final deliverable, a distributed
                 {"}testbed{"}, system. The rapid prototype system is
                 also serving as a staging area for data and metadata
                 that will eventually be migrated to the testbed.",
}

@InProceedings{Fulcher95,
  author =       "Chris Fulcher and Tony Prato and Steven Vance and Yan
                 Zhou and Chris Barnett",
  title =        "Flood impact decision support system for St. Charles,
                 Missouri, {USA}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The economic losses caused by the Midwest Flood of
                 1993 and previous floods have increased the need to
                 consider alternative schemes for managing the Missouri
                 River Basin. A flood impact decision support system
                 (FIDSS) is developed in St. Charles County to identify
                 impacts that flooding will have on local communities
                 and surrounding land use activities. The objective of
                 FIDSS is to significantly reduce the learning curve by
                 developing a customized graphical user interface that
                 is tailored to floodplain management needs. ArcView and
                 Avenue programming language are used to customize FIDSS
                 for users with diverse, non-technical backgrounds.
                 Citizen committees, established in the wake of the
                 flood, are involved in the development of FIDSS and
                 provide feedback for tailoring the system to their
                 needs. For ease of use, the menu appearance and program
                 functionality are consistent across all menus. FIDSS
                 will include on-line help and feedback for guiding the
                 users in making better decisions.",
}

@InProceedings{Gallo95,
  author =       "Sharon K. Gallo",
  title =        "{GIS} and decision support",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The integration of GIS and decision support software
                 promotes collaborative GIS, focuses problem solving
                 efforts, and establishes and maintains an alignment
                 between personal and group goals. The intent of this
                 paper is to describe a system that integrates GIS
                 (ESRI's ArcView2) and decision support software
                 (Ventana's GroupSystems for Windows) to promote
                 collaborative GIS techniques. The group interaction is
                 accomplished by utilizing a portable system of laptop
                 computers on a local area network. Possible topics to
                 be addressed with this system are: land use, economic
                 incentives, pollution, technological development, and
                 environmental regulations. Meeting participants
                 construct various geographic scenarios which are
                 collected, combined, discussed, and prioritized.
                 Decision rationale for final recommendations are
                 recorded automatically and linked to the original
                 geographic data sets. Connected as a team, people
                 rapidly share information through electronic dialogues
                 anonymously contributing ideas without fear of
                 criticism. ArcView2 allows for the visualization of
                 these geographically oriented discussions. This
                 integration of GIS and decision support software can
                 greatly reduce meeting time by structuring and focusing
                 problem solving efforts and establishing and
                 maintaining an alignment between personal and group
                 goals. An example application of the system is
                 described.",
}

@InProceedings{Game95,
  author =       "Adam Game and Stephen Owens",
  title =        "{GIS} on the information superhighway: Integration of
                 {GIS} with interactive multimedia directory services",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Emergence of the information surperhighway is
                 providing new opportunities for delivery of geographic
                 information to mass markets. In particular,
                 telecommunications companies such as Telstra are
                 actively pursuing GIS as an interface to interactive
                 directory, entertainment, and home shopping systems.
                 Market trials have demonstrated consumer acceptance of
                 GIS, but currently map data is poorly handled by
                 existing multimedia server technologies.",
}

@InProceedings{Garcia95,
  author =       "Rob Garcia",
  title =        "Using {ARCVIEW} 2.0 in school district planning",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The introduction of ArcView 2.0 represents tremendous
                 new opportunities for school district planning. While
                 ArcView 1.0 was an interesting first effort, it failed
                 to provide many of the capabilities that school
                 districts were searching for. ArcView 2.0 is such a
                 major improvement over the previous release, that it
                 has literally revolutionized the way school districts
                 can use geographic information. This paper focuses on 2
                 key areas of using ArcView 2.0 in school district
                 planning: 1) School District Planning Tasks; and 2)
                 Using ArcView 2.0 with other Windows applications.",
}

@InProceedings{Gerber95,
  author =       "Stan Gerber",
  title =        "Attribute data {QA}: An on-line approach",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Quality assurance of attributes is one of the most
                 daunting tasks that confronts agencies involved in map
                 conversion. Paper checkplots, while very useful for
                 content checking, often become unworkable as a means to
                 verify complex attribute coding because of the volume
                 needed for proper QA and/or the interpretation of
                 intricate symbolization. This paper describes an
                 on-line system that Pierce County has developed to
                 facilitate the QA process in its assessor map
                 conversion project. The system exploits Arcplot
                 commands in Arcedit to provide map checkers with
                 easy-to-understand, rapid views of label and arc
                 attribute values. Through a simplified symbology, map
                 checkers can readily identify discrepancies--and make
                 immediate corrections. The system reduces the
                 interpretation, training time, and lag-time between
                 error detection and correction that is often inherent
                 in a paper QA process.",
}

@InProceedings{Grochowski95,
  author =       "Stan Grochowski",
  title =        "Maptrack in the Assessor/Treasurer's Office: {A}
                 PowerBuilder link to {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Pierce County Assessor/Treasurer's office has
                 begun a conversion of the tax parcel maps from hard
                 copy to digital. The conversion is being done by a
                 conversion vendor therefore keeping track of where the
                 maps are at any particular time is part of the task.
                 For this purpose the Maptrack software was developed.
                 Maptrack is a PowerBuilder application for a Sybase
                 database. It is also linked to an ArcInfo quarter
                 section index coverage of Pierce County. The database
                 was originally maintained in Info as part of the
                 quartersection coverage. However, this arrangement soon
                 proved to be unacceptable as updating of the database
                 needed the use of an ArcInfo license, which were in
                 short supply as the QC process began. Putting the
                 database into Sybase and updating and maintaining it
                 through a Power Builder interface solved the ArcInfo
                 license problem, but created another since there was
                 still the need to create maps charting the progress of
                 the project based upon what stage the quartersection
                 maps were in. Maptrack was developed to address these
                 problems by allowing the user to produce ArcInfo maps
                 from menu choices within the Power Builder application.
                 This paper will explain what data Maptrack maintains
                 for the Assessor's office and the process by which the
                 link is made to between Power Builder and ArcInfo.",
}

@InProceedings{Grummon95,
  author =       "Jim Grummon",
  title =        "Environmental Data Management Geographic Information
                 System ({EDMGIS})",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Department of Defense must comply with a multitude
                 of environmental regulations. Compliance with these
                 regulations requires the collection and analysis of
                 vast quantities of data for each military installation
                 in this country. In addition, the DoD has committed to
                 aggressive goals to eliminate or reduce pollution in
                 all forms. To date, environmental compliance, pollution
                 prevention, and clean-up activities have been conducted
                 at each base under numerous, independent programs. In
                 many cases, the same data has been re-collected for
                 different programs and is seldom normalized and shared
                 among different groups.",
}

@InProceedings{Guan95,
  author =       "Weihe Guan",
  title =        "Benefit-cost analysis for implementing {GIS} in an
                 environmental management institution",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Construction and Land Management Department (CALM) is
                 one of the nine departments in South Florida Water
                 Management District, an environmental management agency
                 in charge of flood control, water supply, water quality
                 protection and wetland conservation in south Florida.
                 Five years after the District adopted ARC/INFO as the
                 main GIS software, CALM took the lead in completing a
                 detailed departmental level GIS development plan,
                 including an economic evaluation on the benefit and
                 cost of further implementing GIS applications to the
                 department's day-to-day work, ranging from surveying
                 and mapping, real estate acquisition, right of way
                 permitting, to management planning, operation and
                 monitoring for environmentally sensitive land. This
                 study demonstrates the potentials of an
                 ARC/INFO-ARCVIEW based GIS system in environmental land
                 management, the procedures to turn a {"}GIS need
                 list{"} to a realistic implementation plan, and the
                 approaches to evaluate the economic impacts of such
                 implementation.",
}

@InProceedings{Guber95,
  author =       "A. L. Guber and R. G. Best and T. A. Chatfield and K.
                 A. Miller",
  title =        "A Geographic Information System for radiologic
                 emergency response",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Comprehensive and timely radiological, cultural, and
                 environmental data are required in order to make
                 informed decisions during a radiological emergency. One
                 of the responsibilities of the Department of Energy
                 (DOE) Nevada Operations Office, under the Federal
                 Radiological Emergency Response Plan and the Aerial
                 Measuring System program, is the acquisition and
                 analysis of these data for Federal Radiologic
                 Monitoring and Assessment Center operations. Much of
                 the data are in the form of maps, tabular summaries,
                 and vertical imagery. During an emergency, it is
                 critical that these data be rapidly compiled into a
                 common format. This data management task is large and
                 complex and is ideally suited for automated processing
                 using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. DOE
                 GIS operators use the Field Analysis System for
                 Emergency Response to provide a state-of-the-art
                 integration of commercially available hardware and
                 software for rapid response to radiological
                 emergencies. The DOE team uses ARC/INFO to effectively
                 drive the broad spectrum of GIS functions from data
                 input and archiving, data analysis and query, to
                 application integration and map production.",
}

@InProceedings{Guo95,
  author =       "Bo Guo and Allen D. Poling and Mark J. Poppe",
  title =        "{GIS}/{GPS} in transportation, real world
                 experiences",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper summarizes the three types of real world
                 applications of the GIS/GPS technologies. 1) GPS as a
                 Roadway Data Collector. GPS technologies may be used to
                 collect roadway or traffic features. 2) GIS as a
                 Transportation Database Manager. GIS packages may be
                 used to perform spatial data manipulation and analysis
                 and to develop end-user information management systems.
                 3) GPS as a Traffic Design Aid. Field collected signing
                 data may be imported into MicroStation CAD files and
                 maintaining active links with entities in the drawing
                 file. This process brings quality and efficiency to
                 signing design projects. GPS may also be used to create
                 base drawings for design projects when the as-built
                 information is not available or hard to get. A
                 discussion of some real world issues such as GPS data
                 accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness, and
                 availability of quality maps and attribute data in
                 applying GIS/GPS technologies are presented.",
}

@InProceedings{Heinzer95,
  author =       "Thomas Heinzer and Michael Sebhat and William Greer
                 and Dave Hansen and Charles B. Johnson",
  title =        "The building of a {GIS} interface to {MODFLOW}
                 utilizing Arc/Info Grid",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Geographic Information Systems are the future of pre
                 and post processors for many types of modeling. This
                 paper examines the use of ARC/INFO menu driven GRID
                 applications to produce a robust interface to the
                 MODFLOW finite difference model. The interface enables
                 the setup of the finite difference mesh, the generation
                 and raster editing of model layers, the use of map
                 algebra GUI equation builders for rapid population of
                 data layers, and provides automated generation of
                 MODFLOW ready files. The model runs directly from the
                 interface, and provides for viewing, contouring, and
                 map production of model run results. This paper further
                 details the AML/Unix programming approaches used to
                 create the model links, the application of GRID 7.0
                 functionality, and the advantages and difficulties of
                 this type of interface.",
}

@InProceedings{Hunter95,
  author =       "Gary J. Hunter and Michael F. Goodchild",
  title =        "A new model for handling vector data uncertainty in
                 Geographic Information Systems",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Recently, the authors investigated the uncertainty
                 associated with grid- cell data in Geographic
                 Information Systems (GIS), through the use of a model
                 which permits a population of distorted (but equally
                 probable) versions of the same map to be generated and
                 analyzed. While this model is easily applied to data
                 such as Digital Elevation Models to determine the
                 uncertainty associated with the products derived from
                 them, it was not applicable to vector data. However,
                 the model has now been enhanced to provide for
                 stochastic distortion of vector data through the
                 creation of separate horizontal positional error fields
                 in the x and y directions, which are then overlaid with
                 the vector data to apply coordinate shifts by which new
                 versions of point, line and polygon data are created.
                 By perturbing the data to generate distorted versions
                 of it, the likely uncertainty of vector data in both
                 position and attribute may be assessed in GIS outputs.
                 This paper explains the background to the model and
                 discusses its implementation and potential
                 applications.",
}

@InProceedings{Johnston95,
  author =       "James B. Johnston and Marcia E. McNiff and William R.
                 Jones and Wei Ji and Lawrence R. Handley and John
                 Barras and Pierre Bourgeois",
  title =        "Applications of {GIS} analysis for natural resource
                 management at the National Biological Service's
                 Southern Science Center",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The National Biological Service's (NBS) mission is to
                 provide leadership in gathering, analyzing, and
                 disseminating biological information as support for
                 sound management of the Nation's natural resources.
                 Since becoming operational in November of 1993 through
                 the transfer of programs from various bureaus within
                 the Department of the Interior, the NBS, in cooperation
                 with other Federal, State, and local partners, has
                 begun research, inventory and monitoring, information
                 sharing, and technology transfer. Through these
                 activities, the NBS is fostering an understanding of
                 biological systems and their benefits to society, and
                 providing the essential scientific support and
                 technical assistance required for management and policy
                 decisions. The role of NBS's Southern Science Center
                 (SSC) in Lafayette, Louisiana, formerly the U. S. Fish
                 and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Research
                 Center, is to provide leadership in research and
                 development related to the Nation's natural resources
                 for the Southeast. The research focuses on wetlands
                 ecology, animal ecology, and the development and
                 application of spatial analysis techniques for natural
                 resource related studies. Current geographic
                 information system (GIS) technologies in use at SSC are
                 designed to provide natural resource managers with the
                 on-line data and computerized techniques necessary to
                 make informed decisions. Major GIS activities at SSC
                 include: compilation and analysis of digital databases
                 for monitoring of natural resources; integration and
                 transfer of databases with existing digital databases
                 from various sources into a comprehensive GIS; and
                 development of multifunctional decision support systems
                 for natural resource managers using these data. NBS's
                 SSC will be an active participant in the National
                 Information Infrastructure (NII), in particular the
                 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) and the
                 National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII),
                 which will facilitate the dissemination of research
                 results and other knowledge and information gained from
                 these efforts.",
}

@InProceedings{Jones95,
  author =       "Arwyn Jones and Marc Van Liedekerke and Marc De Cort
                 and Alan Cooper",
  title =        "Mapping the effects of Chernobyl: using {GIS} to show
                 the European perspective",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "As part of the Joint Study Programmes (JSP) between
                 the European Union and the republics of the
                 Commonwealth of Independent States, the European
                 Commission is collaborating with a number of scientific
                 institutes throughout Europe on the production of an
                 atlas that will show the caesium contamination of
                 European lands from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
                 accident. This project will be the first to consider
                 and present the information for the whole of Europe.
                 From the outset, a GIS was seen as being an important
                 tool on the analysis of the data and presentation of
                 this information as an atlas since all the measuring
                 points are geo-referenced. The project aims to process
                 the sampling data to a state whereby isolines of
                 caesium deposition can be calculated at a number of
                 levels: on a European scale, for individual countries
                 and for areas of high deposition (e.g. 'hot spots').
                 The paper describes and discusses the methodology used
                 to pre-process and analyze the data, focusing in
                 particular on the various possibilities, and
                 limitations, for the generation of isolines using
                 functions contained within ArcInfo's TIN and GRID
                 modules. An equally important element of the project is
                 the presentation of the final results of the analysis.
                 The deposition data will be combined with other
                 thematic datasets (e.g. roads, rivers, political
                 boundaries) to produce a series of plot files that will
                 form the basis of the maps in the atlas. For this
                 aspect, the paper outlines an innovative routine for
                 the transfer of ArcInfo datasets into an Apple Mac
                 environment for the generation of high quality
                 value-added graphics prior to printing. The production
                 date for the atlas is April 1996 (the 10th anniversary
                 of the accident). The paper presents a summary of the
                 work to-date together with a discussion on a novel
                 method for possible access to the ArcInfo files of the
                 atlas directly from the WWW.",
}

@InProceedings{Liggett95,
  author =       "Robin Liggett and Scott Friedman and William Jepson",
  title =        "Interactive design/decision making in a virtual urban
                 world: Visual simulation and {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Researchers at UCLA have developed an Urban Simulator
                 which links virtual reality technology with traditional
                 two-dimensional Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
                 and databases. This paper discusses the data structure
                 and interface requirements necessary to integrate a
                 real-time three-dimensional visual simulation system
                 with a GIS system. Potential uses of the integrated
                 system are illustrated with a set of current projects
                 in the Los Angeles area.",
}

@InProceedings{Limback95,
  author =       "Jeffrey T. Limback and Bryce R. Brunner",
  title =        "Realtime military applications using {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Despite today's trend of broad military downsizing,
                 one application has enjoyed renewed attention and use:
                 that of realtime simulation. Due to its low-cost,
                 safety and flexibility relative to using live assets,
                 simulation environments are used to enhance and
                 sometimes replace certain aspects of training and
                 mission rehearsal exercises. This paper will discuss
                 the use of ARC/INFO to help assemble vast amounts of
                 source data into a visual database capable of being
                 displayed on a realtime Image Generator (IG). The
                 discussion will focus on the integration of ARC/INFO
                 into an existing Database Generation System (DBGS) and
                 the use of ARC/INFO in building a realtime visual
                 database for the Close Combat Tactical Training (CCTT)
                 program.",
}

@InProceedings{Luna95,
  author =       "Carolyn Syms Luna and William P. Egetter",
  title =        "Developing biological survey standards and
                 environmental monitoring to support policy decisions on
                 a parcel based {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The County of Riverside has developed a parcel based
                 Geographic Information System over the last eight
                 years. This system, a multi-department GIS, is managed
                 by the Transportation and Land Management Agency. This
                 paper discusses the approach that the County has used
                 to perform environmental monitoring and develop
                 standards for biological surveys so that policy
                 decisions can be made for development related projects
                 using the parcel base. This paper discusses a variety
                 of issues that were examined to develop the necessary
                 applications with specific emphasis on Federally listed
                 endangered and threatened species, AMLs and procedures
                 to present the information in a comprehensible format
                 to a variety of users with differing areas of
                 expertise. The problems encountered in developing the
                 standards and the ongoing process the County is using
                 to refine that process is discussed. Actual and
                 potential problems with using environmental data
                 gathered at certain levels of accuracy when applied
                 against the parcel base are discussed as well as some
                 future directions the County will be taking to further
                 refine its environmental and related policy making
                 applications.",
}

@InProceedings{McKay95,
  author =       "Iain McKay and Jillian Clark and Roy Morgan",
  title =        "Property Management and Mapping with {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper will briefly the describe the history of
                 ARC/INFO in the Department of Estates, Strathclyde
                 Regional Council and detail the development of two
                 major applications. The first of these will describe
                 the establishment and maintenance of a large corporate
                 mapping database of Ordnance Survey (Great Britain's
                 National Mapping Agency) data at scales from 1:250,000
                 to 1:1,250. Some of the issues encountered during this
                 will be raised. The second application is the Property
                 Management System which has been developed to provide
                 an integrated tool to manage the Regional Council's
                 property portfolio. It makes use of both ARC/INFO and
                 ORACLE and combines information about location, value,
                 use and maintenance of some 16,000 property interests.
                 The links between the two applications will be
                 discussed and some thoughts will be given as to the
                 future direction of development taking ArcStorm and
                 ArcView2 into account.",
}

@InProceedings{Morris95,
  author =       "Maggie Morris and Kevin Johnston and Kate Grandison",
  title =        "Delineation of Mexican Spotted Owl canyon habitat",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Designation of the Mexican spotted owl as a threatened
                 subspecies requires monitoring population and managing
                 habitat for long term viability. Inventories have
                 located the owls almost exclusively in steep- walled
                 canyons that fall within an identified range of
                 elevation, canyon width, and canyon depth. The GRID
                 module of ARC/INFO was used to delineate canyons and
                 record width and depth through these canyons in order
                 to provide researchers with the capability of
                 interactively displaying areas within specified ranges
                 and performing further statistical analysis.",
}

@InProceedings{Nakamura95,
  author =       "Nobuko Nakamura and Yuzuru Kikuchi and Seizaburo Abe",
  title =        "Evaluation methodology for the forest management
                 system",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The GIS is widely applied for forest management
                 purposes in Japan recently. We already have developed a
                 Forest Management Database that is covering about
                 150,000 hectares of forest areas in the Chiba
                 Prefecture. Our new project has been started as an
                 extension of the Forest Management Database project to
                 properly analyze the function of the forest areas. The
                 existing forests are not only important as materials
                 but also very essential for the human beings and for
                 the environmental protection. The project area was
                 selected for the evaluation methodology for the Forest
                 Management System and following analyses were
                 conducted: (i) Location of the forest areas responsible
                 for rain water storage, (ii) Identifying the forest
                 areas capable for wood production, and (iii) Locating
                 the forest areas suitable for recreation planning. The
                 final result maps were produced depicting the different
                 forests rankings. The above outlined analysis
                 established the model for evaluation and methodology
                 for the Forest Management System.",
}

@InProceedings{Newdome95,
  author =       "Tom Newdome and Charles Davis",
  title =        "{AM}/{FM} implementation planning at Alabama Power
                 Co.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In 1989, Alabama Power completed a Company wide
                 feasibility study to examine current methods and costs
                 of managing facilities located throughout the service
                 territory. As a result, a phased approach to AM/FM
                 implementation was approved, beginning with a pilot
                 development. Primary reasons to pursue AM/FM included:
                 1. Obtain a positive cost-benefit. 2. Eliminate the
                 inaccuracies and backlog caused by manual methods. 3.
                 Provide a base system to support business change. The
                 pilot was completed in April 1993. Although Alabama
                 initiated the pilot, other operating and support
                 companies of the Southern Electric System participated.
                 This included Georgia Power, Savannah Electric, and
                 Southern Company Services. ESRI and Miner \& Miner
                 managed the pilot application development and Geonex
                 Corporation performed the data conversion. The pilot
                 met objectives of investigating conversion issues and
                 demonstrating AM/FM technology to users. Issues were
                 also identified relating to the complexity of the pilot
                 database design and application performance. Concurrent
                 with the pilot, development of other systems such as
                 Distribution Automation, underscored the need to have a
                 base computing system that could maintain and provide a
                 model of the electrical network to other applications
                 and thus avoid duplication. This paper reviews the
                 development of the AM/FM Implementation Plan at Alabama
                 Power. It details the objectives which were established
                 and explains the organization. The most significant
                 objective, post pilot completion of the database design
                 and Graphic Editor is described. The primary sections
                 of the implementation plan are also outlined.",
}

@InProceedings{Owens95,
  author =       "Stephen Owens and Adam Game",
  title =        "{GIS} and the intelligent telecommunications network:
                 using Arc/Info to spatially assign calls to answering
                 points",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The CustomNet service offered in Australia by Telstra
                 is one where a customer can reach the outlet of a
                 business closest to them by dialling a single national
                 number. This service is used extensively by franchise
                 organisations such as pizza delivery, real estate
                 agents, car rental agencies and travel agencies just to
                 name a few. The service operates by each outlet being
                 allocated a list of phone numbers of households in
                 their local area that may place a call to their
                 business. Traditionally these numbers were allocated at
                 an exchange or wire center level. This created some
                 difficulties as these boundaries, designed to encompass
                 cable runs, rarely reflect the boundary aspirations of
                 the business. This paper describes how Telstra Spatial
                 Decision Systems is assisting CustomNet clients by
                 giving them total flexibility in the allocation of call
                 catchment boundaries using a GIS approach. The paper
                 explains how the necessary boundary definition,
                 customer location geocoding and reference file
                 generation have all been automated using Arc/Info.",
}

@InProceedings{Prisley95,
  author =       "Stephen P. Prisley and J. Steven Carruth",
  title =        "{GPS} speeds data collection on {GIS} road networks",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Many GIS databases provide sufficient detail and
                 accuracy for distance computations in network analysis.
                 However, while travel distances depend only on the
                 route, travel times depend on speed limits, traffic
                 signals, congestion, road conditions, and time-of-day.
                 Collecting data on actual travel times has been
                 prohibitively expensive. However, because Global
                 Positioning Systems (GPS) provide location and time
                 data, they can serve as automated travel time data
                 recorders. An example application is discussed, in
                 which GPS units mounted on log trucks collected
                 information which was loaded into a GIS and used to
                 attribute a road network for truck routing
                 applications. The greatest advantage of this procedure
                 is that data collection can be done without additional
                 personnel, during normal logging activities. An added
                 benefit is that the data can be used to verify the
                 spatial accuracy of the road network, identifying
                 omitted or misaligned road segments. Using GPS for
                 collection of vehicle speed data in this manner has
                 allowed for the incorporation of inexpensive, realistic
                 travel time data and resulted in more reliable network
                 analyses.",
}

@InProceedings{Puebla95,
  author =       "Javier Gutierrez Puebla and Rafael E. Gonzalez
                 Aguayo",
  title =        "Transport in Europe: {A} study of train accessibility
                 using {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper reports the design, implementation and
                 results of a trans-European scale transportation
                 accessibility model. This study reports only the
                 results of the railways portion of the model, which
                 includes multiple categories of lines within the
                 transportation hierarchy. The rail network was
                 digitized over the road network and the design
                 considers not only the railways but also the
                 possibility of taking another means of transport in
                 order to access the train. Implementation of the model
                 used indicators of 'absolute accessibility' similar to
                 those reported in Gutierrez et al. (EGIS '93), except
                 for important differences resulting from enhanced
                 network analysis capabilities in the most recent
                 version of the GIS software. Analysis includes
                 construction of isoaccesibility contours zones showing
                 net increase in accessibility and differences maps.",
}

@InProceedings{Ramsey95,
  author =       "R. Douglas Ramsey and Kimberly Patraw and Brian Biggs
                 and Allan Falconer and Tom Van Neil and Merland Halisky
                 and Richard Spencer",
  title =        "Database structure",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Ecosystems function across many scales. However,
                 resource managers must often use data at whatever scale
                 is available. To provide the resource manager with data
                 that can be used to evaluate these systems at various
                 scales and to place local information in a regional
                 context, a database has been generated at Utah State
                 University, Department of Geography and Earth
                 Resources. The database can be used to address
                 environmental management problems at multiple scales.
                 It brings together information gathered by the U.S.
                 Geologic Survey, the National Biological Service, and
                 the Utah National Guard to place ground based
                 information in a local, regional, state, and national
                 context. A graphical user interface has been developed
                 using Arc Macro Language (AML) that allows a user to
                 display and query landcover and landuse, historic and
                 current climatic conditions, topography, plant
                 phenological temporal profiles, critical wildlife
                 habitat, land ownership, field data, and remotely
                 sensed data from 1km AVHRR, to 30 meter Landsat TM, to
                 1m airborne videography and scanned aerial photos.",
}

@InProceedings{Ramsey95a,
  author =       "R. Douglas Ramsey and Thadeus Tilton and Bonnie B.
                 Banner and Allan Falconer",
  title =        "A digital atlas of the vascular plants of Utah:
                 Developing a {GIS} database from database from herbaria
                 records",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Collection locations of over 400,000 vascular plant
                 specimens of 2,438 species were digitized from the
                 Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah (Albee, Shultz,
                 and Goodrich, 1988). Source maps consisted of
                 1:6,000,000 approximate scale Utah shaded relief maps
                 with points representing collection locations by
                 species. Location points were transposed onto these
                 maps from the herbaria records of three major
                 universities and the Forest Service. These source maps
                 were hand digitized into an ARC/INFO database to
                 reproduce the Atlas in digital form.",
}

@InProceedings{Reynolds95,
  author =       "Keith Reynolds and Michael Saunders and Richard Olson
                 and Daniel Schmoldt and Michael Foster and Donald
                 Latham and Bruce Miller and John Steffenson and
                 Lawrence Bednar and Patrick Cunningham",
  title =        "Knowledge-based information management in decision
                 support for ecosystem management in the Pacific
                 Northwest {U}.{S}.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Pacific Northwest Research Station (USDA Forest
                 Service) is developing a knowledge-based information
                 management system to provide decision support for
                 watershed analysis in the Pacific Northwest region of
                 the U.S. The decision support system includes: (1) a
                 GIS interface that allows users to graphically navigate
                 to specific provinces and watersheds and display a
                 variety of themes (vegetation, streams, roads,
                 topography, etc.) and other area-specific information
                 (relevant regulations, existence and location of
                 analyses, plans, etc.), (2) an analysis component that
                 helps identify major concerns and the hierarchies of
                 associated ecosystem processes requiring analysis, and
                 assists the user in selecting an appropriate subset of
                 analyses and in identifying and prioritizing data
                 requirements and their sources, (3) a report manager
                 that displays the history, status, and details of
                 analyses, and that documents the analysis process, (4)
                 a project manager that assists with planning and
                 monitoring of data acquisition, and (5) a hypermedia
                 system that provides powerful navigation tools for
                 accessing information in various policy and procedure
                 documents. The core of the system is the analysis
                 component which contains dependency networks that link
                 problem-solving knowledge about concerns, ecosystem
                 processes, and data to specific landscape units. The
                 goal dependency approach provides a scientifically
                 sound method for determining data requirements, as well
                 as a basis for prioritizing, acquiring, and evaluating
                 information for watershed analyses. An initial set of
                 concerns that comes from the public participation
                 process expands into a more complete set of concerns
                 that reflects underlying ecological associations. This
                 network approach thus explicitly accounts for both
                 public values and ecological processes.",
}

@InProceedings{Sieverling95,
  author =       "Jennifer B. Sieverling and Stephen J. Char",
  title =        "Interfacing {ARC}/{INFO} with a finite-element
                 ground-water flow model",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "A method was developed to transfer data from a
                 finite-element ground-water flow model into ARC/ INFO1
                 and also to transfer data to the model so that the data
                 interpolation, integration, and display capabilities of
                 ARC/INFO could be used. Model-calculated values and
                 data from a program that generated the finite-element
                 mesh were supplied as ASCII files. These data were
                 converted to coverages by loading the files into INFO
                 and manipulating them to produce files in polygon
                 GENERATE format. Model-node locations in the mesh were
                 edited in ARCEDIT to more closely align with geographic
                 features and then were transferred to the model as
                 edited UNGENERATE files. Data from different sources
                 were combined to create an integrated surface
                 represented by a Triangulated Irregular Network that
                 then was provided as input to the model. Model-
                 calculated values were displayed using ARCPLOT.",
}

@InProceedings{Tulloch95,
  author =       "David Tulloch and Ben Niemann and Steve Ventura and
                 Earl Epstein",
  title =        "Land records modernization in local governments",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In order to illustrate the modernization process, a
                 conceptual model has been adapted to represent the
                 modernization process and the activities involved in
                 the process. This model is presented as a backdrop for
                 the modernization data about county governments
                 currently working through the process. In this paper,
                 we begin to validate this model and show how it relates
                 to the successes of the Wisconsin Land Information
                 Program. Results are presented from an ongoing study of
                 the rate and impact of land records modernization in
                 Wisconsin. These results come from two surveys of Land
                 Information Officers (LIO) distributed by the Wisconsin
                 Land Information Board (WLIB). We present an evaluation
                 of the WLIB, data on modernization expenditures, and
                 general results about the status of modernization. Our
                 research is intended to help GIS users be more
                 successful in establishing systems and making them
                 perform according to their personal expectations. In
                 order to do this, we are continuing to work towards a
                 better understanding of the land records modernization
                 process. This will mean expanding our use of
                 questionnaires, studying efforts in other states, and
                 refining the modernization model.",
}

@InProceedings{Liedekerke95,
  author =       "Marc Van Liedekerke and Arwyn Jones and Giovanni
                 Graziani",
  title =        "The European Tracer Experiment Information System :
                 where {GIS} and {WWW} meet",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) project has
                 accumulated large sets of European wide geo-referenced
                 data relating to atmospheric dynamics. The experiment,
                 which involved some 40 organisations active in research
                 on long range atmospheric transport models, released an
                 atmospheric tracer which was monitored at a number of
                 sampling stations throughout the European continent.
                 The participating organisations, by using their models,
                 attempted to predict the location of the tracer cloud
                 at various intervals after the initial release. To
                 facilitate the comparison of the various models, an
                 information system is being developed which seeks to
                 give improved access to the predicted and measured
                 data. Since the datasets involved are geo-referenced, a
                 GIS is used as the development platform. ARC/INFO and
                 AML have been selected to construct an effective
                 interface that allows a user to visualize the various
                 data and to query, by simple point and click
                 operations, a database of associated information. An
                 additional requirement of the information system is the
                 viewing of times series data (e.g. the movement of
                 tracer clouds) in animated form. Parallel to the
                 development of the information system, we have
                 investigated how to make the same information
                 accessible to a much wider public without sacrificing
                 the flexibility offered by AML. Through the WWW, easy
                 access to any kind of information has become reality ;
                 the effective use of the HTTP protocol, the HTML
                 language and implementations of suitable client/server
                 systems such as NCSA's Mosaic, provide sufficient
                 ground to reconstruct the same information system based
                 on such a client/server architecture with only slightly
                 reduced functionality. The Client part emulates
                 sufficiently the interface constructed by ARC and AML,
                 while the Server part is still based on ARC through the
                 CGI- BIN interface with an HTTP server.",
}

@InProceedings{Wahl95,
  author =       "Timothy E. Wahl and James D. {Miller, Jr.} and Emily
                 J. Bauer",
  title =        "Bedrock geologic mapping using {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "GIS would seem to be a natural tool for geologists
                 doing basic geologic mapping. Computer tools have been
                 used for decades to allow geologists to utilize
                 remotely-sensed geophysical data such as magnetic or
                 gravity anomaly data or seismic data as aids in
                 developing a geologic interpretation of an area. The
                 use of computer tools in the management and utilization
                 of basic field mapping data - structural measurements,
                 hand sample location and outcrop mapping - and
                 associated geochemical information has lagged behind.
                 In general, this is because of the complexity and
                 subjective nature of the information, the varied
                 quality of the data, the often non-systematic way it is
                 collected, and, until recently, the unavailability of
                 inexpensive and adequate GIS tools. This paper
                 describes a prototype system developed using ARC/INFO
                 to collect, manage, and manipulate field data for
                 bedrock geologic mapping in a largely igneous
                 terrain.",
}

@InProceedings{Weinstein95,
  author =       "David Weinstein and Kass Green and Jeff Campbell and
                 Mark Finney",
  title =        "Fire growth modeling in an integrated {GIS}
                 environment",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Research scientists and forest resource managers have
                 long sought the ability to model wildfire behavior.
                 Considerable effort has been directed toward
                 understanding the science of fire behavior and
                 developing computer-based modeling techniques for
                 predicting fire growth. Recent advances in the field of
                 fire science, along with the availability of high
                 resolution remote-sensed satellite imagery, powerful
                 image processing software, Geographic Information
                 Systems (GISs), and affordable computer hardware has
                 enabled the development of sophisticated, yet easy to
                 operate fire simulation applications.A fire simulation
                 application, FIRE! has been developed which integrates
                 state of the art fire behavior modeling into the
                 Arc/Info GIS environment. The model's user interface
                 has been designed so that advanced computer and GIS
                 skills are not required by for model execution. The
                 model puts the power of comprehensive fire behavior
                 prediction into the hands of qualified on the ground
                 resource managers where it can be most effectively
                 applied.",
}

@InProceedings{Wight95,
  author =       "Douglas Wight and Allan Falconer and Collin Homer and
                 Scott Basset and R. Douglas Ramsey and Thomas C.
                 Edwards",
  title =        "Interactive {CD} product for the National Biological
                 Service Gap Analysis Program",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Gap analysis is a US Department of Interior, National
                 Biological Service program to define and map the
                 diversity of terrestrial animal species. Gap Analysis
                 is an approach to examining the current status of
                 biodiversity management and provide information
                 necessary for evaluation of current status. It uses GIS
                 to identify {"}gaps{"} in biodiversity protection that
                 may be filled by expanding the preserve system or
                 changing land use practices where applicable (Edwards
                 et al 1993). In using GIS in Gap analysis a great deal
                 of information was collected as ancillary and primary
                 data. The storage and retrieval of the data becomes
                 cumbersome and data requests from interested users take
                 a great deal of time and resources. As the process of
                 the Utah Gap Analysis proceeded, the need for a well
                 managed, accessible database available to the user
                 community was obvious. Before the completion of the
                 analysis, data requests from various users filled one
                 full-time technician's time. Writing selected data to
                 tape for a single user takes a great deal of resources.
                 Thus, the need for a cheaper more readily accessible
                 database. CD-ROM seemed a logical choice, as they can
                 store a great deal of information in a relatively
                 instant retrievable form. Other options were explored,
                 such as the internet, but the data had to be compressed
                 and then stored on hard disk. Internet serving of the
                 data is also limited by the speed at which large data
                 sets can be retrieved. To download a subset of the
                 database would take a great deal of time and, even when
                 it arrived at the users site more time would be spent
                 importing the data. Also, not everyone has access to
                 the net so data requests would still require resources.
                 Therefore, the decision was made to provide the data in
                 CD-ROM form. Data provided in the process of Gap
                 Analysis has many applications but they do not reduce
                 to a single definitive set of results. Applications are
                 all directed to questions of biodiversity, and the
                 management of land for the conservation and protection
                 of sensitive, threatened, or endangered species.
                 Obvious users of the data are land planners, land
                 managers, and policy and decision makers who are
                 responsible for the stewardship of the nations natural
                 resources.",
}

@InProceedings{Yehia95,
  author =       "Mounir Yehia and George Yared and Michel Bridi",
  title =        "Geographic Information Systems: The actuators of
                 information technology in power utilities",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Information processing paradigms and methods for
                 electrical power systems are an important component of
                 an advanced modern electrical power system. Power
                 analysis models and algorithms such as Load Flow, Fault
                 Analysis, and Reactive Power Compensation become major
                 elements for the operation and planning of large
                 electrical power systems. A research project had been
                 started a year ago to provide the Lebanese electrical
                 power system, which is in a recovery/expansion phase
                 after an infrastructure-devastating war that lasted 17
                 years, with this type of information processing.
                 Considering the fact that existing power analysis
                 software packages are relatively weak or totally unfit
                 in terms of advanced geographical and classical data
                 analysis, user interfaces, and expandability, a
                 GIS-Power Analysis integrated system was developed, and
                 presented and published in the ESRI 1994 User
                 Conference. The conceptual design development of
                 integrating a power systems analysis software
                 (developed at the American University of Beirut) with
                 PC Arc/Info led to an application software described in
                 this paper. The open architecture of the resulting
                 software allowed it to be customized to the end user
                 (the Lebanese electricity company). The new software
                 package and the implementation methodology were built
                 to support the day-to-day operation, control, and
                 planning at the Lebanese electricity company. The
                 conceptual software and database design, the product,
                 and the features and merits of the software are
                 described in detail and sample applications are
                 demonstrated.",
}

@InProceedings{Zhou95,
  author =       "Yan Zhou and Lynn Heidenreich and Tony Prato and
                 Christopher Fulcher and Steven Vance and Christopher
                 Barnett",
  title =        "Environmental impacts of alternative management
                 strategies in Goodwater Creek Watershed, Missouri",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Concerns about the impacts of farming on water quality
                 prompted the establishment of the President's
                 Initiative on Enhancing Water Quality in 1989. To
                 address these concerns the USDA selected Management
                 Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEAs) in five Midwestern
                 states. Goodwater Creek watershed, located in an
                 agricultural region of north central Missouri, is one
                 such site. The watershed is dominated by claypan soils
                 and has a significant potential for soil erosion and
                 surface and ground water contamination. The study seeks
                 to identify the areas within the watershed that
                 currently exceed water quality standards with respect
                 to sediment, nutrients and pesticides, and to evaluate
                 the environmental consequences of the five alternative
                 MSEA farming systems using the SWAT (Soil and Water
                 Assessment Tool) model. The watershed is subdivided
                 into 58 natural subbasins, which are further subdivided
                 into 259 subbasins based on land uses or crop types.
                 The model simulates at both watershed and subbasin
                 levels. ARC/INFO GIS is being used to develop the
                 necessary input parameters for water quality modeling
                 and to evaluate water quality results at the farm and
                 watershed scales. The GIS database consists of
                 topography, hydrology, soils, land use and farm
                 cropping histories. This project shows that integration
                 of SWAT with ARC/INFO is an effective approach to the
                 basin scale water quality modeling.",
}

@InProceedings{Hafberg95,
  author =       "Gudmundur Hafberg",
  title =        "Integration of Geographic Information Systems and
                 navigation systems for moving (dynamic) objects like
                 vehicles and ships",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper describes the concepts and technique behind
                 the Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) and Vessel
                 Tracking System (VTS) developed by HNIT LTD, and ALDIS
                 LTD. in Iceland. The system are based upon standard GPS
                 technology and ESRI's GIS systems, ARC/INFO and
                 ArcView2. The paper describes the different
                 communication methods that are used to monitor the
                 movements of {"}dynamic objects{"} like cars or vessels
                 and display them in a {"}real-time{"} GIS system. It
                 describes also the new features in ARC/INFO and
                 ArcView2 to communicate with other applications through
                 the InterApplication Communication (IAC) functions, and
                 how the AVL and VTS system modules are integrated on
                 the Enterprise Network. An example of AVL and VTS
                 systems are described in the paper and also a prototype
                 system running in Reykjavik and the currently available
                 functions in the system and future implementations.",
}

@InProceedings{Ryu95,
  author =       "Joong Hi Ryu and Euihong Kim and Chang Hahk Hahm",
  title =        "Water quality management \& environmental information
                 display and query system development",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "A geographic information system (GIS) was a useful
                 tool in the assessment of water quality by checking
                 water pollutant loadings and building environmental
                 information display and query system development. This
                 water quality management \& environmental information
                 display and query system was developed to provide all
                 the information that affect models to estimate
                 pollutant's loadings and to select proper strategy of
                 pollution control. Spatial database for geographic
                 features and environmental information was collected
                 and created. Environmental information also include
                 attribute data for both non-point source and point
                 source. ARC/INFO was used for data input, management,
                 display and manipulation. Powerful macro language, Arc
                 Macro Language(AML) was used for developing user
                 interface. During these procedures, special functions
                 for quantify the characteristics of drainage system
                 such as 3-D draping, automatic basin tracing,
                 rainfall-path finding was rebuilt for easy interface.
                 The user interface for Environmental Information
                 Display and Query System was also programmed by using
                 AML with boolean operation functionality. Every
                 possible aspect for causing water pollution was
                 pre-designed as menu style for easy use.",
}

@InProceedings{Hkkinen95,
  author =       "Marko H„kkinen",
  title =        "Paving the Information Superhighway - the national
                 road database case in Finland",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "As a part of the Finnish Geographic Information Market
                 or National Spatial Data Infrastructure activities,
                 some inexpensive end user tools or client applications
                 for querying public online spatial data have been
                 developed. These applications act as the client end for
                 the National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Finland. To
                 serve the client applications, query interpreters must
                 be built to interface the online back end database
                 servers to the concept. The queries defined by the
                 client applications are translated in to Edifact
                 format. These Edifact queries are sent across a data
                 network and further translated in to expressions
                 understood by the back end server's data management
                 system in question. One of these public online
                 databases is the National Road Database, managed under
                 ARC/INFO at National Land Survey of Finland. The
                 incoming Edifact query is translated in to a group of
                 SELECT, ASELECT and RESELECT commands. The query is run
                 in ARC/INFO, resulting in a coverage with features that
                 meet the selection criteria. This coverage is
                 translated in to Edifact format and sent back to the
                 end user who made the original query. All this
                 processing happens automatically and within some
                 minutes. The back end query processing, i.e. automatic
                 query interpretation, data retrieval and message
                 forwarding, is done by using an AML application
                 developed at National Land Survey of Finland.",
}

@InProceedings{Handriati95,
  author =       "Mary Handriati and Endy Prianto and Kamdi",
  title =        "{GIS} development for customer services in Pt.
                 Telekomunikasi Indonesia",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "PT.TELKOM, a state owned telecommunication company in
                 Indonesia, acknowledged the potential of GIS technology
                 to increase their performance and services. For that
                 purpose, they decided to use ARC/INFO and ARCVIEW to
                 develop their GIS application. By developing this
                 system PT.TELKOM expected to be able to give a better,
                 faster and more accurate services for their customer.
                 In addition, the potential information of the cable,
                 network condition and trouble shooting, could be
                 recognized easier by using this system. The system was
                 designed to utilize Arc/info Version 7 and PC ArcView 2
                 and customized to get information of network cable and
                 customer from INGRES relational database format.
                 Besides, this system integrate an Arc/Info, INGRES
                 database and Arcview 2 which have distance of 5 - 15 Km
                 each others in an Online connection. To get better
                 performance of transferring and querying data, some
                 brige and middleware was installed to the system.",
}

@InProceedings{Hansen95,
  author =       "David Hansen and Michael Sebhat",
  title =        "Compilation of spatial metadata for access in
                 {ARCVIEW} and {MOSAIC}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Metadata conforming to the Content Standards for
                 Digital Geospatial Metadata is required for all GIS
                 data under development by Federal agencies. This paper
                 concerns the development of metadata conforming to
                 these Standards for an on line data catalog and for
                 data transfers by the Mid Pacific Region of the U.S.
                 Bureau of Reclamation. In this implementation, the
                 Standards were examined to identify information that is
                 common for multiple data sets, information that is
                 stored by Arc/Info software, and information that
                 usually must reference other documents. Information
                 that is common to multiple geospatial data sets is
                 written once to a metadata file and this file used as
                 reference for related geospatial data sets. Information
                 which is stored by Arc/Info software is written at the
                 time a particular metadata file is prepared. Citations
                 are prepared as part of the metadata for information
                 that is contained in other documents or which require
                 contacting other individuals or agencies. The metadata
                 developer generates these files using AML and form
                 menus to prepare simple text files. These files are
                 hardware and software independent. The files are
                 formatted for immediate use in MOSAIC and can be
                 displayed in ArcView 2 for use as on line catalogs.
                 They can also be concatenated to produce a metadata
                 file for data transfer.",
}

@InProceedings{Hargrove95,
  author =       "William W. Hargrove",
  title =        "Dynamics segmentation and thiessen polygons: {A}
                 solution to the river mile problem",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Managers of many river and reservoir systems employ a
                 specialized coordinate system for the identification of
                 locations on the water. The location of a point in this
                 coordinate system requires the specification of two
                 numbers; a river mile, as measured along a curving
                 center line, and a linear distance from either the left
                 or right river bank. Typically, both of these
                 coordinates are estimates that are made from boats in
                 the water. GIS can be used to improve the estimation of
                 these river mile coordinates. River miles are
                 {"}defined'' by points on navigation charts along the
                 center line. Because of the {"}fractal coastline''
                 phenomenon, one cannot simply calculate the linear
                 distance along the centerline, since the linear
                 distance will keep increasing as the centerline vector
                 is broken into more segments. The calibrateroutes
                 command, available as a part of Dynamic Segmentation,
                 permits the establishment of a route system along the
                 centerline, but will not allow the identification or
                 location of points off the centerline yet still in the
                 water. We have developed a procedure involving the
                 construction of Thiessen polygons around events along
                 the centerline route which permits the construction of
                 a coverage where polygons specify particular rivermile
                 increments. The intersection of this polygon coverage
                 with a point coverage of sample locations, for example,
                 allows the accurate assignment of river mile locations
                 to those samples. Variants of this technique may also
                 be useful for interstate highway applications, where a
                 similar type of coordinate system may be in use.",
}

@InProceedings{Harms95,
  author =       "Mary F. Harms and Leonidas G. Lavdas and James M.
                 Saveland",
  title =        "A {GIS} interpretation of {VSMKGS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "VSMOKE-GIS was developed to help prescribed burners in
                 the National Forests of the Southeastern United States
                 visualize smoke dispersion and plan prescribed burns.
                 It contains a graphical user interface written in
                 Arc/Info Arc Macro Language (AML), which is linked to a
                 FORTRAN computer program. VSMOKE-GIS is a graphics
                 display of a forest and a dashboard with five icons.
                 When appropriate files are created, more than one smoke
                 plume can be viewed at once and different aspects of
                 the forest, such as stands of trees, rivers, or soil
                 types, can be viewed together or separately. These
                 different views of the forest will aid the study of
                 fire location and its effects. Icons help users to
                 define the fire parameters, view the resulting plume,
                 and perform utility operations.",
}

@InProceedings{Hartman95,
  author =       "Robert A. Hartman and Sanford and Larry N. Robert A.
                 Hartman and Larry N. Sanford",
  title =        "{GIS} access and marketing with multimedia on the
                 World Wide Web",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In the last several years the number of individuals
                 and organizations connecting to the Internet has
                 increased at a dramatic rate. With an estimated 15 to
                 30 million users maintaining some form of connection to
                 the Internet as of early 1993, the Internet is now a
                 means of distributing geographic information system
                 (GIS) services, data and education to a vast audience.
                 The suitability of the Internet as a vehicle for
                 distributing GIS-related information improved with the
                 advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) and GUI-based
                 browsers such as Mosaic. This paper describes how San
                 Diego Data Processing Corporation (SDDPC) developed a
                 PC-based multimedia presentation to educate the
                 community about available GIS services, and how SDDPC
                 migrated this application to the WWW. This paper also
                 explores possible future uses of the WWW for the
                 distribution of GIS services.",
}

@InProceedings{He95,
  author =       "Ping He",
  title =        "{GIS} implementation experience in Wisconsin Winnebago
                 Nation",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Wisconsin Winnebago Nation established a GIS
                 Division in 1991, through a cooperative effort with the
                 University of Wisconsin-Madison. Its goals were to use
                 modern mapping technologies to preserve Winnebago
                 historical sites, to support their land management and
                 economic development. At the beginning, the program
                 encountered difficulties in training, lab development
                 and public awareness. After a series of applications in
                 different areas of management, especially, in cultural
                 preservation, the program generated support from a
                 broad base in the Nation. The program has been playing
                 an increasingly important role in decision making for
                 the Winnebago government. The integration of technology
                 with cultural concerns on an early stage of setting up,
                 involving the Winnebago people in training and using
                 existing sources to develop various applications were
                 keys to the progress of the Winnebago GIS program.",
}

@InProceedings{Henry95,
  author =       "David Henry and Even Husby",
  title =        "Wilderness quality mapping in the Euro-Arctic Barents
                 Region: {A} potential management tool",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Wilderness Quality is in this project defined as the
                 extent to which the nature is changed or disturbed due
                 to influence from modern society. This project has
                 attempted to assess wilderness quality in the Barents
                 Region by applying methodology developed by the
                 Australian Heritage Commission. Wilderness Quality is
                 assessed in terms of remoteness and naturalness. The
                 concept is based on the fact that it is possible to
                 have a continuum of values across the landscape ranging
                 from urban to pristine. Ideally four separate
                 indicators are measured. Three indicators have been
                 measured to date; remoteness from settlement,
                 remoteness from access and apparent naturalness. The
                 fourth indicator, biophysical naturalness, has yet to
                 be measured, but will form part of a future data
                 acquisition exercise. A wilderness quality index has
                 been calculated by the addition of standardized class
                 values for the three measured indicators. Maps have
                 been produced which show wilderness quality and each
                 indicator measured. The potential of using the
                 wilderness quality assessment in a management context
                 has been examined through the analysis of protected
                 areas in relation to the apparent naturalness
                 indicator. Other aspects addressed include; data
                 issues; other potential applications; and suggestions
                 for the future direction of this pilot project.",
}

@InProceedings{Marble95,
  author =       "Duane F. Marble and Victor J. Mora and James P.
                 Herries",
  title =        "Applying {GIS} technology to the freshman admissions
                 process at a large university",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The last decade has seen a substantial change in the
                 freshman admissions process at most U.S. universities.
                 There is a growing emphasis upon attaining both
                 quantity and quality coupled with the ability to target
                 various specialized groups within the pre-college
                 population such as individuals of Hispanic descent,
                 potential majors in, say, engineering or geography, or
                 those coming from out-of-state secondary schools. This
                 paper reports on the results of an extensive pilot
                 study carried out by the Ohio State University's
                 Department of Geography and the university's Office of
                 Admissions and Financial Aid to explore the application
                 of GIS technology to the freshman admissions process.
                 Approximately 80,000 inquiries and applications from
                 the 1993 and 1994 admissions streams were geocoded and
                 analyzed with respect to both student and school
                 district of origin characteristics. The results of the
                 GIS-based analysis will be applied to operations
                 relating to the 1996 admissions stream.",
}

@InProceedings{Kramer95,
  author =       "John H. Kramer and Gail Holmes",
  title =        "Expedited site characterization: Real-time
                 computerized mapping to enhance soil gas surveys",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Soil gas surveys are commonly used for site
                 characterization, source identification and delineation
                 of impacted soils, or in litigation to verify claims.
                 Soil gas surveys, like other search activities, should
                 logically involve reconnaissance and detail sampling
                 phases. The reconnaissance phase represents a general
                 sweep of locations designed to collect data at
                 background conditions as well as to locate contaminant
                 plumes. The detail phase includes follow-up sampling to
                 home in on detected plumes and further delineate
                 lateral and vertical extent of impacted soils. However,
                 the ASTM Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the
                 Vadose Zone (D5314) states that, because of the non
                 equilibrium conditions in soil atmospheres, {"}The
                 generation of a single data set by reconnaissance soil
                 gas sampling and subsequent infilling of data to form a
                 single data set is strongly discouraged.{"} Recent
                 advances in mapping technology allow logical search
                 phases to be integrated into one flowing operation in
                 which data from ongoing reconnaissance are used to
                 direct detail sampling, thus mitigating the temporal
                 effects of soil gas- partitioning disequilibria on
                 data. Real-time laser survey mapping permits
                 accurately-located sampling results to be
                 computer-contoured in the field, providing high-quality
                 unbiased sample location and interpretations of
                 chemical data which are legally defensible.
                 Report-quality maps of field survey results are
                 immediately available to decision-makers, allowing for
                 efficient resampling and/or collection of detail data
                 in areas of high chemical gradients or complex plume
                 geometry. Accurate depiction of data at the time of
                 reconnaissance optimizes initial deployment of
                 equipment and/or field labs by avoiding the need to
                 remobilize to the site for additional data. The survey
                 system allows mapping on any digital map base. This
                 capability fully integrates the soil gas survey into
                 other characterization work at the site with no further
                 drafting. At sites where, for example, sewer line and
                 piping systems have been digitized, pre-existing map
                 layers can direct accurate placement of sampling points
                 along suspect pathways. The system incorporates a GIS
                 interface, including GIS raster background map images,
                 allowing soil gas data to be immediately added to GIS
                 database information. At remote sites, a GPS link
                 provides global coordinates to position the surveyed
                 map. Production of high quality map graphics reduces
                 reporting time.",
}

@InProceedings{Howes95,
  author =       "D. Howes",
  title =        "Land use and environmental planning: Multimedia
                 Resource Information System ({MRIS})",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "A multimedia resource information system (MRIS) has
                 been developed to support strategic land use and
                 environmental planning within British Columbia. MRIS
                 was originally designed to support a coastal resource
                 management and oil spill planning application (OSRIS)
                 along the British Columbia coast. The application and
                 functionality of the system was expanded to support a
                 public land use planning process on Vancouver Island
                 initiated by the British Columbia Commission on
                 Resources and Environment (CORE). The system and the
                 OSRIS application was developed by integrating a system
                 development program that included rapid proto- typing
                 and activity modelling, with a comprehensive data
                 management system. The system was expanded in 1993 to
                 assist the CORE Vancouver Island Land Use Negotiation
                 Table in developing a strategic land use plan for the
                 island through a community-based, shared
                 decision-making participatory planning process. MRIS
                 became the information support system for the Technical
                 Working Group who were responsible for providing
                 information to the Vancouver Island Land Use
                 Negotiation Table. The system was used to capture
                 multiple source data, develop stakeholder thematic
                 information and products (maps, reports), develop land
                 use scenarios and evaluate these scenarios according to
                 stakeholder defined indicators. It was also used as an
                 {"}inter-active{"} tool at planning meetings. It was
                 made accessible to all stakeholders and was used to
                 help clarify particular stakeholder issues, produce
                 resource/capability maps for areas under discussion,
                 and to promote sector review of the information.
                 Further expansion of the system as an {"}interactive
                 tool{"} to assist future community-based stakeholder
                 planning processes is currently in progress.",
}

@InProceedings{Hsu95,
  author =       "Shin-yi Hsu",
  title =        "{IM}a{G}: Integrated vector and raster {GIS} and image
                 processing using an expert system approach",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been
                 defined from a data analysis and from a decision making
                 point of view. The former emphasizes GIS as a system to
                 capture, analyze, display, store and retrieve data,
                 whereas the latter uses GIS as a means of generating
                 results based on which a decision is to be made. A
                 review of literature can be obtained from Peuquet and
                 Marble (1990). No matter which perspective one chooses
                 to begin with, the fact that one investigates and
                 extracts meaningful information from the data remains
                 the same. Hence, without a deeper understanding of a
                 data model for handling primary data sources -- remote
                 sensing-- and making them become spatial data -- GIS--,
                 a discussion on how to integrate GIS and Remote Sensing
                 is meaningless.",
}

@InProceedings{Hu95,
  author =       "Jun (John) Hu",
  title =        "Methods of generating surfaces in environmental {GIS}
                 applications",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In environmental GIS applications, generating surfaces
                 is a frequently imposed requirement in the early stage
                 of analyses. Topographic surfaces, bedrock surfaces,
                 groundwater tables, and contamination plumes are
                 examples of surfaces which need to be generated from
                 available data sources. The importance of generating
                 these surfaces is that these surfaces are used as the
                 basic information to perform further spatial analyses
                 in environmental applications. Based on these surfaces,
                 we can carry out additional analyses to answer
                 questions such as what is the saturated thickness, or
                 how the contamination is distributed in subsurface
                 soil. Thus, the accuracy of subsequent analyses
                 directly depends on the accuracy of the surfaces built
                 in the early stage of analyses. ARC/INFO offers several
                 methods for creating surfaces. These methods include
                 trend surface (TREND), inverse distance weighted (IDW),
                 triangulation (CREATETIN), and kriging (KRIGING). Each
                 of these methods has its own advantages and
                 disadvantages in terms of data interpolation. No one
                 method works universally as the best for all the data
                 set. Selection of a particular method depends on the
                 distribution of data points and the study objectives.
                 The purpose of this paper is to discuss these methods
                 and to provide some suggestions on how these methods
                 should be properly used to construct surfaces in
                 environmental applications. The emphasis of this paper
                 is on process and methodology of generating surfaces.
                 It will also address related problems such as how the
                 data set should be evaluated prior to surface
                 generation.",
}

@InProceedings{Irvin95,
  author =       "Barbara J. Irvin and Stephen J. Ventura and Brian K.
                 Slater",
  title =        "Landform classification for soil-landscape studies",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Soil properties vary laterally with topography
                 resulting in patterns of soil development, a
                 relationship that allows for prediction of soil
                 attributes from landscape position. Slopes are often
                 broken into five segments: summit, shoulder, backslope,
                 footslope and toeslope. These delineations are usually
                 determined using stereo photographs or field
                 observations, based on elevation and profile curvature.
                 We are proposing new methods to automate this process
                 and extend the utility of the classification for
                 scientists and land managers. Continuous classification
                 (fuzzy logic) methods and unsupervised (isodata)
                 classification techniques were used to classify each
                 pixel of a 10-meter resolution digital elevation model
                 (DEM) according to its membership in a landform class.
                 These classes were determined by the natural clustering
                 of the data in attribute space. Attributes used for the
                 classification were elevation, slope, profile and
                 tangent (related to plan) curvature, compound
                 topographic (wetness) index, and incident solar
                 radiation. Because these factors are also important to
                 soil forming processes, soil classes should nest within
                 landforms. The unsupervised classification assigned
                 pixels to one, and only one, landform class while
                 continuous classification allocated relative class
                 memberships to each pixel. The ARC/INFO GRID module was
                 used for data manipulation, visualization and selected
                 attribute derivation. The Solarflux AML (Rich and
                 Dubayeh 1994) was used within GRID to calculate
                 incident solar radiation and TAPES-G (Australian
                 National University 1994) was used for hydrological
                 parameters. GRID was used to perform the unsupervised
                 classification and MacFuzzy (Ward et al. 1992) was used
                 to perform the continuous classification.",
}

@InProceedings{James95,
  author =       "David James and Michael Burkart and Mason J. {Hewitt,
                 III}",
  title =        "Regional spatial analysis using the National Resources
                 Inventory",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "There is increasing public concern for the
                 environmental effects of agriculture, especially the
                 effects of herbicides and pesticides on water quality.
                 The US Environmental Protection Agency and the US
                 Department of Agriculture have undertaken research that
                 will examine the ecological effects of agricultural
                 chemicals in the midwestern United States at the
                 watershed, ecoregion, and regional scales. One of the
                 primary goals of this research is to provide a
                 GIS-based resource characterization and analysis
                 framework. This is needed to support the
                 risk-assessment and decision-support functions
                 affecting national agricultural policies. This goal
                 will be accomplished through the development of a
                 multi-scale resource analysis framework that will allow
                 interaction between scientists and critical data bases,
                 like the Natural Resource Conservation Service's (NRCS)
                 National Resources Inventory (NRI). The NRI Data
                 Explorer provides a menu-based access tool to the NRI
                 data base. This application uses the Arc/Info
                 geographic information system to provide mapping and
                 data base access capabilities. The NRI Data Explorer
                 was written in the Arc macro language (AML) to take
                 advantage of Arc/Info's spatial data handling tools and
                 menuing capabilities to provide an easy-to-use graphic
                 interface for querying the NRI data base and displaying
                 the results. This paper is a summary of the progress to
                 date in developing the NRI Data Explorer; describes
                 some of the application's important features; provides
                 an example of how the application may be used; and
                 establishes some goals for future research.",
}

@InProceedings{Costa95,
  author =       "Joao Ribeiro da Costa and M. Lacerda and H. B. Jesus",
  title =        "The Portuguese Water Resources Information System:
                 Using {OOP} to integrate time series and {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Portuguese Water Resources Information System,
                 SNIRH, is owned and operated by the Portuguese Water
                 Institute, INAG. It stores data on climate, hydrology,
                 ground-water and water uses, originating on over 1200
                 measurement stations in the country, as well as from
                 the day-to-day management tasks of the Institute.
                 Besides being the archive of water resources data
                 collected in Portugal the system was designed aiming at
                 providing the data analysis capabilities required to
                 support hydrological studies and the development of
                 water resources plans. SNIRH's first version was
                 developed in 1990, based on a relational model
                 developed by LNEC and UNINOVA. In 1994 it was decided
                 to do a major upgrade, in order to implement a client
                 server version, capable of handling requests from many
                 different users, in a network environment. ORACLE was
                 selected as the data base management system underlying
                 this new version. Most data stored at SNIRH originates
                 from field measurements, ranging from rainfall and
                 temperature to water levels and water quality. Sampling
                 is both continuous, like in gauging stations, and
                 discrete, like daily rainfall. As it is widely
                 recognized the relational model is quite limited in
                 terms of dealing with this type of data. After a number
                 of tests it was decided to use an Object Oriented
                 Approach to the problem: a time-series object, TSO, was
                 developed which is capable of storing all sorts of time
                 series generated in SNIRH, as well as performing the
                 required operations. A new fully Object Oriented
                 Language, Sather, was selected for the development. The
                 time series are stored in ORACLE using a Binary Large
                 Object approach, the final result being a quite
                 efficient system. The final result is a Time Series
                 Server, TSServer, which has its own Browsing window and
                 display window. This TSServer can work either isolated
                 or in combination with ArcView2. In order to fulfill
                 the needs of the various types of studies SNIRH must
                 integrate data other than the measurements performed by
                 INAG, namely geographic data, like elevation data (DTM,
                 slopes, aspect), hydrographic data (rivers, drainage
                 basins, aquifers), water uses data (wells, dams,
                 pipelines) or even administrative data which is used as
                 a framework for analysis. In addition hydrological
                 studies rely on the combination of time-series data and
                 geographic data. Besides the basic needs of locating
                 measurement stations these studies imply almost always
                 the extrapolation of data measured in the measurement
                 stations to larger areas. Traditional methods like
                 Thiessen Polygons of isolines tend to be replaced by
                 more powerful methods based on kriging. Integration of
                 time-series with GIS was one of the great challenges of
                 the new version of SNIRH. ARCView2 was selected as the
                 GIS interface, given its versatility and excellent
                 interface, which greatly facilitates integration of new
                 developments. A General Use Interface of SNIRH was
                 developed based on ArcView2, which allows displaying
                 the base maps, interactively querying SNIRH, selecting
                 the data for analysis, for instance average rainfall in
                 a 50 year period in 60 different rain gauges in a given
                 area of interest, and processing the data, for instance
                 compute a rain surface using krigging and displaying
                 the results as isolines. The paper presents the time
                 series object in detail, discusses the ORACLE
                 implementation and the integration of this system with
                 ARCView2, illustrating with on-going applications in
                 Portugal.",
}

@InProceedings{Pearson95,
  author =       "Mark Pearson and Paul Johnson",
  title =        "Real Time electrical outage management with
                 {ARC}/{INFO}: An incremental victory",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Chugach Electric Association and GeoWorks North, Inc.
                 (Anchorage, Alaska) recently completed a Real Time
                 Outage/Trouble Call system using ARC/INFO. This system
                 provides an important and tangible `incremental
                 victory' because the system is operational before
                 completion of full GIS conversion and the establishment
                 of connectivity for all conductors and equipment. The
                 system makes use of inexpensive (\$40) Call Box units
                 located in customer's houses that automatically
                 telemeter outage and restoration information to
                 Chugach's dispatch center. This information is
                 supplemented by outage information from Trouble Calls
                 (customers calling in), as well as information from
                 Chugach customer service database stored in SYBASE.
                 Outage and Restoration information is automatically
                 mapped on a large projection display in the dispatch
                 center using ARC/INFO's Inter-Application Communication
                 (IAC) capabilities. Dispatchers can graphically query
                 outages, flag areas known to be outaged, flag
                 restorations, print statistics, and view system
                 schematics superimposed on top of outage information.",
}

@InProceedings{Jones95a,
  author =       "Carolyn Jones",
  title =        "Systems integration and contingency planning using
                 {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The following projects were performed by Science
                 Application International Corporation (SAIC) for the
                 Space and Strategic Defense Command (USASSDC). Our
                 mission was to evaluate current products and
                 technologies and assess their potential in enhancing
                 the capability of national level mobilization,
                 counter-terrorism, and the Military Support to Civilian
                 Authority (MSCA) Program for All-Hazards disaster
                 preparedness. Our team implemented a systems approach
                 to integrating the many commercial and government
                 off-the-shelf products and services which are available
                 to enhance contingency planning, disaster preparedness,
                 emergency response, and to reduce human suffering at
                 both a national and international level. We
                 concurrently employed a product-oriented approach
                 focused on providing interoperable, user-oriented
                 products, not on producing another study or developing
                 a new software package. Our products demonstrate the
                 integration of today's technologies and capabilities.",
}

@InProceedings{Moore95,
  author =       "Andy Moore and Mehmet {"}DJ{"} Kutsal and Raja
                 Kadiyala",
  title =        "Building a total utility management system around an
                 Arc{INFO} {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Montgomery Water Works and Sanitary Sewer Board is
                 in the process of building a total utility management
                 system based around an ArcINFO GIS to more effectively
                 manage their utility in both the day-to-day and the
                 long range operations. The system involves ArcINFO as
                 the GIS as well as a Facility Management system, a
                 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system, a
                 Laboratory Information System, a Customer Information
                 System and a Computer Aided Design system. This paper
                 will describe how this project is planned and designed
                 to make the Water Works more effective in providing
                 service to their customers. The Water Works must rely
                 on a lot of geographic information in order to provide
                 this level of service. As a result, the ArcINFO GIS is
                 planned as the central user interface into this
                 application.",
}

@InProceedings{Kaftan95,
  author =       "William Kaftan",
  title =        "Using {ARC}/{INFO} to comply with National Pollutant
                 Discharge Elimination System ({NPDES}) regulations",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "NPDES regulations are a result of the re-authorization
                 of The Clean Water Act of 1987. They require permit
                 applications and compliance for municipal storm-drain
                 systems for municipalities having populations of
                 100,000 or more. Programs involve a storm-drain
                 utilities inventory system, water-quality sampling, and
                 long range storm-water-quality management. This paper
                 presents Riverside County, California's, application of
                 Arc/Info to comply with these requirements. It also
                 presents the County's use of Arc/Info to manage and
                 make equitable the Clean-water/Storm-water property tax
                 assessment which is used to fund the NPDES program.",
}

@InProceedings{Koifman95,
  author =       "J. Koifman and A. Kalcheim",
  title =        "Methods for creation of digital terrain products using
                 {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Digital terrain product (DTP) consists of a raster
                 background (map/orthophoto) and relevant overlays,
                 retrieved by the GIS application. In order to meet the
                 DTP customer's requirements, one has to integrate three
                 requirements: A. To present the geographic information
                 exactly in conformance with the ARC/INFO database. B.
                 To present a meaningful and readable cartographic
                 product. C. To present the DTP in response to a set of
                 queries. A generic mechanism is provided for building
                 new queries, with tools which can be used by the end
                 user. This paper describes the methods to develop a DTP
                 in our GIS project, using Arc-Edit, Arc-Plot and Oracle
                 tools. The DTP is a result of a specific query which is
                 updated by the end-user. The product has been updated
                 in each of the six desired DTP scales. The updating
                 involved making cartographic changes, which are managed
                 by the application for each DTP.",
}

@InProceedings{Kilical95,
  author =       "H. Ferhan Kilical and Adil A. Kilical",
  title =        "{GIS} - Image database envisions for planning and
                 design: Downtown Washington, {D}.{C}. application",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Visual materials and the presentation of these
                 materials are important for many professions. These
                 include, but are by no means limited to, architecture,
                 planning, history, art, and environmental sciences. GIS
                 offers tremendous capabilities which are especially
                 useful when the subject matter is geo-referenced and
                 dealing with spatial relational databases and immense
                 amounts of data. For example, ArcInfo and ArcCad were
                 used to develop a system and prepare an image database
                 for downtown Washington, D.C. ArcView v2.0 allows the
                 end-user and decision maker the ability to display,
                 browse, query, and analyze the data within the system.
                 This demo package also enables the user to make
                 intelligent queries by targeting various attributes of
                 the coverages. It also helps the user to explore and
                 develop various alternative attributes or subjects for
                 further investigation. For instance, initial queries
                 might be to display the buildings built during a
                 certain period of time, in a certain building style,
                 with a certain construction system, and/or at a certain
                 location such as district or street. The footprint of
                 such buildings would be highlighted on a map of the
                 area. Further, the hotlink function would allow the
                 user to see all locations from which photographs were
                 taken, in and around the designated building, and pick
                 a particular location to view the building as seen from
                 that location. This kind of GIS package can be utilized
                 within a range of markets including, but not limited
                 to: Real Estate, Planning Agencies, Architecture and
                 Construction Management Firms, Facilities Management
                 Offices, Public School Systems, Transportation Planning
                 and Traffic Assessment Studies, Environmental and
                 Historic Preservation Agencies.",
}

@InProceedings{Koenig95,
  author =       "Bart D. Koenig and James J. Kyles",
  title =        "Developing an {AM}/{FM} application for the water
                 utility industry using {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The use of AM/FM systems to support the day to day
                 operations of water utilities continues to expand
                 throughout the industry. With many water utilities
                 completing their AM/FM databases, the need for an AM/FM
                 application designed to maintain and expand the use of
                 that data throughout the utility is apparent. This
                 paper will overview design considerations for the
                 network model, attribute model, user interface and the
                 integration of the AM/FM application into a utility's
                 day to day business processes. It will also touch on
                 the application development process, more specifically,
                 experiences encountered using ARC/INFO as the
                 application engine.",
}

@InProceedings{Krug95,
  author =       "Mark Krug",
  title =        "{TAWS}: Mission accomplishment through {GIS}
                 modularity",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "With the proliferation of GIS capabilities, the
                 complexity level present in each application has tended
                 to increase. While this has put more power into
                 experienced user's hands, the ability to process and
                 extract meaningful data by the less experienced user
                 has been hampered. The Technical Applications
                 Workstation (TAWS) was designed to provide a modular
                 approach to GIS software management. It offers a base
                 set of GIS operations to which additional modules can
                 be added or removed to fulfill particular GIS tasks.
                 These additional modules could be locally- developed
                 applications as well as the integration of
                 commercially- developed products. This allows end users
                 to have only the tools they need for a particular job,
                 reducing the complexity in training and operation. This
                 paper describes the design and implementation used by
                 the TAWS application.",
}

@InProceedings{Leary95,
  author =       "Timothy J. Leary and Frank J. Sargent",
  title =        "The {GIS} methodology applied for a statewide
                 assessment of propeller scar damage in seagrasses:
                 Florida.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Seagrasses are a vital component of Florida's coastal
                 ecology and economy; they provide marine fauna with
                 improved water quality, nursery grounds, shelter, and
                 nutrition. As the state's human population grows,
                 threats to the health and very existence of these
                 ecological communities increase. Habitat degradation
                 has many sources (e.g., pollution, dredge and fill),
                 but an increasingly common cause is scarring of
                 seagrasses. Scarring occurs when propellers damage
                 seagrass beds by ripping up shoots and rhizomes (roots)
                 and exposing the bottom sediment. In this paper,
                 scarring can refer to either the activity of scarring
                 or the area containing a group of scars. The Florida
                 Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) recognized
                 the need to reduce scarring of seagrasses by boats and
                 committed resources to address this issue. As one
                 component of this effort, the Florida Marine Research
                 Institute (FMRI) investigated the distribution of
                 scarred seagrass beds in the shallow marine and
                 estuarine waters of Florida's coastal counties. Aerial
                 photography was used to locate areas of scarring.
                 Aerial surveys were then conducted in 1992-1993 to
                 confirm and amend the demarcation of scarred
                 seagrasses. Scarring intensity was categorized as
                 light, moderate, or severe. Polygons categorized as
                 light contained less than 5 percent scarring, those
                 categorized as moderate contained 5-20 percent
                 scarring, and those categorized as severe contained
                 greater then 20 percent scarring. The information
                 acquired in this survey was incorporated into the
                 FMRI's Marine Resources Geographic Information System
                 (MRGIS), which when analyzed were used to produce maps
                 and tabular products for use by resource managers,
                 regional and county governments, and other interested
                 parties.",
}

@InProceedings{Ye95,
  author =       "Woo-Sung Ye and Hee-Sun Lee and Kyoo-seock Lee",
  title =        "Application of the {GIS} in the hydrologic effects
                 caused by the second collective facility area
                 development in Mt.Kyeryong National Park",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The National Park is to be preserved in accordance
                 with the purpose of the law establishment. However, the
                 development has resulted in degrading the park
                 environment. Especially, the collective facility area
                 has been developed for the commercial benefit rather
                 than for the preservation. So, it is necessary to
                 figure out the impact of the development plan proposed.
                 Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the
                 hydrologic effects due to the second collective
                 facility area development in Mt. Kyeryong National Park
                 using the Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The
                 Rational Method and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
                 Method were used to estimate the runoff volume. During
                 this procedure, GIS software, ARC/INFO was used to
                 integrate, manipulate, and calculate the attribute
                 value of a number of polygons which represent each land
                 use characteristic. A program was written to compute
                 the attribute value of each polygon and to estimate the
                 difference of peaktime runoff volume before and after
                 construction. keyword : runoff volume, rational method,
                 collective facility area, GIS(Geographic Information
                 Systems).",
}

@InProceedings{Rasas95,
  author =       "Justin Rasas and Shasi Sathisan and Jonathan Lee",
  title =        "{GIS} for resource management at the Lake Mead
                 National Recreation Area",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LMNRA), a unit
                 of the National Park Service (NPS), consists of
                 approximately 0.6 million hectares (1.5 million acres)
                 of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The management of
                 these resources is complicated by a wide range of
                 issues. With 9.5 million visitors per year, Lake Mead
                 is one of the most highly visited National Park units.
                 Lying at the junction of the Great Basin, Mojave and
                 Sonoran deserts, LMNRA is home to over two dozen
                 species of rare, threatened, or endangered animals and
                 plants. Key responsibilities of the National Park
                 Service (NPS) are to understand, preserve, and manage
                 the variety of landscapes, ecosystems and cultural
                 resources while providing for the public enjoyment of
                 these lands. A Geographic Information System (GIS) can
                 provide excellent tools to address the needs of the NPS
                 for resource management. ARC/INFO was the GIS program
                 used because of synergies with other agency activities,
                 data sharing and program development. In the process of
                 developing the program, data sets were obtained in many
                 different formats and brought into the ARC/INFO
                 environment. Activities to be facilitated by this
                 program include identification of unique habitats,
                 planning efforts in environmental remediation and
                 restoration evaluation; design of park infra-structure;
                 resource management; impact assessment
                 (abuse/misuse/overuse); and enhancement of
                 communications through graphical displays of resource
                 management alternatives. Project objectives, system
                 configuration, data issues and an example application
                 are discussed in this paper.",
}

@InProceedings{Muller95,
  author =       "Henrik G. Muller",
  title =        "Urban Drainage System - An ArcView application
                 integrating asset management and numerical modelling.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "GIS systems are useful tools for visualizing the
                 projected developments in Metropolitan areas, in terms
                 of changes in population, industrial patterns,
                 infrastructural utilities, etc. One very interesting
                 aspect in this context, is the expected future load and
                 behavior of sewer systems, which convey the foul and
                 industrial waste-water flow to sewage treatment plants.
                 Large sewer systems are structurally very complex,
                 often, with overflow chambers and loops. The hydraulic
                 performance and capacity can only be evaluated by use
                 of comprehensive mathematical modelling tools. This
                 paper describes one of the main problems when setting
                 up large sewer networks models to be used for the urban
                 drainage modelling system MOUSE. The MOUSE Model Editor
                 is an ArcView application where the user can
                 interactively select the relevant nodes, pumps and
                 weirs to be included in the final model network. The
                 MOUSE simulation results (overflow volumes, average and
                 extreme filling of pipes etc.) are available to the
                 MOUSE Model Editor application for graphical display
                 and further analyses.",
}

@InProceedings{Zesheng95,
  author =       "Zhu Zesheng and Sun Ling",
  title =        "A real time management system based on {PC}
                 {ARC}/{INFO} for operating small telecommunication
                 networks",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Telecommunication network management system (TNMS) is
                 one of the most important tools to operate high
                 efficiently a small telecommunication network. In the
                 past years, how to build fast and reasonably TNMS has
                 been being a very important and complex problem to be
                 solved so as to improve the quality of network
                 operation. Due to the various kinds of new techniques
                 and equipment used widely in the networks, the
                 requirement for ability to analyze and process the
                 spatial information about the network operation has
                 largely and fast increased in TNMS. This paper
                 discusses mainly the key technique to develop the real
                 time and high quality TNMS based on PC ARC/INFO. Thus,
                 this paper introduces a graphic model for the operation
                 management of small telecommunication network, which is
                 based on the computer network clustering construction
                 theory and can be implemented in the environment of PC
                 ARC/INFO. Further, this new theory transforms a complex
                 problem of the operation management of network into a
                 simple problem about the graphic processing in the
                 graphic model. On the other hand, the excellent ability
                 of PC ARC/INFO to analyze and process the spatial
                 information, including the operation of various complex
                 graphic information, is used to implement this graphic
                 model.",
}

@InProceedings{Zesheng95a,
  author =       "Zhu Zesheng and Sun Ling",
  title =        "Design and implementation of local agricultural
                 disaster warning system based on {PC} {ARC}/{INFO} and
                 {AI}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Local Agricultural disaster warning system (LADWS) has
                 a very important influence on the modern agricultural
                 production in local area, because the decrease of
                 influence of agricultural disasters is really one
                 effective method of increasing crop production. In
                 general, GIS and AI are two key techniques for
                 implementing LADWS. However, how to make use of them
                 for building LADWS has been being an important research
                 direction. In this paper, we discuss a technique based
                 on PC ARC/INFO and AI for building LADWS, Which is also
                 called flexible reasoning framework. This technique
                 integrates reasonably the data acquisition, the spatial
                 analysis and the decision generation processes in LADWS
                 for warning various possible agricultural disasters so
                 as to increase crop production. This framework is
                 really a flexible interface between PC ARC/INFO and AI,
                 which makes PC ARC/INFO support the AI's reasoning, the
                 knowledge base operation and the visualization
                 computation of LADWS.",
}

@InProceedings{Zura95,
  author =       "Marijan Zura and Peter Lipar",
  title =        "The road and traffic environmental impact assessment
                 and optimal room layout selection",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In this paper we present ARC/INFO based application
                 for assessment of the road and traffic impacts to the
                 environment. The estimation of the environmental
                 vulnerability is based on the information about fauna,
                 flora, soil, water, air, climate, landscape, natural
                 and cultural environment, urban areas, etc. and the
                 importance of different phenomena. The importance is
                 established by weighing inside and between the layers.
                 The vulnerability of individual layers as well of the
                 joint layer can be presented in different colour shades
                 and can be used as one of the graphics bases for the
                 optimal room layout selection. Joint layer can be
                 converted into the grid and the least impact corridor
                 between origin and destination can be calculated. This
                 corridor can be used as another source of information
                 for the optimal room layout selection. Several
                 alignment alternatives can be overlaid above the joint
                 environment layer and the cumulative impact can be
                 assessed. Strip maps show the impacts on each alignment
                 section.",
}

@InProceedings{Lynch95,
  author =       "S. D. Lynch and R. E. Schulze",
  title =        "Techniques for estimating areal daily rainfall",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Daily rainfall records are of paramount importance
                 when performing hydrological investigations at a daily
                 or monthly time scale. This paper will discuss the two
                 aspects of daily rainfall records, namely, creating
                 continuous records and estimating areal rainfall. A
                 plethora of techniques is available if the hydrologist
                 needs to estimate daily areal rainfall for a small area
                 or if the hydrologist needs to estimate missing values
                 for the occasional rain-gauge position. The
                 hydrological fraternity needs a suite of automated
                 techniques to describe areal rainfall for a large area
                 or to estimate missing rainfall for a large number of
                 rain- gauge positions. The hydrologist is often faced
                 with the problem of choosing a technique to estimate
                 areal daily rainfall and a large amount of valuable
                 time is then spent on deciding which techniques,
                 hardware and software will meet their requirements.
                 Southern Africa, for example, covers an area of
                 approximately one million square kilometers and results
                 in approximately 800 000 one minute by one minute (1600
                 by 1600 meters) of a degree pixels. It is therefore
                 important to note that the spatial representation for
                 one year of gridded daily rainfall for Southern Africa
                 will result in approximately 292 million pixels.
                 Detailed research is therefore needed to advise the
                 user on which interpolation technique will suit his
                 hardware, software and time requirements. This paper
                 summarizes some well-documented techniques and also
                 gives detailed results for the new proposed techniques
                 that include inter alia regression, interpolation,
                 kriging and averaging techniques. The results will be
                 in the form of a table displaying the amount of
                 hardware and human time and the type of hardware and
                 software required.",
}

@InProceedings{Maguire95,
  author =       "David J. Maguire",
  title =        "{GIS} application development",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Application customization is often one of the most
                 time-consuming and expensive elements of implementing a
                 GIS. It is also one of the keys to a successful GIS.
                 This paper reviews the principal issues involved in
                 customizing a GIS and discusses the facilities that are
                 available within ARC/INFO to facilitate the process.
                 The use of AML, ArcTools and the ADF is described.",
}

@InProceedings{Marmie95,
  author =       "Amanda Marmie",
  title =        "Promoting and providing {GIS} data via the Internet",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "As more and more GIS data providers and users become
                 connected, the Internet becomes an increasingly
                 convenient medium for data promotion and transfer.
                 Boulder County GIS has taken advantage of connectivity
                 by promoting our Assessor Parcel data, thematic layers
                 and metadata on the Wide Web with many informative
                 pages and graphics. Boulder County GIS data can be
                 transferred via our ftp site.",
}

@InProceedings{Soddu95,
  author =       "Pierluigi Soddu and Maria G. Martini",
  title =        "Study and design of an information system for civil
                 defense interventions in seismic events",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper examines the various steps needed to
                 realize an Information System for sustaining the civil
                 defense operations when seismic events occur on Italian
                 territory. Particularly it analyzes: the information
                 flows; the data base used; the first data analysis; the
                 hardware and the software necessary to the System. An
                 analysis of time foreseen for the realization and of
                 the project costs concludes the work.",
}

@InProceedings{Schulz95,
  author =       "Jeffrey L. Schulz and John D. McLaughlin",
  title =        "The City of Glendale: Coming of age in a {GIS} World -
                 Cooperative development of an integrated {GIS}-pipe
                 network hydraulic model",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Through an innovative joint development project,
                 Merrick \& Company, headquartered in Aurora, Colorado,
                 and the City of Glendale, Colorado are developing a
                 municipal geographic information system that is fully
                 integrated with a pipe network hydraulic model of the
                 City's municipal water distribution system. The
                 integrated GIS-Hydraulic Model will be used for
                 interactive evaluation of proposed system changes, and
                 for regular water distribution system management and
                 maintenance. The City of Glendale's Public Works
                 department has provided water to the residents of this
                 community for many years. Glendale, like many other
                 communities across the country, has found itself faced
                 with increasing demands for water and has sought to
                 implement new technology as a means to more efficiently
                 manage and operate their system. Merrick \& Company is
                 a Colorado-based, full service consulting engineering
                 firm that provides a wide range of services including
                 photogrammetric mapping, GIS development, and public
                 works engineering.",
}

@InProceedings{Qadri95,
  author =       "Syed Mehdi ul Hasnain Qadri",
  title =        "A proposal in view of the lessons learned: Planning
                 for the establishment of a long-lasting Geographic
                 Information System",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Nobody would disagree with the fact that developing a
                 single layer of spatial data at country level,
                 utilizing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information
                 System (GIS) techniques, takes years. Governments,
                 especially those of the third world; are investing a
                 considerable amount of resources in the form of
                 developmental grants and foreign aid to establish GIS
                 in various institutions. However, it is a dilemma that
                 these systems are often established without any
                 inter-institutional coordination and thus result in
                 highly incompatible (with each other) hardware,
                 software and data coding procedures. Also such
                 practices duplicate data and waste considerable effort
                 and funds. This paper suggests that a single
                 well-linked Geographic Information System is needed in
                 Pakistan. It is proposed that a centralized,
                 well-managed platform be established with various nodes
                 at different locations. This is the only and the best
                 way that a GIS can be a valuable and long-lasting asset
                 in countries like Pakistan where developing and
                 updating an information bank may become an impractical
                 task.",
}

@InProceedings{Mikkonen95,
  author =       "Kari Mikkonen and Antti Rainio",
  title =        "Towards a Societal {GIS} in Finland - ArcView
                 application queries data from published geographical
                 databases",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "An ArcView application, SAMPO, enables the user to
                 retrieve spontaneously data from several national
                 databases that support the joint use of geographic
                 information in Finland. The infrastructure of the joint
                 use is built on EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) based
                 geographic information service. That is a general
                 client/server approach enabling automatic information
                 service to end user applications. It is based on
                 international standards and can be implemented with
                 general EDI software tools. All important geographic
                 data resources will be available for the applications
                 which are able to send an electronic order through data
                 network and in real-time receive the response data sent
                 by data supplier's server system. Today the service
                 already covers ten national databases.",
}

@InProceedings{Mizuno95,
  author =       "Ryosuke Mizuno",
  title =        "The automatic editing for annotations in the case of
                 map-reduction",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The most useful map-scale of the urban planning
                 base-maps in Japan is 1:2,500. However, sometimes the
                 map needs to be reduced to show all of the cities or
                 districts. If we do MAP-REDUCTION with ARC/INFO, we
                 must edit annotations such as house, road or river
                 names. If we simply minimize the annotations, no one
                 can read them. But if the size of annotations is equal
                 to the original map, some of them are overwritten by
                 others. This paper describes an approach to solve the
                 problem through automatic editing.",
}

@InProceedings{Muller95a,
  author =       "Henrik G. Muller and Morten Rungoe",
  title =        "Integrating Floodplain management and numerical
                 modeling, using {ARCVIEW}.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Flood plain management covers a broad spectrum of
                 activities which aim to help engineers, planners and
                 administrators make constructive decisions for the
                 management of flood-prone areas. MIKE 11 is a numerical
                 flood model that provides information on flood levels
                 and velocities, or more importantly, the impact on
                 flood levels and velocities from proposed works within
                 a flood plain. Flooding may result from such events as
                 river overflow, intense local rain-fall/runoff or
                 coastal inundation from storm surges. Complex models
                 produce large quantities of result data that are
                 difficult for people without specialist backgrounds to
                 understand. Specifically, there is often difficulty in
                 relating the model results directly to the model's
                 location. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are
                 tools for managing, analyzing and displaying geographic
                 data and data which can be related to geographic
                 objects. The combined power of present day GIS and
                 computers is such that organizations can use a GIS
                 (combined with other data base systems) as the core of
                 all its data operations. To pursue an effective flood
                 management strategy it is therefore highly beneficial
                 to utilize both flood modelling and GIS technologies.
                 The success of using GIS for flood plain management is
                 reliant upon developing interfaces between GIS and the
                 numerical flood models. This paper describes the MIKE
                 11-GIS coupling which closes the gap between flood
                 models and GIS.",
}

@InProceedings{Nebert95,
  author =       "Douglas D. Nebert",
  title =        "Status of the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
                 on the Internet",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Executive Order 12906 in April, 1994, directed Federal
                 agencies to participate in the development of the
                 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) -- a system
                 to facilitate the discovery of and access to digital
                 spatial information. To promote access to information
                 in the NSDI, the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
                 was created to coordinate spatial data services on the
                 Internet. As of January 1995, Federal agencies with
                 significant digital spatial data holdings were required
                 to begin serving descriptive information for published
                 data in a searchable form on-line. A number of Federal,
                 State, and university participants have also provided
                 links from descriptive data (metadata) to actual data
                 sets so that they may be retrieved directly, without
                 fee, from the Internet by the public. This is achieved
                 through use of a consistent index and search strategy
                 based on the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and
                 Z39.50 Search and Retrieve protocols available in
                 non-proprietary server and client software. This paper
                 presents the architecture of a spatial data server and
                 the current availability of digital spatial information
                 from the Clearinghouse Internet.",
}

@InProceedings{Negri95,
  author =       "Mark Negri",
  title =        "Producing {ARC}/{INFO}-compatible {CD}-{ROM}s for data
                 distribution",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "With ever increasing demands for data storage on
                 magnetic disk and more efficient data distribution
                 media, the need exists for alternative means of storage
                 and distribution media. Recent developments in Compact
                 Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) technology and changes
                 to the ARC/INFO data file naming structure have made
                 CD-ROM a viable medium for archiving and distributing
                 ARC/INFO data sets. CD-ROM publishing systems make
                 {"}once-off{"} CD production a very effective tool in
                 any Geographic Information System (GIS). CD-ROM
                 technology is also the perfect medium for solving data
                 transfer problems associated with interoperability
                 across different computer platforms. International
                 Standards Organization (ISO) 9660 format with the new
                 ARC/INFO file naming structure allows ARC/INFO data to
                 be accessible from virtually all computer platforms
                 using ARC/INFO or ArcView-II.",
}

@InProceedings{Nyman95,
  author =       "Lisa Nyman and Jon Sperling",
  title =        "Data, maps, and more at the {U}.{S}. Census Bureau
                 internet site",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Census Bureau's home page on the Internet's
                 World-Wide Web has been accessed nearly 250,000 times
                 since its inception in March 1994. Use of the Internet
                 at the Census Bureau is still experimental but the
                 broad brush outlines for future developments are
                 becoming increasingly visible. Numerous opportunities
                 exist at the Census Bureau for using the Internet to
                 better fulfill its mission and to introduce a more
                 customer-oriented design to ongoing census processes.
                 Indeed, the Internet is rapidly becoming a means to
                 transform and reengineer census processes as the Census
                 Bureau aims to increase efficiency and timelinesss,
                 improve data quality, lower costs, enhance
                 accessibility, and offer new products to the data
                 user.",
}

@InProceedings{Ostyn95,
  author =       "Frank Ostyn",
  title =        "The {EDRA}-fueling {GIS} applications with the
                 required geographical information",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "GIS demand high-quality geographic information for
                 accurate decision making and European uniformity for
                 future-proof systems with a smooth path of growth to
                 support company expansion from a local to a European
                 business. The European Digital Road Map Association is
                 now finalizing the European Digital Road Map, a
                 geographic information database which fulfills the need
                 for high-quality information as well as the uniformity
                 requirement. This way, EDRA is strongly encouraging the
                 expansion of GIS applications in Europe.",
}

@InProceedings{Parentela95,
  author =       "Emelinda M. Parentela and Shashi K. Sathisan",
  title =        "{GIS}-based allocation of emergency response units
                 along a transportation route",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Emergency preparedness of a state or locality is
                 measured in terms of its ability to deploy emergency
                 response units in a timely and effective manner should
                 an event (accident or incident) occur. Response time is
                 a primary consideration in deploying emergency response
                 units. This paper illustrates GIS-based allocation of
                 response units along a transportation route using
                 travel time impedance. A case study is presented
                 showing potential routes for hazardous material
                 shipment in Clark County, Nevada. The analyses were
                 conducted using the Geographic Information System (GIS)
                 ARC/INFO software on a Sun MP/690 hardware platform.
                 Point, line and polygon coverages created in the
                 ARC/INFO environment helped represent the emergency
                 response units, transportation network, and population
                 impact area and emergency response unit service area,
                 respectively. The analyses include extensive usage of
                 the ARC/INFO commands such as BUFFER, UNION, network
                 analysis ALLOCATION, and AML commands.",
}

@InProceedings{Parikh95,
  author =       "Devang Parikh and Randy Price",
  title =        "Post earthquake analysis and findings using
                 {ARC}/{INFO} for sewer system in the City of Los
                 Angeles",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Northridge earthquake of January 17th, 1994,
                 caused extensive damage to the City of Los Angeles'
                 sewer infrastructure. A Geographic Information System
                 (GIS) played a crucial part in the City's effective
                 response to prioritize, identify, and repair the sewer
                 damages. The wastewater collection system network and
                 various other GIS coverages were previously mapped or
                 purchased as part of the City's Clean Water Program. A
                 GIS system is routinely used for collection system
                 planning, analysis, and evaluation. Immediately after
                 the earthquake, information about the building damage,
                 surface damage, and water pipeline rupture was
                 collected from the agencies responsible for responding
                 to this natural disaster. This data was then developed
                 into ARC/INFO coverages and overlaid on the existing
                 coverages. Areas of the City were ranked and
                 prioritized for closed-circuit television inspection
                 and damage assessment based on the severity of the
                 damage to the other infrastructure. GIS was used to
                 analyze data, visualize the damage and expedite the
                 inspection of sanitary sewer. Because the basic GIS was
                 in place, an inspection and repair program was quickly
                 and effectively developed. Then GIS was used to
                 visually display the findings of the inspection and
                 assist in concentrating the City's limited resources in
                 the most urgent areas. GIS proved to be an important
                 emergency response tool in the management of earthquake
                 repairs.",
}

@InProceedings{Peck95,
  author =       "Susan D. Peck",
  title =        "Color publishing of {ARC}/{INFO} maps - trial, error,
                 and success",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "There is a growing demand for GIS map products to be
                 mass-produced, either for distribution and sale to the
                 public, or in books or brochures that have accompanying
                 text and information of which the GIS map is an
                 integral part. When it is not cost-efficient or
                 practical to make multiple copies of a digital product
                 on a plotting device or color output device such as a
                 color laser printer, it is then necessary to combine
                 the technology of digital mapping and offset printing.
                 There are a variety of means to this end, depending on
                 the user's software/hardware capabilities, and also on
                 the capabilities of the printing vendors in one's area
                 to accept and utilize electronic data, or to use
                 mechanical separations to accomplish the finished, four
                 color product.",
}

@InProceedings{Phipps95,
  author =       "Stephen P. Phipps",
  title =        "Using raster and vector {GIS} data for comprehensive
                 storm water management",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Many communities are developing comprehensive storm
                 water management programs funded by storm water
                 utilities to comply with Environmental Protection
                 Agency (EPA) regulations and the National Pollutant
                 Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting
                 process. The presenter will discuss how to use raster
                 and vector GIS data to establish a storm water utility,
                 manage storm water infrastructure, and conduct basin
                 master planning. Utility Setup: Topics include
                 determining impervious areas, applying billing credits
                 for detention structures, and using other best
                 management practices (BMPs). Infrastructure Management:
                 Topics include establishing a spatial inventory of
                 storm water features collected using existing source
                 documents or field methods, and linking inventory
                 features to a third-party work-order processing system
                 to improve routine maintenance and more easily address
                 customer complaints and emergencies such as flooding.
                 Basin Master Planning: Topics include using available
                 digital terrain models (DTMs) for modeling
                 applications, and using DTMs with ARC/INFO data linked
                 to the HEC-1 and HEC-2 hydrologic and hydraulic models
                 for basin master planning. This paper will illustrate
                 the many opportunities and benefits of using raster and
                 vector GIS data for comprehensive storm water
                 management including faster, more cost-effective
                 decision making.",
}

@InProceedings{Puterski95,
  author =       "Robert Puterski",
  title =        "Migrating large {AML} based {GUI}'s to ArcView 2",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The United States Environmental Protection Agency
                 (EPA), in collaboration with other federal agencies,
                 research institutes and universities, has developed the
                 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).
                 EMAP generates large quantities of distributed RDBMS
                 data, much of which is in Geographic Information
                 Systems (GIS) format. The EMAP Geographic Information
                 Systems Interface (EGI), developed at the EPA's
                 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas
                 (EMSL-LV), was developed as a tool to address access,
                 integration, and assessment by a variety of users.
                 Given the changing user base and technologies now
                 available, the EPA is migrating its ARC/INFO AML based
                 GUI to an ArcView implementation. With thousands of
                 lines of code and menus and several intricate
                 client-server functions, this process requires careful
                 planning. The main discussion concerns the cost/benefit
                 decision making process of maintaining old software
                 versus conversion to new systems and technologies. Of
                 particular note are the maintenance cost issues, which
                 determine whether one should re-engineer existing code
                 or redevelop new programs and systems. Results suggest
                 that EMAP should aggressively pursue new development
                 using ArcView 2 software while maintaining the current
                 EGI.",
}

@InProceedings{Pyle95,
  author =       "Christopher B. Pyle",
  title =        "Making a {GIS} accessible with ArcView2: Supporting
                 clients of a centralized surface water management
                 database",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "GIS professionals in any field have similar
                 responsibilities with regard to data development,
                 analysis and presentation. In an established GIS, these
                 tasks are ongoing, and are at different phases for
                 different sets of data. Often, the requirements of each
                 of these are in conflict for analyst's time and system
                 resources. In a centralized GIS, the analyst is also
                 responsible to the clients of the database who have
                 varying experience with the system. While there are
                 many tools available to aid the GIS analyst in the
                 development, analysis and presentation of data, until
                 recently, there were few options to help the analyst
                 bridge the gap between the database and its clients.
                 This paper outlines the development of several ArcView2
                 applications whose purpose is to allow clients of a
                 surface water management GIS to perform many tasks for
                 themselves. Applications such as an online data
                 dictionary, automated data export and common map
                 templates, are used as examples of ArcView2
                 applications that improve client access to data while
                 freeing up valuable analyst time and system
                 resources.",
}

@InProceedings{Qi95,
  author =       "Sharon Lisa Qi",
  title =        "Use of {ARC}/{INFO} in the National Water-Quality
                 Assessment Program--South Platte River Basin Study",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The objectives of the National Water-Quality
                 Assessment (NAWQA) program are to assess the status and
                 trends of water-quality conditions throughout the
                 Nation and to link the status and trends to an
                 understanding of factors that affect water quality. The
                 ARC/INFO1 Geographic Information System has played a
                 key role in achieving these goals and is being used as
                 a tool for spatial-analysis applications in this
                 multidisciplinary project, which includes physical,
                 chemical, and biological studies. ARC/INFO was used to
                 manage a large water-quality data base and to produce
                 publication-quality graphics. This tool has been used
                 for comprehensive analyses of data, efficient storage
                 and retrieval of a large relational data base, and
                 delivery of study-unit findings to the water-resources
                 community in a timely manner.",
}

@InProceedings{Qingming95,
  author =       "Zhan Qingming and Huang Zhengdong",
  title =        "Application of {PC} {ARC}/{INFO} in urban renewal
                 planning and land suitability evaluation in Wuhan,
                 {P}.{R}. China",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Wuhan is the capital city of Hubei province, P. R.
                 China. The shifting from planned economy to market
                 economy has been a great challenge to the Urban
                 Planning Bureau under the municipality. The challenge
                 lies partially in finding new land for urban expansion
                 as well as redeveloping within the inner cities. Under
                 these circumstances, the Urban Planning Bureau
                 initiated two projects: the Wuhan Master Plan Revision,
                 in which the Spatial Development Plan forms an
                 important part, and the Urban Renewal Planning in inner
                 cities. The advantages of PC ARC/INFO were taken in
                 both of the pilot studies, and the results were quite
                 satisfactory. Based on the experience gained from the
                 two projects, the paper also discussed some technical
                 problems and made some suggestions.",
}

@InProceedings{Radke95,
  author =       "John Radke",
  title =        "A spatial decision support system for Urban/Wildland
                 interface fire hazards",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "On October 20, 1991 an uncontrollable wildfire, a
                 firestorm, destroyed approximately 1,580 acres and
                 destroyed over 2,700 structures near the Caldecott
                 Tunnel within the cities of Oakland and Berkeley,
                 California. Since that time, other firestorms in
                 California have devastated thousands of acres and
                 continue to destroy property in the urban/wildland
                 interface. The question remains, how can we prevent
                 these disasters? This study was undertaken to construct
                 a spatial decision support system (SDSS) so that
                 planners and decision makers could better manage and
                 formulate policy that would help reduce the risk of a
                 firestorm. This paper models and assesses the risk of
                 firestorms in the East Bay hills and produces a spatial
                 support system that could help manage and reduce the
                 risk of future firestorms. A Geographic Information
                 System (GIS) is used as a framework for quantifying
                 fire hazard in this heterogeneous landscape. Two
                 models, one to assess the wildland fire hazard and the
                 other to assess the urban/residential fire hazard, are
                 integrated and embedded within the GIS to map both
                 regional and neighborhood risk. Hazard assessment maps
                 are generated which represent the results of
                 quantitative multivariate analysis and clearly identify
                 the hazardous neighborhoods. The system produced
                 provides an ideal tool for managing and reducing the
                 risk of a firestorm. It allows for future adjustment of
                 one or all of the parameters as fire prevention policy
                 and techniques are implemented and hazardous conditions
                 are mitigated. This feature provides a mechanism for
                 accounting and feedback allowing for the appraisal of
                 the success of mitigation.",
}

@InProceedings{Reiner95,
  author =       "Anita Reiner",
  title =        "The benefits of {X}-terminal based three-tier
                 client/server model with {ESRI} applications",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Client/Server computing, which integrates X terminals,
                 is a solution that can successfully meet the business
                 needs of users of ESRI applications for Geographical
                 Information Systems (GIS). This complete
                 hardware/software model is based on the principle of
                 {"}Doing the Right Thing at the Right Place and the
                 Right Price.{"} The three levels of this model are data
                 management, application, and display or presentation.
                 The data management level provides high-availability
                 and secure database servers. The application level
                 consists of high-performance, scaleable application
                 servers. The display level or user interface in this
                 model consists of an X-capable display such as an X
                 terminal. The three-tier model with X terminals
                 provides the benefits of fast access to databases and
                 applications, high-performance graphics for GIS
                 applications at low-cost per seat with cost-effective
                 maintenance and upgrading. This paper discusses the
                 benefits of an X-based three-tier client/server model,
                 including configuration examples to demonstrate use.",
}

@InProceedings{Roussos95,
  author =       "Nicos C. Roussos",
  title =        "The experience of {GIS} in the department of lands and
                 surveys of Cyprus",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Cyprus is an island situated in the eastern part of
                 the Mediterranean sea. It lies at 33oE and 33oN and has
                 an extent of 9251 square Km. It is an independent
                 country since 1960. Unfortunately, almost 38\% of the
                 country has been occupied by Turkey since 1974. The
                 free part of the country has an extent of 5575 sq. km,
                 fragmented into 1.2 million land parcels and a
                 population of 0.6 million people. The Cyprus Cadastre
                 and the Land Registration system which are operating
                 today were introduced almost a century ago. The Land
                 Registration system is the {"}Registration of Title{"}
                 system, which is based on a series of cadastral plans
                 of varying scale (1:500-1:5000) and accuracy, most of
                 them being graphical. Although the system has all the
                 advantages of the {"}Registration of Title{"} system,
                 it has been proved that it cannot fulfill the highly
                 demanding requirements of the rapid development of the
                 country. The two basic drawbacks are the time consuming
                 manual procedures for property conveyancing and the
                 poor accuracy of most of the graphical cadastral plans
                 which does not guarantee the rule of {"}unambiguous
                 definition of parcels{"}. The Department of Lands and
                 Surveys (DLS) is the State agency responsible to apply,
                 among other things, the activities of the laws related
                 to landed property matter. It consists of a composite
                 service comprising land registration, valuation of
                 properties, management of State lands, surveying and
                 mapping. The Department issues yearly more than 130000
                 certificates of registration and searches and 100000
                 copies of cadastral plans. It deals with 90000
                 applications, either for registration or surveying
                 purposes. The Headquarters of the Department are in
                 Nicosia, but the bulk of the operations are carried out
                 in regional offices, one in each administrative
                 district (Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca, Famagusta and
                 Paphos).",
}

@InProceedings{Sato95,
  author =       "Kenji Sato",
  title =        "Map database construction in disaster information
                 system",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "In order to make prompt operations of the serious
                 disasters which are caused by a large earthquake,
                 storm, and flood, several Disaster Information Systems
                 (DIS) have been introduced into different
                 municipalities in Japan. And GIS function of DIS,
                 especially, is helpful to visually support a good grasp
                 of the emergency measures such as setting up the
                 sheltered area and distributing medical supplies and
                 emergency goods and so on. Therefore it is essential to
                 construct a suitable map-data alignment into a DIS.
                 Then map-data can be divided into a couple of
                 categories from small-scale to large-scale in multiple
                 stages. In terms of representation of the damage, each
                 feature, e.g., facility point and road section, is
                 given a code linking the data acquisition system where
                 damage reports are summed. The character-based damage
                 information are converted into tabular data that are
                 retrieved at the displayed damage map. Consequently,
                 the features are separated and attributed to the code
                 related to the report unit such as jurisdiction. The
                 overlaying processes are treated with precinct polygon
                 layers and road line layers to make the road sections.
                 In this paper we illustrate the application examples
                 and the map database construction for the DIS
                 implemented ARC/INFO.",
}

@InProceedings{Sawicki95,
  author =       "John Sawicki",
  title =        "{ARC}/{INFO} and {ORACLE}: An appreciation approach
                 for feature storage and representation from {ORACLE}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Relational databases are used by GIS packages like
                 ARC/INFO to store attribute information for spatially
                 related features. Organizations with databases that
                 contain simple spatial features are now looking to
                 exploit these databases using GIS. Many organizations'
                 legacy databases contain large quantities of spatial
                 and attribute data that are used to store and track
                 information on products or other spatially oriented
                 holdings. These organizations have requirements, based
                 on current operations, to input, store, and query data
                 in these existing databases. Some find GIS impractical
                 for storing and handling the complexity and the amount
                 of data found in their databases. In many cases these
                 databases contain simple spatial feature
                 representations, such as minimum bounding rectangles,
                 with related attribute information in several
                 relational tables. This paper will discuss methods for
                 building an ARC/INFO AML Geographical User Interface
                 (GUI) for these spatially oriented databases. The
                 discussion will focus on creating a GUI interface that
                 allows a user to input, store, query, and spatially
                 display data from a legacy relational database without
                 transitioning the spatial information to a GIS.",
}

@InProceedings{Schaller95,
  author =       "J”rg Schaller",
  title =        "A multilateral {GIS} for environmental and regional
                 planning",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "With the recent opening of the borders between Western
                 and Eastern Europe, formerly separated neighbors have
                 been developing new economic and cultural contacts. The
                 expansion of the internal European market has created
                 new forms of cooperation and links within Europe.
                 Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Austria are at the
                 center of this new development process, their borders
                 meeting in the heart of Europe. The Bavarian Forest,
                 Bohemian Forest and Mhlviertel are situated at the
                 intersection of these three countries - an
                 ecologically, sensitive landscape of low mountains,
                 connecting rather than dividing the three very similar
                 regions. Issues of environmental protection, economic
                 development, housing and infrastructure, traffic
                 management and general problems of regional planning
                 and information have had to be addressed for this
                 beautiful region containing two national parks. The
                 formerly marginal and undisturbed region divided by the
                 Iron Curtain became subjected to a sudden increase of
                 traffic, tourism and development after the opening of
                 the borders. Under contract of the Bavarian Ministry
                 for Regional and Environmental Affairs, the Czech
                 Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Office of the
                 Upper Austrian Provincial Government, a trilateral
                 concept has been created by an international expert
                 group of ecologists, regional planners and GIS
                 specialists, using a central GIS for collection of
                 different data from the various information sources of
                 the respective countries. The GIS played a central role
                 as an integration tool and as an issue-based
                 Information System to deliver basic information and
                 strategic concepts for the decision makers in the
                 region, as well as those in the state governments. The
                 tremendous effort involved in creating a trilateral GIS
                 and its successful application for strategic management
                 and policy led the UNESCO to recognize the development
                 concept as an International MAB (MAB and the Biosphere)
                 Pilot Project.",
}

@InProceedings{Schlagel95,
  author =       "Joel Schlagel",
  title =        "Integrating aerial-videography with Arc/Info for
                 satellite image interpretation and accuracy assessment
                 in Vermont",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Aerial videographic imagery, with frame location
                 identified using global positioning system receivers,
                 has been demonstrated to be an efficient and cost
                 effective method for gathering ground-truth data for
                 satellite image interpretation and post-classification
                 accuracy assessment (Graham, 1993; Slaymaker, et. al.,
                 1995). Both the usefulness and effectiveness of
                 air-video image interpretation can be enhanced by
                 integrating video imagery with other spatial databases
                 in Arc/Info. A series of programs, shell scripts, and
                 AMLs, were written to facilitate this process. The user
                 interface allows control of video tape recorders, and
                 the real-time display of the flight position on a
                 workstation monitor. Queries of coverages and
                 multi-spectral imagery may be performed. The operator's
                 interpretation of the video image, and data from the
                 spatial queries are recorded for further analysis. The
                 air-video interpretation system is being used for the
                 development of refined land-cover maps for Vermont in
                 support of vegetation mapping for the Gap Analysis
                 program of the National Biological Survey. The system
                 is also being used for an investigation of the effect
                 of training sample density on the accuracy of image
                 classification. A number of other applications are
                 being developed.",
}

@InProceedings{Smith95,
  author =       "Gary S. Smith",
  title =        "Digital orthophotography and {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Orthophotography first came into use in the 1960's. It
                 was expensive and time consuming to produce. By the
                 early 1970's, technological improvements brought this
                 data source into affordable commercial applications and
                 its use has continued to expand. The first
                 orthophotography was produced by computer driven
                 optical methods and equipment. Today, these pieces of
                 equipment have been replaced by the computer
                 workstation and sophisticated computer software
                 algorithms. The product of this technology is a digital
                 image that can stand alone on its own visual merits or
                 be integrated and employed within a geographic
                 information system. Assessing the spatial accuracy and
                 quality of the final product should be of significant
                 interest to the GIS manager who will use this imagery
                 in daily operations. Experiences and examples related
                 in this paper are taken from the State of Vermont's
                 Orthophoto Mapping Program. This program acquired its
                 first imagery in 1974 and provides printed copies to
                 communities for parcel mapping purposes. Vermont was
                 the first State in the Nation to complete statewide
                 orthophoto coverage. Until this past year, all imagery
                 was produced by optical methods and distributed in
                 print format. Transition has now been made to digital
                 production and the associated benefits and adjustments
                 are just beginning to be realized. This paper will
                 concentrate on the issues and opportunities presented
                 to the GIS community by this exciting data source.",
}

@InProceedings{Speer95,
  author =       "Edward D. Speer",
  title =        "Accessing water quality data through {GIS}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "King County, Washington's Metropolitan Services
                 Department (Metro) will complete a GIS installation in
                 March, 1995. As part of this two year project, three
                 specific applications were built to support Metro's
                 Water Pollution Control efforts. The focus of this
                 paper is one of these applications: a geographical view
                 into Oracle-based water quality information contained
                 in a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).
                 This database contains information on over 3000 point
                 locations that have been sampled as far back as twenty
                 years. The GIS application described in this paper
                 communicates with the LIMS database through Oracle
                 SQL*net and Arc/Info's Database Integrator (DBI) to
                 obtain requested information on the selected points.
                 The {"}Water Resources GIS Application{"} was developed
                 using in-house staff at King County Metro, and built
                 using Arc Macro Language (AML) . While the host
                 platform is a Unix server, users can access the
                 application from a workstation, or from their personal
                 computers (using X-terminal emulation). The application
                 was built using menus and forms so that the end user
                 does not require a working knowledge of any Arc/Info
                 commands. Since many of the end users may only need to
                 access this information sporadically, the use of a
                 graphical user interface with on-line help enables the
                 application to be used by a larger number of planners
                 and water quality technicians.",
}

@InProceedings{Stalford95,
  author =       "Richard N. Stalford and Jacquline A. Townsend",
  title =        "Water distribution system modeling, {GIS}, and
                 facility management systems, what do they have in
                 common?? {A} case study.",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "This paper describes the process, tools, analysis,
                 assumptions, and results of the Facility Management
                 System and the use of a GIS system for the planning of
                 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility Department (CMUD) Water
                 System Master Plan. Facility Management Systems utilize
                 GIS as one tool to manage large quantity of data. CMUD
                 need a new updated tools to take advantage of the GIS
                 use city wide and expand their modeling capability.
                 This project provided CMUD with a new and improved to
                 manage the current and future needs. With the open
                 architecture concept the future never look so bright.",
}

@InProceedings{Steffenson95,
  author =       "John Steffenson",
  title =        "Ecosystem characterization and assessment in the
                 interior Columbia River Basin",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Ecological assessments at a landscape scale are taking
                 place in several regions throughout the United States
                 including the Sierra Nevada, Southern Appalachia,
                 Southeast Alaska and the Interior Columbia Basin. The
                 Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project
                 (ICBEMP) is a highly visible, large project covering
                 approximately 144 million acres in seven states
                 including Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming,
                 Nevada and California. Scientists and specialists from
                 a variety of Federal agencies are working together to
                 develop an assessment of past, current and potential
                 future conditions within the Interior Columbia Basin
                 using the best scientific techniques and
                 state-of-the-art technology including Geographic
                 Information Systems. Spatial and temporal analyses are
                 the core of this effort and its information base is
                 critical to the successful implementation of an
                 ecosystem-based approach to land management. This paper
                 attempts to describe the on-going work of that team and
                 the implications it has for the development of
                 information systems and their use within the context of
                 Ecosystem Management principle",
}

@InProceedings{Stichter95,
  author =       "Steven Stichter",
  title =        "State-level support of local land use planning",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Since 1974, the State of North Carolina has required
                 the creation of land use and natural resource
                 protection plans in each of the 20 counties that border
                 ocean or estuarine waters. Since 1978, the State has
                 provided funds and technical assistance to support the
                 local planning process through the activities of the
                 North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission and its
                 staff, the Division of Coastal Management (DCM).
                 Encouraged by internal research projects and supported
                 by increased use of geographic information systems in
                 other state agencies, DCM initiated the development of
                 a GIS in 1992. Beginning in the summer of 1995, the
                 data collection efforts to support land use planning
                 will be put to the test--in addition to funds and
                 continued technical support, DCM will provide a
                 standard package of information to all jurisdictions
                 scheduled to update their existing land use plan. This
                 paper will explore the issues related to selection,
                 presentation and transfer of information to local
                 governments. Accuracy, scale, classification and
                 precision are critical aspects of determining which
                 state data are appropriate for local planning. The
                 challenge lies in achieving a balance that results in
                 worthwhile products for the Coastal Management program
                 and local jurisdictions.",
}

@InProceedings{Strauss95,
  author =       "Udo R. Strauss",
  title =        "{CRELEG} - {A} legend generator for {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The CRELEG programme was developed as an extension to
                 ARC/INFO's KEY-commands to simplify the generation of
                 the complex legend of the digital Geological Map
                 1:50.000 of Austria. CRELEG is written in the FORTRAN
                 programming language. The input to CRELEG are simple
                 directives which are describing placement, size, type,
                 text, shade and other parameters of the legend. The
                 output of CRELEG is an AML-procedure, which can be
                 interpreted by ARCPLOT. CRELEG supports several
                 box-types, automatic bracketing of legend- boxes and
                 text alignment.",
}

@InProceedings{Streb95,
  author =       "David J. Streb",
  title =        "Using cable television to distribute {GIS} access",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Many municipalities have developed their GIS on a
                 single workstation, and have since found that other
                 departments have a need for the spatial data the system
                 contains. While a multiple user Arc/Info license or
                 ArcView2 can provide access within the building,
                 providing access for X- Window sessions or NFS
                 connectivity to other buildings across town can be
                 difficult. This paper describes the City of Fitchburg's
                 experiences in using the cable television system to
                 allow telnet and NFS access from the Police, Fire,
                 Water and School Departments at a low initial charge
                 and no monthly charge. Moreover it explains how this
                 option is potentially available to every municipality,
                 given a simple clause in the Cable Franchise License
                 between the municipality and the local Cable provider.
                 The paper goes on to describe the difficulty the City
                 has experienced in using this system.",
}

@InProceedings{Terner95,
  author =       "Michael G. Terner",
  title =        "Maturing municipal {GIS} in Newton, Massachusetts:
                 From single department project to multi-departmental
                 operational system",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Newton, a relatively affluent City of approximately
                 83,000 people and 27,000 parcels, began its GIS program
                 in 1991 with an initial GIS development focus within
                 the Assessing Office. By 1994 this system expanded,
                 both in data and applications, to include the
                 Assessing, Engineering, Public Works, Planning,
                 Inspectional Services, Schools and Management
                 Information Systems departments. This paper will focus
                 on the technical and administrative issues that were
                 faced by the City in broadening the reach of this
                 UNIX-based GIS program. Specific reference will be made
                 to: use of the City's cable TV system as a network
                 conduit for distributing GIS functions; development of
                 user interfaces to support departmental activities; the
                 importance of hard copy generation; GIS integration
                 with Assessing's ORACLE-based CAMA system and DPW's
                 ORACLE-based AM/FM system; and political and funding
                 issues that were addressed during system development to
                 insure continued system operation. The paper will also
                 discuss current successes as well as ongoing challenges
                 and problems. The thrust of the presentation will be on
                 the transition from system development to sustained,
                 operational implementation.",
}

@InProceedings{Thomas95,
  author =       "Greg Thomas",
  title =        "A complete {GIS}-based stormwater modeling solution",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "Responsible watershed management has become the
                 subject of increasing public attention due to a
                 combination of natural events and government
                 legislation. Efficient and accurate stormwater modeling
                 capabilities are necessary to support demands for
                 development while minimizing impacts downstream.
                 Current {"}semi-automated{"} procedures for modeling
                 stormwater behavior required tedious and time-consuming
                 data collection, manipulation, and data input
                 preparation activities. Computer-based models present
                 primitive punchcard-like interfaces for entering data
                 and commands and produce volumes of output in
                 non-graphical, tabular report format. Calculating
                 parameters such as drainage area, curve number, and
                 time of concentration can take weeks for a single
                 watershed. This presentation describes application of
                 new computer technology to improve stormwater analysis
                 activities. This paper will demonstrate application of
                 a suite of stormwater modeling tools that can help
                 engineers conduct analysis in a fraction of the time
                 required using conventional methods. These tools are
                 based upon Geographic Information System (GIS) software
                 and databases. The presentation will include a brief
                 overview of the widely-used models that form the basis
                 of the software suite: TR-55, TR-20 and HEC-2 models.
                 It will include an in-depth examination of the
                 functionality and integration of the models and their
                 enhancement through GIS. The presentation will also
                 describe the GIS database components necessary to
                 support stormwater modeling.",
}

@InProceedings{Tyler95,
  author =       "Darryl Tyler and Matthew Zidar",
  title =        "{GPS}/{GIS} supporting water resources management",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA) has
                 combined Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic
                 Information System (GIS), and Relational Data Base
                 Management Systems (RDBMS) for the purpose of tracking
                 and managing the water resources of Monterey County.
                 This paper will give a non-technical review of the
                 history of this development effort. The lessons learned
                 along the way will be emphasized for the benefit of
                 those who are interested in, or are currently involved
                 in, similar development efforts.",
}

@InProceedings{Vandegraft95,
  author =       "Douglas L. Vandegraft",
  title =        "The Computer Automation of Land Status within the
                 National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "When the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation
                 Act was passed on December 2, 1980, the lands contained
                 within Alaska's National Wildlife Refuges (refuges)
                 increased from 22,022,683 acres to almost 100 million
                 acres. Approximately 77 million acres are owned by the
                 United States, while the remaining 23 million acres are
                 owned, or will be owned, by Alaska Natives, the State
                 of Alaska, or private parties. The U.S. Fish and
                 Wildlife Service (FWS), which manages Alaska's refuges,
                 has been mandated by Congress to identify lands with
                 important wildlife habitats for possible acquisition.
                 This required that detailed maps be produced that would
                 identify all of the land owners within the refuge
                 boundaries. The Division of Realty (Realty) within the
                 FWS realized that the traditional methods of manual
                 cartography would not efficiently depict the intricate
                 land ownership patterns within the refuges. It was
                 decided to implement a Geographic Information System
                 (GIS) using a powerful software called ARC/INFO, which
                 has extensive database capabilities. Beginning in
                 August 1989, the Division has been digitizing all of
                 the small parcels (down to .001 acre) within townships
                 inside refuge boundaries. Using Master Title Plats,
                 which are produced manually by the Bureau of Land
                 Management (BLM), land status has been {"}automated{"}
                 within 8 of the 16 refuges thus far. This report was
                 written to document and detail the processes necessary
                 to automate land status on a township level. The
                 evolution of refuge mapping that led to Realty's land
                 status GIS is documented in the Appendix. The Realty
                 GIS is a model for other agencies (such as BLM) that
                 can be used for automating land status for all of
                 Alaska.",
}

@InProceedings{Williams95,
  author =       "Dan Williams",
  title =        "Automated capture of metadata: Simple procedures and
                 tools for editing coverages",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "The quality of a given geospatial data set is only as
                 good as its metadata. Metadata, data about data, is
                 getting more attention from data managers, generators,
                 and users as dependence on and understanding of digital
                 geospatial data grows. The establishment of the Federal
                 Geographic Data Committee and their publication of the
                 Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata are
                 important events for the oversight and standardization
                 of metadata use. What comes next is the hard part:
                 implementing these standards in a productive and
                 meaningful fashion. Having a standard to guide the
                 production of geospatial metadata is important. But the
                 real challenge is in making the generation of that
                 metadata actually happen. The process must be
                 transparent to those generating geospatial data.
                 Otherwise, metadata requirements will be viewed as
                 administrative overhead; nice-to-have extras we'll get
                 to once the {"}real{"} work is done. Arc/Info has
                 built-in tools for collecting metadata during coverage
                 creation and editing. This paper introduces a process
                 implemented with AMLs that uses several data capture
                 tools in the Arcedit module to automatically capture
                 metadata during an edit session. It also presents a
                 process that encourages some good sense procedures for
                 processing coverages. The AMLs function in concert with
                 the ESRI Arctools so that data capture functions while
                 EditTools are in use.",
}

@InProceedings{Zhengdong95,
  author =       "Huang Zhengdong",
  title =        "The manipulation of Chinese Characters in {PC}
                 {ARC}/{INFO}",
  booktitle =    "Fifteenth Annual ESRI User Conference Proceedings",
  address =      "Palm Springs, California",
  year =         "1995",
  copyright =    "Copyright 1995, Environmental Systems Research
                 Institute, Inc.",
  abstract =     "For such a software as PC ARC/Info (DOS version) which
                 cannot be put in a Chinese Language Environment (CLE),
                 the manipulation of Chinese Characters for mapping
                 output is a troublesome problems with which the Chinese
                 users are facing. Based on PC ARC/Info (version 3.4D
                 plus), a study was carried out on the methods of coding
                 and inputting Chinese characters. Several scenarios
                 were put forward and realized. However, restricted by
                 its own characteristics, the manipulation of Chinese
                 characters in PC ARC/Info has not come to a convenient
                 point.",
}
